U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 
BULLETIN No. SO. 



EXPERIMENTS 



SUGAR BEETS 



1890 



HARVEY W. WILEY, 

Chemist of fhe U. S. Department of Agriculture and Director of the Department Sugar 

Exptrinxtnt Stations at Schuyler, Nebraska; Runnymede (Narcoossee F. 0.), 

Florida; and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas, 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THB SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 



■WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1891. 



/ 



U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF CHEMittTiiY. /[/JL 

BULLETIN No. 30. 



^^r 



EXPERIMENTS 



SUGAR BEETS 



IN 



1890 



BY 



■-r- 



HARVEY V/!^WILEY, 

Chemist of the U. S. Department of Jgrivultiire and Director of the Department Sngar 

ExperimiHt Stations at Schiti/ler, Nebraska; Rniini/mcde {Xarcoossee P. O.), 

Florida; and iSlerlin(j and Medicine Lodtje, Kansas. 



PUBLISHED BY AUTEOKITV OF THE SECRETAUY OJT AGKIGULTUIM': 



WASHINGTOI^: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
1801. 



^-3 



\\3. 



o 



PREFATORY NOTE. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, March 28, 1891. 

Sir: I submit for 3'onr iuspection and approv^al the manuscript of 
Bulletin No. 30 of the Chemical Division, containing? a record of the 
experiments made by the Department in 1890 with sugar beets. 

The work of the Department recorded in this bulletin consists 
chiefly of analyses of samples of beets grown in many different States. 
In addition to this work, a few culture experiments, on a small scale, 
were carried on under the supervision of the Department. A chemist 
from this Division was also stationed at the Grand Island Sugar Fac- 
tory, in Nebraska, and data of the greatest value were secured at that 
place. 

Special studies of the whole subject of the growth of the sugar beet 
and the manufacture of sugar therefrom were published in Bulletin No. 
27. In Farmers' Bulletin No. 3 have been published full instructions 
for the culture of the sugar beet. The data contained in these two bulle- 
tins are supplemented by the facts recorded in the present one, which 
show further that beets of fine quality and well suited for manufactur- 
ing purposes can be grown in the United States. 

So conclusive have been the results obtained as to fully justify the 
action of the Department in establishing a culture station at Schuyler, 
Nebraska, for the more exact study of the conditions of the most suc- 
cessful methods of growing sugar beets in this couutr3\ 
liespectfuUy, 

n. W. Wiley, 

Chemist. 

Hon. J. M. Rusk, 

Secretary of Agriculture, 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Pajre. 

Experiments with sugar beets in 1890 7 

Purchase aud distribution of seeds 7 

Experiiuents at factories B 

Financial returns to beet-jirowers 8 

Analytical data from various States 10 

Experiments with sugar beets in Wisconsin 46 

Experiments with sugar beets at Fort Scott, II.iiisn.s 60 

Analyses of beets at the Agricultural Experiment Staliun of Minnesota 60 

Experiments with sugar beets at Topeka, Kansas 60 

Experiments with sugar beets at Medicine Lodge, Kansas (Jl 

Effect of soil on beet production 71 

Culture of the Klein Wanzlcbener original 72 

Systematic study of the different varieties of sugar beets in Saxony 74 

General conclusions 75 

Appendix — Notes on sugar-beet culture in France and Germany. By Walter 

Maxwell 81 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1890. 



PURCHASE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS. 

From Mr. Henry T. Oxnard, the Department purchased 3 tons of 
sugar-beet seed, of whieh the greater portion was the variety known 
as the Klein Wanzlebener, grown by Dippe Brothers, of Qnedlinburg. 
In addition to this, however, smaller quantities of the White Improved 
Vilmorin were purchased, together with the varieties of beets grown 
by Lemaire, Simon Legrand, Florimond, and Bulteau Desprez. These 
different varieties were put in one-pound packages and sent to over 
one thousand different persons who had made special inquiry for them. 
Accompanying these packages were directions for preparing the soil 
and planting and cultivating the beets. Directions were also sent 
for harvesting and sampling the beets and for sending samples to the 
Department for analysis. Nearly one thousand samples of beets were 
received by the Department, of which the analyses were made and the 
results communicated to the farmers sending them. In addition to 
this work a large number of the beet plots were personally inspected 
by agents of the Department, and particular inquiry was directed to a 
large number of farmers in regard to the methods of cultivation which 
they had pursued. 

Only in a few instances were the directions of the Department fol- 
lowed out to the letter. In most cases the planting and cultivation of 
the beet seed were conducted according to such methods as the agri- 
culturist might hit upon at the time. From the information gathered 
it was found that the chief variation from the instructions was in the 
preparation of the soil. In very few cases was a subsoil plow used 
and most of the beets which were sent to the Department were evidently 
grown in soil of insufficient depth. In some cases, where the exact 
directions for cultivation were carried out, the character of the beets 
received showed by contrast with the others the absolute necessity of 
employing the be§t methods of agriculture for their production. 

It was not thought best the first year to make any effort to obtain 
from the farmers the exact yield of their beets per acre. The difficulty 
of securing such information is almost insurmountable. In the first 
plac« the amount of land under cultivation is usually guessed at, and in 
very few tases are exact measurements made. The results, therefore. 



8 

at best are only estimates unless the absolute control of measurements 
and weights can be secured. It was thought best, therefore, to depend 
for estimatesofyield upon the actualquality of the beets produced, since 
it is well known that about 40,000 beets of fair quality can be produced 
upon an acre. It is therefore fair to presume that the yield per acre 
would be, within ordinary limits, the weight of the average beet sent 
for analysis multiplied by 40,000. When, however, it is necessary to 
speak of the beets weighing over one pound the rule no longer holds 
good, as it would be evidently impracticable to grow 40,000 beets of 
such a size u])on an acre. It is fair, however, to estimate the yield 
upon beets weighing about 1 pound at 40,000 per acre or 20 tons. It 
is not meant by this that a yield of 20 tons can be obtained by farmers 
at the beginning, for this is not the case ; it is only exceptionally that 
such a yield can be secured. When, however, the exact methods of 
beet culture are thoroughly understood and the method of fertilizing 
and preparing the soil studied, it will not be difficult, with favorable 
climatic conditions, to secure a yield of beets equal to 20 tons per acre. 

EXPERIMENTS AT FACTORIES. 

By the courtesy of the managers of the company the Department 
was permitted to station a chemist at Grand Island, who had charge 
of the sampling of the beets as they came to the factory in wagons or 
carloads. Xearly three thousand analyses of samples were made and the 
full tabulated reports of these analyses will be found following. The 
proprietors of the factory were so encouraged by the season's work that 
they have decided to erect another large factory at Norfolk, Nebraska, 
and at the Chino Ranch in southern California, and work on these 
factories is now going on. 

Manufacturing experiments, on a small scale, with sugar beets, were 
also carried on during the season just past at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. 
About 80 acres of beets in all were harvested for the factory, and a 
summary of the work done will be given in another place. 

FINANCIAL RETURNS TO BEET- GROWERS. 

In general, the following remarks may be made concerning the last 
season's work in the beet-sugar industry, from a commercial point of 
view, in Nebraska and Kansas. 

The summer in both localities was exceptionally dry. For this rea- 
son and on account of lack of knowledge among the farmers in regard 
to the proper methods of raising beets the average crop was very short. 
In Nebraska the exact tonnage can not be known, but. probably it would 
not average more than 2 or 3 tons of beets per acre ; in Kansas the 
average seems to have been somewhat higher. In many cases farmers 
obtained 10 and even 15 tons of beets per acre, showing that even in 
adverse conditions of season a reasonably large crop may be harvested 
when all other conditions necessary to the proper growth ©f the crop 
are attended to. 



As might well be expected from the small yield, the farmers in gen- 
eral were dissatistied with the season's work. It is not reasonable to 
expect satisfaction from a crop of so low an average when the labor of 
growing it is so great ; but while the farmers are dissatisfied it must 
be confessed that a great deal of this dissatisfaction must be attributed 
to their own lack of knowledge of the subject or to their disinclination 
to put upon the beet fields the proper amount of labor and culture at 
tbe proper time. Instead of being therefore deterred from continuing 
the production of sugar beets, it would seem wiser on the part of the 
farmers to study carefully the methods of agriculture pursued by those 
who made a success of beet culture, and to injitate those methods 
during the coming season. The fact should not be forgotten, however, 
that even with the poor results obtained the beet crop was uniformly 
better than the average of other crops in the same locality. 

It would be useless to hold out to the farmer the hope of financial 
reward from a beet crop which would average only 3 tons per acre ; but 
if from this acre he could produce 10 to 15 tons of beets then his ven- 
ture would prove financially successful. In order that the manufacture 
of beet sugar should become an established commercial success, the 
factories and the farmers must work in harmony. The method i)ursued 
in France and in Germany would probably be best suited to bring 
about this result. In those countries the beet growers themselves 
are usually shareholders in the factories, and thus participate in the 
profits. It is probable that the annual dividends of German and French 
beetsngar factories do not fall below 10 per cent net on the capital 
invested. The farmer, therefore, who has even a small interest in such 
a factory secures a handsome profit on his invested capital. At the 
same time he has a vote in the board of directors and is personally in- 
terested in the success of the factory. In many factories of Europe the 
stock is thus held by the beet-growers. If, on the other hand, the whole 
of the factory be owned by the capitalists, then there is a cause for 
continual conflict between the interests of the farmer and the interests 
of the manufacturer, although this conflict is perhaps more in theory 
than practice. Even if the factory be owned exclusively by the capi- 
talists, it is to their interest to work in harmony with the farmers, in 
order that they may secure a crop of sufficient magnitude to render the 
operation of their factory profitable. 

It perhaps, however, would be unavoidable at the beginning of the 
industry that a feeling of animosity should exist between the beet- 
grower and the manufacturer. After a few years the prices to be paid 
for beets and other agreements with the farmers will doubtless be ad- 
justed on a scale of equity and satisfacton to all concerned. In case 
farmers have no money to put into beet-sugar factories they might take 
shares of stock and pay for thein with beets during the first and second 
years; iu this way they would secure a financial interest in the com- 
pany, own their shares of stock, and pay for them from the proceeds of 
the field without investing in ready cash. By adopting some such plan 



10 

as this it might be possible to get every beet-grower within reach of 
the factory to become himself interested as a stockhokler. 



ANALYTICAL DATA RELATING TO BEETS GROWN FROM SEED 
PURCHASED BY THE DEPARTMENT. 

The samples of beets which were sent to the Department in response 
to the request already noted were immediately analyzed and the results 
of tiie analyses communicated to the growers of the beets. Returns 
were received from a great mauy States, but principally from Nebraska 
and Minnesota. 

The data obtained follow arranged alphabetically by States and 
counties; 

CALIFORNIA. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


^o 

c 
o 

i 

3 

to 


© 

.9 

a 
o 
o 

CO 


3 


H 

a) oj 
JO 


^ 
^ 


til 

M.P 


Los Angeles County. 


7016 

7617 
7618 
7619 




Sept. 27 

Sept. 27 
••^ept. 27 
Sept. 27 


P.cl. 
16.3 

14.9 
13.9 
16.8 


P.ct. 
15.5 

14.2 
13.2 

le.o 


84.5 

80.5 

82.2 
87.0 


18.1 

15.1 
12.4 
17.9 


P.ct. 
.90 

.99 
1.12 
.04 


Or'ms. 

407 


ibrnia. 

Do 


Iiiipcriiil 

Imperial Improved 


372 


Do 


3't7 


Do 


332 








Average 


15.5 


14.7 


84.6 


15.9 


.99 


382 













COLORADO. 



Garfu'ld County. 


7956 

8035 
8036 
8037 
8038 
8039 
80 jO 
8096 


Kleiu Wanzlebener . . - 

Biilteau Desprez 

. . do 


Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Nov 


23 

27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
27 
1 


13.7 


13.0 


74.1 


9.9 


1.39 


405 




Larimer County. 

C.S. Orandnl 

Do 


16.0 
15.5 
13.0 
15.9 
16.2 
12.1 
13.4 


1.5.2 
14.7 
12.9 
15.1 
15.4 
11.5 
12.7 


86.0 
84.7 
70.8 
86.0 
84.4 
80.2 
81.3 


16.9 
16. 3 
13.7 
1G.7 
18.0 
12.9 
14.1 


.95 
.95 
.99 
.95 
.90 
.94 
.95 


395 

460 

1 3''0 


Do 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 
I'lorimond Desprez ... 

Sircon Legrand 

Lane's Imperial 


805 
475 
665 
390 


Do 


Do 


Wm. Boyco 




Average . ^ 


14.7 


14.0 


83.2 


15.5 


.95 


644 




8073 

7760 
7767 
7785 




Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


30 

10 
10 
10 




Meia County. 
n.U. Rhone 


15.2 


14.4 


86.4 


13.0 


1.17 


453 




Florimord Desprez 

Kleiu Wanzlebener ... 
Moriiuond Desprez 




Phillips County. 

C.R. Peters 

Do 


12.6 
14.6 
13.7 


12.0 
13.8 
13.0 


69.9 
74.9 
71.0 


8.5 
10.5 
7.1 


1.49 
1.3rf 
1.99 


533 


Mrs. M.Peters 


620 


Average 


13.6 


12.9 


71.9 


8.7 


1.62 


638 




7789 
7793 
7791 
7795 
77U0 


Colorado Imperial 

Calitoruia Li^graiid . . 
Florimond Desprez .. 
Colorado Vilmorin ... 
Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Ocl. 
0<a. 
Oct. 






Prowers Countij. 

A.R.l{lack 

Do 


9.6 
9.2 
11.6 

8.4 
12.7 


9.1 

8.7 
11.0 

8.0 
12.1 


66.2 
67.6 
71.6 
61. 1 
74.7 


5 8 
5.7 
10.7 
5.0 
8.4 


1.67 
1.61 
1.08 
1.69 
1.52 


533 
006 
690 
463 
403 


Do 


Do 


Do 




Average 


10.3 


9.8 


68.8 


7.1 


1.61 


519 



11 



COLORADO— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Vaiiety. 


When 
received. 


p 
a 
s> 
p 

1 


a 

i 

S 




o . 

a "3 


00 

< 


.3 

bt.a 

S « 


Pueblo County. 
Pueblo Boaid of Trade 


8177 
8178 
8179 
8180 
8181 
8182 




Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


8 
8 
8 
8' 
8 
8 


P.et. 
11.4 
15.5 
15.9 
15.4 
12.3 
10.6 


P. et. 

10.8 
14.7 
15. 1 
14. C 
11.7 
10.1 


76.5 
82.9 
84.1 
83.7 
77.9 
70.2 


8.8 
13.3 
14.0 
14.3 

7.8 
10.3 


p. Ct. 
1.30 
1.17 
1.12 
1.08 
1.57 
1.03 


Qr'mK. 
515 


Do 




C'lO 


Do 






Do 




48) 


Do 




r)45 


Do 




690 










13.5 


12.8 


79.2 


11.4 


1.21 


578 




8264 
8J65 




Nov. 
Nov. 


17 
17 




Sa7i Miguel County. 
C.F. Tniax 


9.5 
11.3 


9.0 
10.7 


65.5 
C6.1 


7.5 
7.4 


1.26 
1.53 


875 


Do 




765 










10.4 


9.9 


65.8 


7.5 


1.40 


8''0 




7871 
7872 


Klein Wanzlebcner ... 


Oct. 
Oct. 


15 
15 




Tuvia County. 

H.Hitchcock 

Do 


12.6 

8.2 


12.1 

7.8 


75.9 
63.1 


10.4 
6.8 


1.21 

1.21 


720 
4'i5 










10.4 


9.9 


69.5 


8.6 


1.21 


573 




8055 
811.3 


Simon Legr.ind 

Klein Wanzlebeuer ... 


Oct. 
Nov. 


29 
3 




County unknown. 


15.7 
19.2 

17.4 


14.9 
18.2 


79.7 


12.1 
13.3 


1.30 
1.44 


333 


Do 


93 








16.5 


79.7 


12.7 


1.37 


213 














CONNECTICUT. 



Litchfield County. 

W.n. Barber 

Do 


7939 
7940 


German Imperial 


Oct. 21 
Oct. 21 


10.8 
9.6 


10.3 
9.1 


76.1 
76.2 


7.1 
7.6 


1..53 
1.20 


410 
390 










Ifi.'Z 


9.7 


76.1 


7.4 


1.40 


400 













IDAHO. 



Ada County. 
N.F. Kimball.... 



7970 



Oct. 24 



8.4 



8.0 68.3 



9.0 



100 



ILLINOIS. 



Kendall County. 


8029 

8170 

8410 

7787 
8108 
8266 
82S.7 
8299 




Oct. 27 

Nov. 7 

Nov, 22 

Oct. 10 
Nov. 3 
Nov. 17 
Nov. 17 
Nov. 20 


7.2 
10.7 
6.4 


6.5 
10.2 
6.1 


64.9 
71.8 
6L0 


7.0 
7.9 
4.3 


1.03 
1.35 
1.48 


832 


Pike County. 




1,368 


Piatt County. 
G.H. Morse 




685 




White Sugar 




Will County. 
J.W.Merrill 


10.8 
7.9 
15.9 
14.7 
13.3 


10.3 
7.7 
15.1 
14.0 
12.6 


07.6 
65.3 

85.0 
83.7 
77.3 


10.0 
7.8 
16.1 
14.3 
11.4 


1.08 
0.09 
0.99 
1.03 
1.17 


645 


Henry Abbott 

E.McAUister 

Do 


do . . 

French Richest 

...do 

German Impori ed . . . . 


775 

600 

1,445 


S. Mottinger 


686 




12,5 


11.9 


75.8 


11.9 


1.05 


830 













12 



INDIANA. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


6 

'5 
a 

to 

p 
3 


9 


'u 


S 


cs' 

m 


< 


Average weight 
of beels. 


lientoa County. 

Tlios. Scliluttenliafer. 
Do 


7373 
7374 
7607 
777G 
7777 
7025 
7912 
i-017 
8422 
7778 
7945 
8072 
8074 
8079 
8081 
8136 
8137 
8080 
7779 




Sept. 22 
Sept. 22 
Sept. 26 
Oct 10 
Oct. 1 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 25 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 31 
Oct. 31 
Nov. 5 
Nov. 5 
Oct. 31 
Oct. 10 


P. ct. 
12.6 
11.0 
12. 5 
12. 1 

9.8 
13.9 
13.9 
13.4 
14.6 
11.6 

8.5 
12.6 
12. 2 
14! 2 
13.8 
1.5.0 
13.5 
13.2 
12.2 


r. ct. 
12.0 
10.4 
11.9 
11.5 

9.3 
13.2 
13.2 
12.7 
13.9 
11.0 

8.1 
12.0 
11 6 
13. 5 
13.1 
14.2 
12.8 
12. 5 
11.6 


79.2 
73.3 
81.7 
78.0 
69.0 
88.5 
84.8 
95. 
81.1 
7.5.8 
6(i.9 
79.7 
73.5 
85.6 
85.7 
87.7 
84.4 
84.1 
80.8 


1C.4 
12.9 
15.4 
13.3 
11.9 
12.4 
14.6 
16.5 
16. 2 
10.5 
6.3 
10.4 
12.3 
17.5 
16.7 
1.5.8 
18.8 
15.3 
12.8 


P. ct. 
.77 
.85 
.81 
.91 
.82 
1. 25 
.95 
.81 
.90 
1.11 
1.35 
1.21 
.99 
.81 
.81 
.95 
. 77 
.86 
.95 


Or' MS. 
2.52 


Klein Wanzlebener 

...do 


322 


n.W. Wiley 


417 


]),, 


500 


Do 




470 


Do 

Do 




535 
413 


Do 




690 


Do 




687 


Joae])li Gtietter 

Ole 01.S0I1 




1115 




1250 


J.G. I'.o/.cinoi'o ^ 


White Sugar 


1320 
517 






900 


J.lI.Schi.tt 

N H Niitt 




515 

823 


Oliver ^lUt 

G. S Khmt 




733 
665 


Josepli (iiietter 




1115 








12.6 

14.6 

10.3 
10.4 
14.8 
1.-.. 1 
13.3 


12.0 

13.9 
9.8 
9.9 
14.1 
14.3 
12.6 


80.8 

88.0 
77.4 
73.8 
66.4 
03.8 
61.9 


14.0 

22.1 
13.9 
7.2 
8.6 
8.8 
6.4 


0.94 

.66 
.74 
1.44 
1.71 
1.71 
2.07 


697 




7670 
7671 
7052 
8274 
8275 
827C 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Floriiuoud Desproz 


Oct. 4 

Oct. 4 
Oct. 22 

Nov. 17 
Nov. 17 
Nov. 17 




Cags County. 

Henry Bloom 

Do 


680 
810 


G. W.(;..iira<l 

M. h. Siii.c 


1100 
410 


Wcsth St.iutl'tT 




300 


J as. lieil 




450 








, 


13 1 


12.4 
18.1 
5.3 


71.9 
78.9 
58.9 


11.2 


1.39 


625 




8273 




Nov. 17 

Sept. 18 

Oct. 8 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 8 
Dec. 5 
Dec. 5 


19.1 
5.6 




Clintiin Ciivnty. 


14.7 

4.8 

9.9 
7.3 
6.5 
9.3 
6.1 


1.30 

1.17 

.99 
1. 28 
1.27 
1 03 
1.35 


430 


Decatur County. 
G.W. Snyder 


7362 

7734 
7735 
77:;6 
81-19 
8450 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Klein W.Tnzlebcner 

Impel i.al 

Floriiuoud Dcsprcz 


1840 


Grant County. 

n. n. Tliomas 

Do 


9.8 
9.3 
8.3 
9.6 
8.2 


9.3 

8.8 
7.9 
9.1 

7.8 


73.7 
70.8 
68.0 
72.2 
06.7 


075 

583 


D.. 


665 
605 


Do 




885 










9.0 

15.4 
12.7 


8.6 

14.6 
12.1 


70.3 
77.' 9' 


7.8 

12.7 
10.9 


1.18 

1.21 
1.17 


701 


Green County. 

L. D. Mmldux 

Do 


8152 
8153 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 
Lcmaire's Improved . 


Nov. G 
Nov. 6 


220 
385 






Average 


14.1 


13.4 


77.9 


11.8 


1.19 


303 




8283 
8421 




Nov. 19 
Nov. 24 




IJamilton County. 

A. Smith 

Ira W. Chri.stian 


10.3 
11.1 


9.8 
10.5 


72.5 
66.9 


7.6 
6.3 


1.35 
1.75 


605 
407 








Average 


10.7 


10.2 


69.7 


7.0 


1.55 


50G 




7371 
7372 


Le<irniKl Wliito Impr.. 
Kleiu WauzlcbeiuT 


Sept. 22 
Sept. 22 




Hancock County. 
S. Caroway 


11.1 
3.5 


10.5 
3.3 


75.4 
28.2 


12.3 
3.2 


0.90 
1.08 


445 


Do 


990 






Average 


7.3 


6.9 


51.8 


7.8 


0.99 


718 




8123 




Nov. 3 




Henry County. 
P.Hayse 


11.2 


10.6 


82.6 


11.2 


1.00 


78« 



13 



INDIAN A.— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


6 
'5 

.S 

<D 

O 

(H 

o 
M 


*5 
a) 

a 
o 


H 

3 

Ah 


o 

o 

02 




'5 in 

> 


Hoivard County. 
Dr. T. Baldwin 


8277 

7782 
778;) 

79:i;i 

7934 
7950 
7951 




Nov. 17 

Oct. 10 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 22 


P.ct. 
13.9 


P.ct. 
13.2 


70.5 


8.8 


P.ct. 
1.57 


Gr'ms. 
6U0 


Floriinond Deaprez ... 
Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Leniaiie 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 
do . .... 






Marion County. 

J. H. Bradford 

Do 


6.4 

9.8 
8.1 
8.2 
16.2 
13.5 


6.1 

9.3 
7.7 
7.8 
15.4 
12.8 


60.3 
72.1 
64.3 


4.4 

9.0 
6.4 
5.5 
8.3 
9.1 


1.44 
1.09 
1.26 
1.48 
1.98 
1.48 


940 
935 


J. V. Carter 

Do 


565 
430 


Dr. J. P. Cope 

Do 


115 


Florimond Deaprez 


300 








10.4 


9.8 


65.6 


7.1 


1.46 


548 




7740 
7741 




Oct. 8 
Oct. 8 






Montgomery County. 

P. S. Kennedy 

Do 


7.9 
8.3 


7. 5 63. 2 
7.9 ! 65.6 


7.4 
7.8 


1.07 


855 




l.Od 1 1,050 










8.1 


7.7 


64.4 


7.6 


1.07 j 953 




7946 
7947 


White 


Oct. 22 
Oct. 22 




. Newton County. 
J E Watt 


10.6 
10.4 


10.1 
9.9 


72.1 
71.2 


8.4 
8.3 


1. 26 475 


Do 


Wliite Rose Heart 


1.26 610 








10.5 


10.0 71.7 


8.4 


1.26 543 




7370 

?C19 
7920 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Sept. 22 

Oct. 20 
Oct. 20 




I'ike County. 
J.T. Brumlield 


11.2 


10. 5 7.5. 7 


11.8 


0.95 


432 


Tippecanoe County. 
W A Conlilin 


8.2 
9.3 


7.8 

8.8 


61.2 
67.9 


6.1 

8.6 


1.35 
1.08 


605 


Do 


Klein "Wanzlebener . . . 


600 








8.8 


8.3 


64.6 


7.4 


1.21 


603 




7747 
7718 
7753 


White Improved 

Klein Wanzlebener . .. 
Wiiiie Improved 


Oct. 9 
Oct. 9 
Oct. 9 




White County. 

Do 

Z.C.Love 


7.8 
9.4 
8.8 


7.4 
8.9 
8.4 


63.4 
65.3 
61.1 


6.0 
10.0 
6.4 


1.31 
0.99 
1.38 


630 
250 
750 






543 




8.7 


8.2 


63.3 


7.5 


1.23 











IOWA. 



Audubon County. 
Mrs. S. Simpson 


7909 

7770 
7771 
7772 
7773 
7774 
7775 




Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


18 

10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 


11.3 


10.7 


74.9 


8.7 


1.30 


535 






Black Eauik County. 


12.9 

10.8 
14.5 
12.9 
13.6 
1.5.9 


12.3 

10.3 
13.8 
12.3 
12.9 
15.1 


83.2 
74.5 
80.1 
78.6 
71.5 
81.5 


13.0 
9.6 
19.3 
14.3 
14.5 
18.1 


.99 
1.12 
.75 
.90 
.94 
.88 


510 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener . .. 
do 


740 


Do 


550 


Do 


6U5 


J. A. Fillers . 

Do 


....do 

do 


440 
625 










13.4 


12.8 


78.2 


14.5 


.93 


578 




7898 
7899 
8020 
8021 
8078 




Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


17 
17 
27 
27 
30 




Carrol County. 
G.Watties 


14.6 
10.9 
12.4 
15.5 
12.7 


13.9 

10.4 
11.8 
14.7 
12.1 


81.6 

67.3 
74.7 
85.2 
73.4 


15.5 
8.1 
10.2 
14.4 
10.1 


.94 
1.34 
1.21 
1.08 
1.26 


810 


Do 




985 






640 


Anjiust Bohme 

Daniel Cooper 


...do 

...do 


213 

265 


Average 


13.2 


12.6 


76.4 


11.7 


1.17 


583 



14 



IOWA— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


a 


a 

o 

3 

m 


3 


o . 
Co 

a 


.a" 

00 

<1 


1. 

<0 CO 

> 

< 


Cherokee County. 

F. M. Langloj 

Do 


7602 
7693 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 
.. do 


Oct. C 
Oct. 6 


P.ct. 
9.7 
12.1 


P.ct. 
9.2 
11.5 


03.4 
72.9 


6.4 
9.9 


P.ct. 
1.52 
1. 22 


Gr'ivs. 
440 
507 








10.9 


10.4 


68.2 


8.2 


1.57 


474 




7602 
7605 


Klein Waiizleboucr ... 
...do 


Sept. 25 
Sept. 25 




Fayette Cotmty. 

J. W.Yeadcn 

G. W.Kiple - 


10.4 
13.3 


9.9 
12.6 


71.7 
79.6 


9.3 
12.9 


1.12 
1.03 


752 
747 








11.9 


11.3 


75.7 


11.1 


1.08 


750 




7642 
7737 




Sept. 30 
Oct. 8 




Harrison County. 

R. Yeisloy & Son 

Do 


13.9 

8.8 


13.2 
8.4 


79.4 
66.7 


11.4 
5.6 


1.22 
1.57 


1,002 




1,027 










11.4 


10.8 


73.1 


8.5 
11.8 


1.40 


1,013 




7954 

8270 
8271 




Oct. 23 

Nov. 17 
Nov. 17 




Page County. 


11.7 


11.1 


72.6 


.99 


668 




Florimond Desprez 

Klein Wauzlebi^ner . . . 




Polk County. 

H.Wendt 

Do 


6.1 
10.7 


5.8 
10.2 


56.0 


3.7 

7.7 


1.66 
1.39 


430 

280 








8.4 


8.0 


56.0 


5.7 


1.53 


355 




7703 
7704 
8U16 




Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 27 




Sioux County. 
N.G.O. Goad 


12.4 
10.7 
13.6 


11.8 
10.2 
12.9 


71.7 
69.0 
77.3 


8.1 

7.3 

10.1 


1.50 
1.47 
1.35 


298 


Do 




1, 045 


Jobn Cornfoi'th 




1,020 










12.2 


11.6 


72.7 


8.5 


1.44 


788 




7892 
8172 
8173 
8174 




Oct. 16 

Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 




Webster County. 
K.Hoff 


15.9 
18.1 
17.6 
8.7 


15.1 
17.2 
16.7 
8.3 


95.2 
87.5 
91.1 
65.4 


18.3 

23.5 

25.9 

6.4 


.81 
.77 
.68 
1.35 


390 


Do 


. do ... 


220 


Do 


.. do 


52Q 
1 180 


Do 


do . 








Average 


15.1 


14.4 


84.8 


18.5 


.90 


560 




7638 
7639 


Klein Wanzlebeuer 


Sept. 29 
Sept. 29 




Woodbury County. 

Mrs. H. A. Mercer 

Do 


10.0 
10.4 


9.5 
9.9 


68.5 
65.4 


7.7 
6.8 


1.30 
1.53 


665 
590 








Average 


10.2 


9 7 


67.0 


7.3 


1.42 


628 













KANSAS. 



Barber County. 

"W.H. Fleming 

0. Covle 


8432 
8433 




Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 


1 

1 
1 


14.6 

17.8 
14.1 


13.9 
16 9 
13.4 


81.1 
84.8 
74.2 


11.2 
17.3 
11.7 


1.03 
1.03 
1.21 


259 
140 
690 


Allan W. Smith 


8434 










Average 


15.5 


14.7 


80.0 


14.4 


1.09 


363 




8106 
8107 
8160 


German beet 


Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


3 
3 

7 




Bourbon County. 
Wm. Lehman 


6.5 
9.5 
13.5 


0.2 

9.0 
12,8 


61.3 
72.0 
80.6 


4.5 

7.9 

13.6 


1.44 

1.21 

.99 


1 64i 


Do 




1, 925 
610 


J.C. Hart 


White Vilniorin 


Average 


9.8 


9.3 


73.3 


8.7 


1.21 


1, 403 













15 

KANSAS— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Varietj-. 


When 
received. 


o 
u 
"5 

.S 

"i 
s 

o 

a 

CO 


a 

V 

o 
u 
u 

9 


a 
Oh 



a 

c« 
CO 


.a 
< 


J3 
be 

£<" 
> 

< 


Butler County. 
L K Smith 


7879 

7385 
7386 


riorimond Desprez 


Oct. 15 

Sept. 24 
Sept. 24 


P.ct. 
10.2 


p.ct. 
9.7 


70.5 


8.4 


P.ct. 
1.21 


Gr'mg. 
085 






Lyon County. 
Son. V. B. Plumb 


4.9 

4.2 


4.7 
4.0 


50.0 
51.2 


3.3 

3.1 


1.50 
1.35 


2 130 


Do 




2,695 








46 


4.4 


50.6 


3.2 


1.43 


2,423 




7722 
7723 
77^0 
77el 


Klein Wanzlebonor 

Floriniond Desprez 

do 


Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 10 


Clay County. 

Mrs.C.W. BLiclvIund 
Do 


10.9 
9.5 
8.5 

10.4 


10.4 
9.0 
8.1 
9.9 


'76.' 3' 
64. 8 
68.0 


7.1 

6..'; 

6.3 

7.2 


1.53 
1.46 
1.36 
1.44 


162 

232 




1 010 


Do 


Simou Legrnud 


1,040 








9.8 


9.3 


67.6 


6.8 


1.45 


611 




8423 
8424 


Klein Wanzlebener 

....do 


Nov. 25 
Nov. 25 




Douglas County. 
S D Coffin 


8.5 
9.2 


8.1 
8.7 


65.3 
64.8 


5.2 
5.3 


1.62 
1.75 


1 385 


Do 


965 








8.9 


8.4 


65.1 


5.3 


1.68 


1,175 




8041 
8042 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Florimoud Desprez 


Oct. 28 
Oct. 28 




Hamilton County. 


15.7 
10.9 


14.9 

10.4 


82.2 
71.3 


13.8 

7.8 


1.12 
1.39 


720 


Do 


780 




13.3 


12.6 


76.8 


10.8 


1.20 


7.';o 




7810 
7811 


Klein Wanzlebener 


Oct. 13 
Oct. 13 




Geo. B. Lord 

Do 


9.3 

16.8 


8.8 
16.0 


68.4 


7.1 
12.2 


1.31 
1.38 


410 
18u 










13.05 

8.4 
8.2 


12.4 

8.0 
7.8 


68.4 


9.7 


1.35 


295 




7666 
7C67 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Floriiuond Despiez 


Oct. 3 
Oct. 3 




Saline County. 
Ed. Latz 


65.6 
60.7 


8.6 
8.1 


1.28 
1.01 


930 


Do 


847 








8.3 


7.9 


63.2 


8.4 


1.15 


889 




7815 


Klein Wanzlebenei' 


Oct. 13 




Stafford County. 
S. A. Marteeny 


12.1 


11.5 


75.2 


10.0 


1.20 


548 



MARYLAND. 



Prince George's 
County. 

Maryland Agricul- 
tural Experiment 
Station. 
Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 



7883 

7884 

7885 

7886 
798 1 
7985 

7986 

7987 



Vilmorin . 



Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 

Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
esf. 

Florimond Desprez 
Richest. 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Vilmorin 

Simon Lej;rauU White 
Impioved. 

Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 

Florimond 



Oct. 


16 


12.3 


11.7 


82.0 


15,2 


.81 


Oct. 


16 


14.2 


13.5 


88.2 


16.5 


.80 


Oct. 


10 


8.6 


8.2 


72.3 


7.7 


1.12 


Oct. 


16 


8.3 


7.9 


74.1 


8.7 


.95 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


16 
25 
25 


10.8 

10.4 

7.9 


10.3 
9.9 

7.5 


81.8 
77.0 
70.2 


10.9 
9.6 
7.3 


.99 
1.08 
1.08 


Oct. 


25 


10.2 


9.7 


75.6 


9.6 


1.08 


Oct. 


25 


11. 1 


10.6 


82.2 


12.9 


.88 



480 

413 

433 

445 
265 
355 

335 

42» 



16 



MARYLAND— Contiuued. 



Name of grower. 



Prince George's 
County — Contiuued. 

Maiylaiid Agricul- 
tural Experiinont 
Station. 

Do 

Do 



Do 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do 

Do 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Do 

Do 



Do. 
Do. 
Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 









(D 






SS 




+3 

.£3 








3 


,2 




o 
o 




'S u3 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 




.9 

c 
o 


t^ 


3 "5 












fl 




u 


_ 


ja 


s = 














ee 




t> 








CO 


Xfl 


fM 


M 


< 


< 








P.ct. 


p. ct. 






P.ct. 


Grains. 


i'.m 


Kloin Wanzlebener . . . 


Oct. 25 


9.3 


8.8 


73.8 


9.4 


.99 


540 


8057 


Dipi>e'.«i Vilmorin 


Oct. 29 


15. 9 


1.5.1 


90.4 


19. 


.81 


383 


80 8 


Siinou Legrar.d White 
lin])roTed. 


Oct. 29 


13.2 


12.5 


82.5 


1L5 


1.17 


300 


8059 


liulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 


Oct. 29 


8.0 


8.2 


73.5 


8.0 


1.08 


580 


8060 


Floriraond D e s p r e z 
Richest. 


Oct. 29 


10.0 


9.5 


76.9 


8.9 


L12 


3C0 


80fil 


Klein Wanzlebener . . 


Oct. 20 


11.1 


10.6 


78.2 


10.5 


.99 


380 


8097 


Dippe's Vilmorin 


Nov. 1 


10.5 


10. n 


G9. 


6.9 


1.53 


330 


8098 


Simon Lenrand White 
Improved. 


Nov. 1 


12.5 


11.9 


86. 8 


12.1 


1.03 


320 


8099 


Bulteau De.sprez Rich - 
est. 


Nov. 1 


10.5 


10.0 


77.8 


9.7 


1.08 


435 


8100 


Florimond Desprez 
Richest. 


Nov. 1 


8.3 


7.9 


66.9 


7.7 


1.08 


335 


8101 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


Nov. 1 


13.3 


12.6 




13.4 


.99 


168 


8140 


Dippe's Vilmorin 


Nov. 5 


14.6 


13.9 




21.5 


.68 


155 


8141 


Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 


Nov. 5. 


14,5 


13.8 




24.6 


.59 


195- 


8142 


Bulteau Dcsprez Rich- 
est. 


Nov. 5 


12.7 


12.1 




16.5 


.77 


153 


8143 


Florimond Dcsprez 
Richest. 


Nov. 5 


12.6 


12.0 




18.5 


.68 


163 


8144 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


Nov. 5 


13.2 


12.5 




16.3 


.81 


140 


81G1 


Dippe'.s Vilmorin 


Nov. 7 


13.2 


12.5 


84.6 


18.3 


.72 


198 


8102 


Simon Legi and White 
Improved. 


Nov. 7 


13.6 


12.9 


81.4 


18.9 


.72 


170 


8103 


Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est, 


Nov. 7 


11.5 


10.9 


82.2 


13.4 


.86 


137 


8164 


Florimond Dosiirez 
Riche.st. 


Nov. 7 


12.5 


11.9 


82.3 


17.4 


.72 


183 


8105 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Nov. 7 


13.4 


12.7 




15.6 


.86 


120 


8^!00 


Dippe's Vilmorin 


Nov. 12 


15.4 


14.6 




26.1 


. 59 


170 


8201 


Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 


Nov. 12 


14.1 


13.4 




19.6 


.72 


135 


8202 


Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 


Nov. 12 


12.6 


12.0 




15.6 


.81 


136 


8203 


Florimond I) e a i> r e z 
Richest. 


Nov. 12 


14.9 


14.2 




23.0 


.63 


103 


8204 


Klein Wiinzlebeuor ... 


Nov. 12 


13.3 


12.6 




18.5 


.72 


173 


8224 


Vilmorin 


Nov. 15 


13.1 


12.5 


80.8 


12.8 


1.08 


605 


8225 


Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 


Nov. 15 


n.o 


10.5 


78.0 


9.8 


1.12 


760 


8226 


Bulteau De.sprez Rich- 
est. 


Nov. 15 


10.4 


9.4 


76.5 


8.6 


L21 


830 


8227 


Florimond Desprez 
Richest. 


Nov. 15 


9.8 


9.3 


74.8 


10.3 


.95 


645 


8228 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


Nov. 15 


10.7 


10.2 


76.5 


11.4 


.94 


37C 


8229 


Dippe's Vilmorin 


Nov. ]5 


15.1 


14.4 


83.9 


15.9 


.95 


385 


8230 


Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 


Nov. 15 


14.9 


14.2 


83.2 


16.4 


.90 


285 


8231 


Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 


Nov. 15 


13.7 


13.0 


82.5 


14.4 


.95 


275 


8232 


Florimond Desprez 
Richest. 


Nov. 15 


7.9 


7.5 


69.9 


8.8 


.90 


530 


8233 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Nov. 15 


12.1 


11.5 


78.6 


10.8 


1.12 


255 


8234 


Dipi^e's Vilmorin . . . 


Nov. 15 


13.4 


12.7 


84.3 


16.5 


.81 


32( 


8235 


Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 


Nov. 15 


14.3 


13.6 


80.8 


15.0 


.95 


122 


8230 


Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 


Nov. 15 


12.1 


n.5 


82.3 


14.1 


.86 


163 


8237 


Florimond Desprez 
Richesit. 


Nov. 15 


11.0 


10.5 




15.3 


.72 


125 


8238 


Klein Wanzlebener . .. 


Nov. 15 


14.9 


14. S 




19.4 


.77 


100 


8239 


Dippe's Vilmorin 


Nov. 15 


13.0 


12.4 


83.3 


14.4 


.90 


45( 


8240 


Simon Legrand Whiie 
Improved. 


Nov. 15 


9.9 


9.4 


75.6 


11.1 


.90 


305 


8241 


Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 


Nov. 15 


12.2 


11.6 


75.8 


10.4 


1.17 


390 



17 



MAPvTL AND— Continued. 



Kaiue of };io\vcf. 



I'rince (leonje's 
Cduiity — Continued. 

Mnr.vland Ajrricul- 
tlji-.il Rxiifiiiiifiit 
Stalidii. 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Do 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do- 



Do 

Do 

Uo 



Do- 
Do. 



Do 

Do 

Do 



Do. 
Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



Average . 



J. n. AVil]i:iin.s 
Do 



Serial 

No. 



82-) 3 
82U 
8245 

824G 

8247 

8248 
8249 
825IJ 

82.51 

8252 



82.i.3 
82.54 
825.5 

8256 

8257 



8258 
82.5'j 
82(0 

«8 
8139 

8140 
8441 

8442 
8443 

8444 

8445 

8440 



8175 
8170 



Variety. 



Floriiiiimd DeRi)rez 
Kiulie.st. 

Kli-in W.mzlebener ... 
DipjJe's Viliuorin . ... 
Siiuou Legraud White 

Improved. 
Bultoau Desprez Hich- 

est. 
Fieri m on d Desprez 

Riclie.sr. 
Klein "NVanzlebener ... 

Vilojoriu 

Simon Le^rand Wliite 

Impioved. 
Bulteaii De.sprez Rich- 
est. 
Flo rim on d De.sprez 

Kichest. 
Klein Wiinzlebener . . . 

Dippe's Vilmoriu . 

Siinor Le^rand White 

Improved. 
Bultt-au Desprez Rich- 

esr. 
Florimond Desprez 

Richest. 
Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Fl o !• i m o n d Desprez 

Richest. 

Dippe's Vilmorin 

Buiteaii Desprez Rich- 
est. 

Florimond Desprez 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Dippe's Vilii;oriu 

Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 

Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
e.st. 

Fl o !■ i m o n d Desprez 
Richest. 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 



Siijrar beet 

E.Ktra Eclipse. 



Wlieu 
received. 



Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 

Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 
Nov. 15 

Dec. 4 
Dec. 4 



Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

Dee. 

Dec. 

Dec. 



Nov. 8 
Nov. 8 



/'. ct. 
10.9 



13.1 
H.O 
14.2 

11.4 

11.2 

13.2 
1.5.4 
12.6 

13.7 

11.8 

12.3 
1.5.1 

12. 7 

11.4 

8.0 

12.9 
12.0 
12.2 

22. 
18.4 

20.0 
19.8 
19.9 
17.6 

17.8 

13. C 
17.4 



12.9 



10.0 
8.9 



P.et. 
10.4 



12.5 
13.3 
13.5 

10.8 

10.6 

12.5 
14.6 
12.0 

13.0 

11.2 

11.7 
14.4 
12.1 

10.8 

7.6 

12.3 
11.4 
11.6 

21.0 
17.5 

19.0 
18.8 
18.9 
16.7 

16.9 

12. 9 

16.5 



12.3 



9.5 
8.5 



76.3 



84.0 
90.3 



87.7 
80.0 



82.8 
77.8 

81.1 

79.2 

78.4 
86.3 
76.9 

75.5 

68.4 

76.8 
78.4 
73.5 



94.8 
91.2 



84.8 

83.4 



09.4 
60.1 



12.7 
19.4 
19.7 

18.1 

14.5 

17.1 
24 4 
12.7 

17.8 

12.4 

15.2 
19.6 
14.1 

9.7 

7.4 

14.4 
13.9 
12.3 

34.9 
23.9 

27.8 
22.0 
20.9 
19.6 

19.8 

12.6 

17.6 



15.1 



8.3 
7.6 



P.H. 
.99 



1. 03 
.72 
.72 

.63 

.77 

.77 
.63 
.99 

.77 

.95 

.81 
.77 
.90 

1.17 

1.08 

.90 
.86 
.99 

.63 

.77 

.72 
.90 
.95 
.90 

.90 

1.08 

.99 



.90 



1.21 
1.17 



^S 



Or'riis. 
335 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



JlawpsHre County. 

Ma.ssiichnsetts State 

Experiment Stat ion. 

Do 


8030 

8031 
8032 
80J3 

8034 


Simon Leg r a n d 
White Imp. 

Dippe's Vilmorin 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Bnlteaii Desprez Rich- 
est. 

Florimond Desprez 


Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct. 


27 

27 
27 
27 

27 


11. I 

11.8 

13.3 

9.8 

13 2 


10.6 

11.2 
12.6 
9.3 

12.5 


81.6 

80.3 
86.9 
80.7 

84.7 


13.7 

12.4 
14.9 
10.3 

16.3 


.81 

.95 
.90 
.95 

.81 


430 

SIS 


Do 


3-10 


Do 


458 


Do 


595 






Average 


11.8 


11.2 


82.8 


13.5 


.88 


468 




8139 




Nov. 


5 




Suffolk County. . 
W. II. Tenncv& Co.. 


16.8 


16.0 


82.8 


17.0 


.99 


350 









25243— Bull. 30- 



18 



MICHIGAN. 



Name of grower. 


S.'iial 
Ho. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


o 

« 

1 

d 

02 




o 

g 

o 
03 


>> 

s 


. 
Co 

m 


.a 


. J3 

be 

&I 

< 


Clinton County. 

Georne Archer 

Do 


7887 
7888 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 
Ii'lorimonil Desprez 
Kicliest. 


Oct. 16 
Oct. 16 


P.ct. 
12.9 
11.2 


p.ct. 
12.3 
10.6 


81.7 
72.7 


15.9 
15.6 


P.ct. 

.81 

.72 


Gr'mg. 
745 

780 








12.1 


11.5 


77.2 


15.8 


.77 


.763 




8278 
8279 


Floriniond Desprez . . . 
Kleiu Waiizlcbeuer . . . 


Nov. 18 
Nov. 18 




Eaton Covnty. 

D. J. McCar<i:an 

Do 


g.o 

10.2 


8.6 
9.7 




8.7 
10.3 


1.03 
.99 


167 

207 




9.6 


9.1 




9.5 


l.Ol 


187 




7989 
7090 
H212 
8213 


Klein Wauzlebener ... 
... do 


Oct, 25 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 14 
Nov. 14 




Gratiot County. 

.William Howe 

Do ... 


14.6 
13.7 
5.3 
14.0 


13.9 
13.0 
8.8 
13.3 


TO.' 5' 
80.9 


14.8 
12.0 
9.0 
14.1 


.99 
1.17 
1.03 

.99 


550 
300 


C Boyd 


.. do 


1,750 


Do 


Simon Legraud 


1,470 








12.9 


12.3 


75.7 


12.5 


1.05 


1,018 




7855 

8269 

7696 
7700 


Kleiu Wanzlebener ... 
Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Oct. 13 

Nov. 17 

Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 




Huron County. 
\V. P. Ilatheway 


11.7 


n.i 


74.7 


9.8 


1.20 


1.282 


Ingham County. 
William Potter 


13.1 


12.5 


76.6 


10.3 


1.26 


1,515 


Ionia County. 
Dr. "R. J. Howe . 


17.7 
14.2 


16.8 
13.5 


84.7 
81.1 


21.6 
14.2 


.82 
1.00 


387 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener . .. 


443 






Average 


16.0 


15.2 


82.9 


17.9 


.91 


415 




7902 
7903 


Whit' Siif^ar 


Oct. 17 
Oct. 17 




Lennirce County. 
W. R. Oslmrn 


8.6 
8.2 


8.2 
7.8 


60.6 
60.3 


8.7 
10.1 


.99 

.^1 


2,475 


Do 


....do 


1 910 






Average 


8.4 


8.0 


60.5 


9.4 


.90 


2,193 




8047 

8048 


Klein AVanzlebener . . . 
Simon Legrand 


Oct, 29 
Oct. 29 




Macomb County. 


16.8 
15.5 


16.0 
14.7 


89.8 
85.2 


28.5 
18.0 


.59 

.86 


680 


Do 


705 






Average 


16.2 


15.4 


87.5 


23.3 


.73 


693 




7633 
7634 
7fiJ3 
7644 
7676 
7677 
7678 
7690 
7971 
7972 
h2H 


Floriniond Def»prez 

Klein \\^^nzlebene^ ... 

...do 

Florimoiid Desprez 


Sept. 29 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 1 
Oct. 1 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 24 
Oct. 24 
Nov. 19 




Muskegon County. 

M.B. Avcrill 

Do 

Juo. MoNilt 

Do 


10.0 
14.2 
13.7 
11.8 
12 9 
13.8 
14.3 
12.7 
9.9 
10.6 
16.4 


9.5 
13.4 
13.0 
11.2 
12.3 
13.1 
13.6 
12.1 

9.4 
10.1 
15.6 


70.4 
80.2 
KO 5 
80.8 
81.7 
8,'i. 2 
8.5.1 
83.0 
78.5 
75.7 
89.1 


8.3 
14.3 

17.8 
13.7 
11.0 
18.7 
20.1 
14.6 
10.4 
8.8 
17.2 


1.21 
.99 
.77 
.86 

1.17 
.74 
.71 
.87 
.95 

1.21 
.95 


365 
■97 
415 
542 
400 


Wii). llailiiiaiiii 


Henrv PauliDaii 

Do 


Florimond Desprez 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Florimond Desprez 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 
Kusbiau 


735 
1,045 
1,015 
1,450 
1,070 

355 


Do 


Orange Daggett 

Do 


J. K. Devenpor t 








Average 


12.8 


12.2 


80.9 


14.1 


.95 


699 




8431 

7999 
8112 




Dec. 1 

Oct. 25 
Nov. 3 


St. Clair County. 
Fritz Sagate 


10.5 


99.8 


71.5 


8.3 


1.21 


1,660 




Klein Wanzlebener . . 
Florimond Desprez 


Saginaw County. 

J.D.Clarke 

Do 


14.2 
12.9 


13.5 
12.3 


87.1 
76.8 


17.5 
11.9 


.81 
1.08 


720 
825 




Average 


13.6 


12.9 


82.0 


14.7 


.95 


773 











19 

MINNESOTA, 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


o 

p 
S 
d 
m 




.a 

2 
m 


5 





.3 


J3 

.to 
> 

< 


Anoka County. 


7658 
7C59 
77U5 
7707 
•7708 
7712 
77] 5 
7716 
7717 
8006 




Oct. 2 
Oct. 2 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 27 


P.ct. 
12.3 
1.5.9 
14.9 
16.3 
12.0 
14.1 
13.5 
10.5 
10.8 
12.7 


P.ct. 
11.7 
15.1 
14.2 
15.5 
11.3 
13.4 
12.9 
10 
10.3 
12.1 


75.5 
84.1 
85.0 
82.3 
76.4 
77.0 
76.2 
63.6 
74.5 
72.6 


10.1 
17.2 
16.4 
18.3 
11.3 
16.6 
14.5 
7.2 
10.8 
11.2 


P.ct. 

1.19 
.93 
.91 
89 
1.06 
.85 
.93 
1.45 
1.14 
1.14 


Qr'ms. 

440 


Do 




680 






735 






387 


L.J. Carpenter 

F. A.Ertgerton 

A J Siiiitli 




607 


Klein Wanzlobener . . . 


407 
750 


S. A . Farrinston 

Joseph Rid^e 

Edward Stack 


Klein Wanzlebener . . 
..do 


617 

590 

1,160 




13.3 


12.6 


76.72 


13.4 


1.05 


637 




8062 
806.3 
8061 




Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 




Becker County. 


15.0 
13.7 
9.7 


14.3 
13.0 
9.2 


77.3 
74.9 
68.8 


11.8 
12.7 
6.6 


1.26 
1.08 
1.48 


1,060 


Do 


do 

French sugar ... 


1,200 


Do 


1,970 








12.8 

13.4 
11.3 

10.9 
7.9 
11.4 
11.5 
10.6 
11. 1 


12.2 

12.7 
10.7 

10.4 
7.6 
10.8 
10.9 
10.1 
10.6 


73.7 


10.4 


1.27 


1,410 




7608 
760U 

7()10 
7029 
71)30 
7649 
7G50 
7918 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 
Florimond Desprez 

Richest. 
Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Florimond Desprez 

Lemaire Richest 

....do 

Florimond De.sprez 


Sept. 26 
Sept. 26 

Sept. 20 
Sei)t. 29 
Sep(. 2!) 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 18 




Blue Earth Coxmty. 
B. W. Sower 


80.2 
76.8 

74.1 
60.3 
77.6 
73.2 
74.1 
76.1 


13.2 
11.4 

9.7 
6 5 

11. 1 
9.0 
9.6 

12.3 


.99 
.99 

1.12 
1.21 
1.03 
1.28 
1.11 
.90 


480 


Do 


500 


Do 

F. W. Lossow 

Do 

Cha.^i. Boiineti 

Do 


587 
1,135 
955 
523 
693 
500 










11.0 


10.5 


74.1 


10.4 


1.08 


684 




7660 
7665 


Florimond De.ifprez 

Klein Wauzlebeuei- . . . 


Oct. 3 
Oct. 3 




Brown County. 

Herniau Pfaender 

Do 


7.7 
10.1 


7.4 
9.5 


66.4 
69.7 


7.3 

7.8 


1.06 
1.29 


1.370 
945 








8.9 


8.5 


68.1 


7.6 


1.18 

1.04 
1.04 
1.44 
1.71 


1, 1-58 




7753 
7754 
7968 
7969 

7631 
7632 
7S66 
7867 
7983 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 

Florinioud De.-iproz 

Boheiiiiau 


Oct. 9 

Oct. 9 

, Oct. 24 

Oct. 24 

Sept. 29 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 24 




Carver County. 

Leonliard Ziermann . 

Do 

G. Tenbert 


15.8 
13.2 
9.2 
8.2 


15.0 
12.5 
8.7 
7.8 


81.0 
77.5 
65. 7 
60.0 


15.2 
12.7 
6.4 
4.8 


503 

642 

1,640 


Do 


1,020 




Klein Wanzlebener . .. 
Floriuioud Desprez ... 




Average 


U.6 


11.0 


71.1 


9.8 


1.31 


951 


Chisago County. 

Eric .Jonasou 

Do 


12. 2 
15! 1 
13.8 
12.7 
13.9 


11.6 
14.4 
13.1 
12.1 
13.2 


75.3 
79.5 
80.2 
80.9 
83.7 


10.4 
14.0 
15.2 
9.8 
15.4 


1.17 
1.08 

.91 
1.30 

.90 


680 
495 




650 


Do 




1,265 






1,525 










13.5 


12.9 


79.9 


12.9 


1.07 


923 




8205 
8430 


Klein Wanzlebener .. 


Nov. 12 
Dec. 1 




Clay County. 

C. B. Kiltredge 

Do 


13.6 
13.7 


12.9 
13.0 


73.9 
76.5 


9.1 
13.3 


1.48 
1.03 


865 
665 








Average 


13.7 


13.0 


75.2 


11.2 


1.26 


765 




8007 
8008 


FloT-iniond Desprez 

....do 




Oct. 27 
Oct. 27 




Cottonwood County. 

Simon Huntington... 
Do 


15.6 
10.3 


14.8 
9.8 


72.9 
62.4 


10.8 
5.9 


1.44 
1.76 


675 
1,120 


Average j 


13.0 


12.3 


67.7 


8.4 


1.60 


898 



20 



MINNESOTA— Continiu^d. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


6 

a 

o 
m 
p 

CO 


6 


5 


o . 

CO 


J 
< 


'5 » 

> 


Dakota County. 
H W. Koch . . 


8110 
8111 




Nov. 
Nov. 


3 
3 


r.ct. 

1G.7 
14.0 


/'. ct. 
15.9 
13.3 


84.4 
77.8 


14.3 
9.0 


P.ct. 
1.17 
1.44 


Gr'ms. 
400 


Do 


French sugar 


333 








15.3 


14.6 


81.^1 


11.6 


1.31 


367 




84.59 
8i60 




Dec. 
Dec. 


6 
6 




FanbauU County. 

C. n. Culver 

j)o 


.9.6 
10.9 


9.1 

10.4 


66.2 
63.0 


6.3 
5.2 


1.53 
2.11 


880 
865 










10.3 


9.8 


64.6 


5.8 


1.82 


873 




7-12 
8114 




Simon Legrand 

Brabant 


Oct. 
Nov. 


13 
3 




Fillmore County. 

Dr.C. H.Robbins.... 
D.J. Tow 


9.7 
14.2 


9.2 
13.7 


56.0 
83.2 


5.9 
15.2 


1.64 
.95 


1,262 
390 








12.0 


11.4 

16.1 
7.8 

10.0 
8.5 

11.1 

12.1 


74.6 


10.5 


1.30 

.93 

1.48 
1.17 
1.25 
1.48 
1.62 


826 




7788 
812,5 
8188 
8 IK!) 
8190 
841C 


Klein Wan/lcbener . . , 

AVhitesu'jiir 

Klein Wiiuzk'ljener ... 

....do 

....do 

....do 


Oct. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
N..V. 
Nov. 


11 
4 
10 
10 
10 
24 




Goodhue County. 

Edward A. Donnell .. 

William Hagman 

J. G. Stearns 

G eorge W. Judd 

Mr.s. Jaiut's G iiero . . . 
It. P. Thauher 


16.9 
8.2 

10.5 
8.9 

11.7 

12.7 


.80.7 
63.1 
75. G 
63.6 
64.4 
73.4 


18.2 
5.5 
9.0 

7.4 
7.9 
7.8 


447 
1, 025 
930 
815 
300 
5J0 


Average 


11.5 


10.9 


71.1 


9.3 


1.32 


685 




7948 
7949 
8132 
S133 
81.51 
8171 




Oct. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


22 

22 

4 

4 
6 

8 




Hennepin County. 


14.7 
12.5 
9.4 
9.7 
16.5 
15.6 


14.0 
11.9 
8.9 
9.2 
15.7 
14.8 


92.5 
09.4 
68.6 
69.8 
79.3 
87.2 


14.9 
8.2 
7.5 
7.5 
15 3 
15.8 


.99 
1.53 
1.26 
1.30 
1.08 

.99 


780 


Hans Burlmgame . . . 




940 


Georsiu Dawlhwaite . 

1)0 

r.tor Weinand 

Williaio 11. Lovcrin. . 


Klein Wanzlebencr . . . 
i'loriuiond Dcspi-ez 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


1, 500 

57(1 
817 
000 


Average 


13.1 


12.4 


77.8 


11.5 


1.19 
1.08 

1.26 

1.48 
1.24 


1,216 




7C20 

8196 
7790 
7791 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Sept. 

Nov. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


20 

11 
11 
11 




Houston County. 
llcimau Pederson ... 


13.7 


13.0 


80.6 


12.7 

8.7 
6.6 
8.9 


510 


Isante County. 
Ganlbey & Anderson. 


10.9 
9.8 
10.8 


10.4 
9.3 
10.3 


67.9 
68.0 
75. 5 


1, 445 


N.A. Ahlstroiu 

Do 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Simon Legrand 


1, 9J5 
1 500 






Average 


10.5 


10.0 


70.5 


8.1 


1.33 


1,623 




7798 
7799 




Oct. 
Oct. 


11 
11 




Lc Suciii- County. 
J.C.Swaiu 


11.8 
11.0 


11.2 
10.5 


74.2 
71.9 


8.8 
13.6 


1 34 
.81 

1.08 


500 


Do. 




515 








Average 


11.4 


10.8 


73.2 


11.2 


508 




8104 

8105 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Floriiiior.d Desprez 
Kicliest. 


Nov. 

Nov. 


3 
3 




Lincoln County. 

A.J. Grain 

Do 


13.2 
12.7 


12.5 
12.1 


73.7 
72.6 


10.9 
9.8 


1.21 
1.30 


1,513 
1,173 




Average 


13.0 


12.3 


73.2 


1C.4 

9.7 
11.5 


1.26 


1 343 




8126 
^1.7 


Klein Waiizli'benor 


Nov. 
Nov. 


4 
4 




Lyon County. 

Andrew De Sutli-r 
Do 


13.7 
17.6 


1.3.0 
16.7 


72.5 
83.8 


1.44 

1.53 


500 
480 






Average 


15.7 


14.9 


78.2 


10.6 


1.49 


400 



21 



MTNNESOTA-Continued. 



is'iiiue of grower. 


Serial 
Ao 


ymXtiXy. 


When 
received. 


6 

'3 

3 
IB 

g 

O 

S 
■J2 


o 

<B 

a 

9 
6 
5 




m 

o 
_~ '5 




]5) 

'S 35 

> 


McLeod County. 

Daniel Devitt 

Do 


7G51 
7652 


Fiorimond Desprez 

llicllrst. 

Klein W'auzlcbener 


Oct. 2 
Oct. 2 


P.ct. 
10.0 

13.0 


P.ct. 
9.5 

12.3 


69.4 
77.9 


7.5 
12.7 


P.ct. 
1.34 

L02 


Gr'm.g. 
1,090 

795 








11.5 
8.9 


10.9 


73.7 


10.1 


1.18 


943 




7657 

7877 
787« 
79o9 
79G0 
79(33 
8070 
b071 


Klein Wanzlebeuer 

Klein Waiizlebeuer 

I'lniiMKind Dcspro/. .. 
Klein \\ an/.Iebener. .. 
Floiimoud Dcsprez 


Oct. 2 

Oct. 15 
Oe.t. 15 
Oct. 23 
Oct. 23 
Oct. 23 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 




Marglial County. 


8.5 

14.3 

9.8 
12.3 

8.6 
12.1 

8.4 
12.7 


66.9 


6.5 


L37 


740 






Martin County. 

William H. Build .... 
Do 


15.C 
10.3 
12.9 

9.0 
12.7 

9.0 
13.4 


85.2 
70.5 
76.4 
64.3 
76.5 
04. 7 
77.0 


13.9 
7.9 
9.6 

15.4 

10.0 

6.5 

9.3 


1.08 
1.30 
1.35 
1.39 
1.17 
1.39 
1.44 


730 
735 


Nelson Bouse 

Do 


725 
620 




850 






1,070 


Do 




895 










11.8 


11.2 


73.5 


10.5 


1.30 

1.24 
1.15 


889 




7768 
77b9 


I.emaire 

Floiiuioud Di'sircz. . . . 


Oct. 10 
Oct. 10 




Meeker County. 

E. Kvenson 

Do...-. 


11.1 

12.0 


10.6 
11.4 


74.0 
75.9 


9.0 

10.4 


515 
535 








11.6 


11.0 


75.0 


9.7 


1.15 


525 




8076 
8077 
8208 
8_'09 
^•218 




Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 14 
Nov. 14 
Nov. 14 




Murray County. 


13.3 
12.6 
18.6 

18.7 
17.1 


12.4 
12.0 
17.7 
17.8 
16.3 


86.1 
84.6 
84.3 
82.4 
84.7 


12.0 
11.3 
19.6 
18.2 
17.3 


1.08 
1. 12 

.95 
1.U3 

.99 


600 


Do 




4)0 


V.H. Maxwell 




279 


Jaiin'.s Tayloi- 

Do 




280 




475 










16.1 


15.2 


84.4 
75.6 


15.7 


1.03 


415 




7955 

8092 
8093 




Oct. 23 

Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 




Nieolet County. 
Fritz Virth 


1.3.7 


13.0 


9.3 


1.4S 


612 




White 




Noble County. 
J.P.Moulton 


13.8 
13.7 


13.1 
13.0 


76.2 
76.6 


11.4 
12.2 


1.21 
1.12 


1,000 


Do 




1,475 










13.8 


13.1 


76.4 


11.8 


1.17 


1,208 




8094 
8095 


Holland 


Nov 1 
Nov. 1 




Pipestone County. 


10.3 
12,9 


9.8 
12.3 


67.4 
74.6 


7.6 
10.2 


1.35 
1.26 


933 


Do 




1, 37.3 








Average 


11.6 

11.2 

10.8 

10.9 

12.9 
9.4 

10.8 
10.1 
8.0 
11.3 
8.5 
9.9 
9.7 


11.0 


71.0 


8.9 


1.31 


1,154 




8287 

8288 

8289 

8290 
8291 
8292 
8293 
8294: 
8295 
82'J6 
8297 
8298 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Bulteau Desprez Rich- 
est. 

Simon Legrand White 
Improved. 

Oippe's Vil morin 

Floi imond Desprez 

Vihnorin Sugar 

White Suaar.Grogory . 

Improved Imperial 

Excelsior Sugar 

Lane's Grogoi y 

Lane's Inipi () ved Sugar 

Vihnorin Wliito Imp.. 


Nov. 20 

Nov. 20 

Nov. 20 

Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 20 




Ramsey Coxinty, 

Minnesota Experi- 
ment Station. 
Do 


10.6 
10.3 
10.4 

12.3 

8.7 
10.3 
9.6 
7.6 
10.7 
8.1 
9.4 
9.2 


8L8 

77.1 

74.2 

89.6 
83.2 

77.7 
8.3.4 
74.8 

82.7 

'm.5 

86.1 


13.8 

12.0 

14.2 

19.0 
12.2 
12.6 
•12.5 

9.3 
12.6 

7.9 
10.4 
10.2 


.81 

.90 
.77 

.68 

.77 
.86 
.81 

.8(; 

.90 
.08 
.95 
.95 


783 
900 


Do 


653 


Do 


873 


Do 


1, 035 


Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 


635 

770 

1, 185 

805 


Do.... 

Do 

D,. 


650 
870 
796 




_ 


ATcrage 


11.1 


10.6 


81.0 


12.2 


.80 


830 



22 



MINNESOTA— Continued, 



Name of jriovrer. 


Serial 
No. 


Variely. 


AVhen 
received. 


9 

a 
» 

o 


o 
o 

3 

m 




o . 
"a 
a -J 






Kock County. 
J. F. Shoemaker 


8150 

8027 
8272 


Kleiu Wanzlebrmr 

Florimotul Desprez 

...do 


Nov. 6 

Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 


P. el. 
14.2 


P.ct. 
13 5 


79.3 


12.7 


p.ct. 
1.12 


Gr'ms. 

870 


Steele County. 

Clark Chambers 

Do 


8.5 
11.0 


8.1 
10.5 


60.3 
74.8 


7.6 

8.7 


1.12 
1.26 


1, 230 
855 








9.8 


9.3 


67.6 


8.2 


1.19 


1 043 




8103 
8103 


German Legraiul 

do 


Nov. 3 
Nov. '3 




Travers County. 
H. C. Bartlot 


IS. 3 
17.5 


17.4 
16.6 


79.2 
73.3 


14.1 
14.6 


1.30 
1.21 


840 


Do 


575 










17.9 


17.0 


70.3 


14.4 


1.26 


708 




7641 

8018 
8019 
81G9 


Florimoud Desprez ... 

Floiir.ioiid De.sprez. . . . 
Klein Wiiiizltbeiier 


Sept. 29 

Oct. 27 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 7 




IVabash County. 


10.3 

11.3 
13.6 
11.7 


9.8 


71.0 


7.1 


1.44 


280 






Washington County. 

Rogers. Mclntosb... 

Do 

Heury B. Vollner.... 


10.7 
12.9 
11.1 


79.5 
80.5 
69.2 


10..7 

13.5 

7.7 


1.08 
1.03 
1.53 


810 

710 

1,790 








11.2 


10.6 


76.4 


10.6 


1.21 


1103 




7600 
7967 
8437 


Dutch 


Sept. 24 
Oct. 24 
Dec. 2 




Wilkins County. 
Robf. Glover 


15.4 
10.5 
6.6 


14.6 
10.0 
6.3 


80.6 
71.4 
61.7 


15.6 
8.1 
4.6 


.09 
1.30 
1.44 


447 


yVright County. 
C. "W.Judaon 

County unknown. 
Henry Hillesheim ... 


Kkiii Waiizlebuner 


910 
2,053 



MISSOURI. 



Batcx County. 

Jacob Blocher 

Do 


790O 
7901 


White Silesian 


Oct. 17 
Oct. 17 


9.1 

8.4 


8.7 
8.0 


6R. 9 
66.7 


8.4 

7.8 


1.08 
1.08 


."•.OO 
700 








Avera<;o 


8.8 


8.4 


66.7 


8.2 


1.08 


GOO 













NEBRASKA. 



Antelope County. 

F.n. Trowbridge.. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

C. A. Hatliaway ... 

Do.. 

Do 

Do 

E. L. Heneway 

Do 

N. Cosby 

Do 



73P6 
7307 
73C8 
730!) 
7672 

7673 
7674 

7075 
7697 
7608 
772.-> 
7729 



Floi-imond Desprez 

Richest. 
Klein Wanzlebe.ner . . . 
Florimoud Desprez 

l!icli.-it. 
Kb'iu WuHzlebener ... 

...do 

Flo I iriioiid Desprez 



Improved White. 



Sept. 22 
Sept. 22 
Sept. 22 
Sept. 22 
Oct. 4 



Oct. 
Oct. 



Oct. 4 

Oct. 6 

Oct. 6 

Oct. 7 

Oct. 7 



16.1 


15.3 


82.1 


16.9 


,95 


15.9 


15.0 


81.5 


16. T 


.95 


16.6 


1.5.8 


88.8 


16.1 


1. 0.J 


18.8 


17.9 


81.8 


18.3 


1.03 


13.1 


12.4 


75.2 


9.8 


1.34 


14.1 


13.4 




9.0 


1.55 


10.3 


9.8 


70.9 


7.6 


1.36 


16.0 


15.3 




13.6 


1.18 


14.3 


13.4 


77.3 


11.1 


1.29 


12.2 


11.6 


77.7 


10.3 


1.18 


13.3 


12.6 


70.4 


12.2 


1,09 


9.0 


8.6 


72.0 


8.4 


1.07 



241 
226 
176 
119 
455 

200 
885 

265 
755 
410 
250 
382 



23 



NEBRASKA— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Seiial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


6 
'p 
a 

9 

? 

u 

■Jl 


p 




'2 




.a 

^ (U 

< 


Antclcpe County— 
Couliuueil. 

C. E. Ueneway. .... 
Do 


7732 
77a3 
7742 
7743 
77.'>1 
7752 
7863 
7997 
7998 
8086 
8U87 
8088 
8080 
8090 
80!) L 
8109 
8115 


Klein Wanzlebener. . . 
Floiimond Des|irez ... 
Klein Wanzleliener. .. 
Floiiiuond De-iine/, 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

14 

25 

25 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

3 

3 


P. ct. 
7.9 
9.2 
10.9 
12.1 
10.0 
10.9 
10.7 
16.5 
10.3 
14.6 
13.9 
13. e 
12.5 
14.6 
1,3.1 
16.7 
14.4 


P.rt. 
7. 5 
8.7 
10.4 
11.5 
10.1 
10.4 
10. 2 
15.7 
9.8 
13.9 
13.2 
12.9 
U.9 
13.9 
12.5 
15.9 
13.7 


C.3.4 
65.3 
6.5.7 
65.7 
50.2 

68.' 2' 
86.4 
76.8 
78.1 
79.8 
80.5 
73.6 

'si)'.¥ 

81.4 


4.8 

6.4 

7.0 

5.3 

7.8 

8.8 

11.5 

16.7 

13.5 

13.0 

12.9 

14.3 

9.0 

11.2 

9.4 

10.0 

12.9 


P.ct. 
1.04 
1.45 
1.56 
2.28 
1.36 
1.21 
.93 
.99 
1.08 
1.12 
1.08 
.95 
1.39 
1.30 
1.39 
1.07 
L12 


Gr'ms. 
920 
540 


CM. Wynian 

Do.'. 


440 
430 




357 


Do 




170 


Georj^o Biokaw 

W. H. Conueuy 

Do " 


Floriraond Desprez... 


491 
380 

280 




680 


Do 

Do 


Simon Lepraud 

Klein Wanzlebener... 


520 
565 


Do 


490 


Do 




350 


Do 


Lane's Imperial 


320 
400 






458 










13.2 


12.5 


74.7 


10.2 


1.26 


419 




7392 
7393 
8026 


French Beet 


Sept 
Sept 
Oct. 


24 
24 

27 




Banner County. 
Wm. Everett 


10.8 
11.4 
14.0 


1C.3 
10.8 
13.3 


66.2 

68.3 
76.9 


8.3 
10.6 
9.7 


1.30 
1.08 
1.44 


710 


Do 


... (lo 


693 


Tbos. H. 'VVilson 


435 










12.1 


11.4 


70.4 


9.5 


1.27 

1.20 
1.26 


612 




8051 
8052 


Klein Wanzlobencr ... 
Florimoud Desprez 


Oct. 
Oct. 


29 
29 




Blaine County. 
H. Heitholt 


14.6 
11.9 


13.9 
11.3 


78.1 
74.4 


11.0 
9.4 


610 


Do 


550 








13 3 


12.6 


76.3 


10.5 


1.26 


580 




7819 
7820 
7821 
7822 
7823 
7824 
7825 
78.; 6 
7827 
7828 
7829 
7830 
7831 
7832 
7833 
78o4 
7835 
7836 
7837 
78:!8 
78?9 
78J0 
7841 
7842 
7843 
7844 
7845 
7846 
7847 
7848 
7849 
7850 
7851 
7852 
7853 
7654 


Desprez 

Leniaire 

Simon Legraud 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 


9.1 

8.1 
13.3 
13. 3 
12.8 
11.4 
14.3 
10.7 
10.1 
7.6 
8.8 
9.5 
8.7 
11.9 
14.2 
8.9 
8.1 
U.7 
10.7 
10.3 
13.3 
11.7 
12.0 
12.3 
13.2 
10.8 
12.4 
11.4 
8.8 
8.2 
9.2 
9.9 
11.4 
10.1 
9.6 
7.0 




Boone County. 
CD. Dean 


8.6 
7.7 
12.0 
12.6 
12. 2 
W.S 
13.6 
10.2 
9.6 
7.2 
8.3 
9.0 
8.2 

n.3 

13.5 
8.5 
7.7 
11.1 
10.2 
9.8 
12.6 
11.1 
11.4 
11.7 
12.5 
10.4 
11.8 
10.8 
8.4 
7.8 
8.7 
9.4 
10.8 
9.6 
9.1 
6.6 


68.6 
65.3 

72.2 
71.6 
73.6 
67.8 
88.3 

'67." 3' 
57.6 
62.8 
65.9 
65.4 

7i.'2 
62.3 
75.0 
68.2 
66.0 
76.8 
74.7 
81.1 

72. 2 
62! 3 
63.5 
64.5 
70.7 
76.5 
71.2 
63.2 
62.1 


C.3 

5.5 
10.3 
12.7 
10.3 
10.2 
11.7 
7.8 
6.9 
4.3 
4.9 
6.9 
5.3 
10.8 
11.5 
8.2 
4.4 
10.9 
10.0 
9.0 
10.1 
15.0 
12.0 
10.5 
10.5 
7.1 
8.2 
8.5 
5.9 
5.6 
12.5 
8.1 
11.5 
9.0 
7.9 
5. I 


1.45 
1748 
1.30 
1.05 
1.24 
1.12 
1.22 
1.34 
1.46 
1.77 
1.78 
l.CO 
1 64 
1.18 
1.23 
1. 00 
1.86 
1.07 
1.07 
1.15 
1.21 

.78 
1.00 
1.17 
1.26 
1.53 
1.51 
1.34 
1.50 
1.46 

.74 
1.23 

.99 
1.12 
1.24 
1.37 


350 


Do 


433 


Anton Ankle 

Do 


685 
995 


Lewis Leslie 

Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 


820 

500 


Do 


820 


Do 


515 


Do 




720 


J. B. (ireen 




445 


Do 


Simon Legr.and 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 


545 


Do 


735 


J. E. Grepn 


485 


T.C Williams 




225 


Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 


340 


Do 


615 


Do 


410 


Do 




58.) 






7l'5 


Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 


765 


Do 


765 


Do 


740 


Do 




640 


M. G. Curtis ... 




2S0 


Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener . .. 


270 


Do 


365 


Do 


165 


H.n. Howard 




510 


Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


590 


Do 


630 


Do 


670 


Ed. Popper 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wauzlobcn«*r ... 


595 


Do 

Do 


405 
455 


Do 


790 


Do 


Liuiaire 


620 


Average 


10.7 


10.1 


69.2 


8.7 


1.29 


550 



24 

NEBRASKA— CoDtinued. 



Name of grower. 


ij.riiil 
No. 


Varifaty. 


When 
received. 


6 
o 

■3 
a 

P 
p 

a 


2 


B 
CO 





ca 


^ 


.a 
to 
'S . 

© e 
«.= 

> 
< 


Box Biitle Count If. 


7740 

77C5 
7801 
7«0'J 
7S():{ 
8009 




Oct. 9 

Oct. 10 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 27 


F.ct. 
12.9 
14.4 
15.0 
10.3 
14.7 
9.7 


P.ct. 
12.3 
13.7 
14.3 

9.8 
14.0 

9.2 


72.5 
76.2 
G8.5 
69.1 
69.4 
74.0 


9.3 
10.6 
10.0 

7.4 
10.1 

8.0 


P.ct. 
1.39 
1.39 
1. : 
1.40 
1.45 
1.21 


Gr'ms. 
825 


ho 1 

P. W.Tiacv 

M.W.Nvt' 

J. A. Heist 

H.W.AxtcU 


Klein Wauzlebeuer . .. 

....do... 

Flofiiiionii 

Klein Wauzlebener .. 
Klein "Wanzleb e n o r, 
Dippe's. 


820 
407 
513 
650 
785 




12.8 


12.2 


71.6 


9.2 


1.39 


666 




78G8 

7»)G8 
76U1) 


De.sprez 

Lemaire Legrand 

....^.io 


Oct. 10 

Oct,. 3 
Oct. 3 




Brown County. 
AV. II. Carey 


10.6 


10.1 


69.7 
68.9 


7.0 

10.9 
11.8 


1.51 


350 


Butler County. 

Elizabetli Bales 

Do 


12.6 
14.0 


12.0 
13.3 


1.16 
1.19 


260 
230 




13.3 


12.7 


68.9 


11.4 


1.18 


245 




77-14 
7745 
8012 

801.1 
82 U 
8215 
8J0G 
8207 




Oct. 8 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 20 

Oct. 29 
Oct. 2!) 
Oct. 29 
Nov. 14 
Xov. 14 




Ckage County. 

E.J. Ledger 

Do 


10.5 
12.1 
10.0 

11.5 

13.9 
13 7 
14.3 
13.9 


10.0 
11.5 
9.5 

10.9 
1.3.2 
13.0 
13.6 
13.2 


70.5 
6.t. 5 
66.2 

69.7 
73.5 
74. 1 
74.9 
72.4 


8.4 
9.2 
8.3 

7.5 
9.4 
9.5 
9.7 
7.9 


1,25 
1.31 
1.21 

1.53 
1.48 
1.44 
1.4tf 
1.75 


1380 


Miss D. Vioiiian ... 
Do 


Floriniond Desprez, 

Kiclie.'if. 
Klein Wauzlebener ... 
I'loiiniond Desprez . .. 
Klein Wanzlebeiier . .. 
FloriiiKiud Desprez . . . 
Kleiu Wauzlebeuer ... 


800 

855 

708 


j)i) 


(>7.i 


Li/.zic Joues 

Do 


540 
630 




1' 4 


11.7 


70.6 


8.7 


1.43 


796 




7.376 
7a77 




Sept. 24 
Sept. 24 






Cherry County. 


9.0 
9.7 


8.6 
9.2 


55.2 

65.8 


4.5 
5.2 


2.00 
1.85 


455 


Do 




60.5 








Average 


9.4 


8.9 


60.5 


4.9 


1.92 


530 




7880 
7881 
8001 
8010 
8011 
8l:i0 
8131 




Oct. 15 
Oct. 15 
O.t. 25 
Oct. 27 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 4 
Nov. 4 




Colfax County. 

H.M.Kenip 

Do 


10.3 
10.9 
13.6 
1.').4 
13.0 
11.3 
12.4 


9.8 
10.4 
12.9 
14.0 
12.4 
10.7 
11.8 


65.3 
70.3 
77.3 
81.9 
75.1 
62. 4 
66.7 


G.6 
0.9 
11.2 
14.3 
10.0 
5.2 
7.3 


1.57 
1..57 
1.21 
1.08 
1.30 
2.16 
1.71 


1,025 
850 


Jolm Selnililt 


Klein Wan/.lebener ... 
Dippe's Vilinoriu 




.J. B. Martiu 


5'3 


Do 


(186 


Joseph PraibliT 

Do 


Floriniond Desprez 

Kleiu Wauzlebeuer ... 


500 
5)0 






Average ... 


12.4 


11.8 


71.3 


8.8 


1.51 


661 




7907 
71)08 


Klein Wanzlebener . .. 
Floriraoud Desprez . . . 


Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 




Cutning County. 

Uriah Brume)- 

Do 


10.8 
10.9 


10.3 
10.4 


67.9 
71.7 


8.3 
8.7 


1.30 
1.26 


475 
910 




Average 


10.9 


10.4 


69.8 


8.5 


1.28 

1.32 
1.63 
1.35 
1.96 


692 


Custer County. 

W. O.l'orter 

l)o 


7fiG3 
76(14 
7679 
7680 


Vilmorin 

... do 


Oct. 3 
Oct. 3 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 4 




7.9 

8.8 
7.4 
5.6 


7.5 
8.4 
7.0 
5.3 


60.8 

kV.'i 

52.3 


6.0 
5.4 
5.5 
2.9 


565 
305 
575 


J. D. Haskell 




Do 




575 






Average 


7.4 


7.0 


58.2 


5.0 


1.56 


550 


Dawes County. 
li. P. Gregg 


7074 

7075 
8050 


Flniiinond Desprez 

Richest. 
Klein Wanzlebener ... 
Vilmoiin White 


Oct. 24 

0<:t. 24 
Oct. 29 




10.4 

16.2 
13.7 


9.9 

15.4 
13.0 


69.3 

72. 7 
77.9 


7.2 

8.4 
9.5 


1.44 

1.93 

1.44 


246 

290 
340 


Do 


W.J.Hooker 


Average 


13.4 


12.7 


73.3 


8.3 


1.60 


258 



25 

NEBRASKA— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


(0 

o 
o 

a 


.a 

_d 
o 
o 

M 


3 


o 
o 

.2 " 


CO 

< 


> 


Daioxon Cowtty. 

Mrs. Ella Stanley 

Do 


7927 
7928 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 
--..do 


Oct. 
Get. 


20 
20 


P.ct. 

10.8 
11.3 


P.ct. 
10.3 
10.7 


69.7 
76.9 


6.7 
6.3 


r. ct. 

1.62 
1.71 


Gr'mg. 
840 
500 








ll.O 


10.5 


73.3 


6.5 


1.66 


670 




8028 

7941 
8124 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 
Vilraorin 


Oct. 

Oct. 
Nov. 


27 

21 
4 




Deuel County. 
G. W. Hultz 


19.8 


18.8 




12.2 


1.02 


248 






Dodge County. 


14.9 
16.3 


14.2 
15.5 


81.4 
83.2 


13.8 
15.8 


1.08 
1.03 


750 




450 










15.6 


14.8 


82.3 


14.8 


1.05 


600 




8427 

76S4 
TOSS 
7086 
7087 
7688 


Klein Wanzleb e n e r , 
Diijpe's. 


Nov. 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


28 

4 
4 

4 
4 

4 




Dundy County. 
E.B. Moore 


10.5 


10.0 


67.7 


8.3 


1.26 


1565 






Fillmore County. 

J. S. P.cavdsly 

Do 


12.5 
11.2 
13.5 
12.1 
10.9 


11.9 
10.6 
12.8 
11.5 
10.4 


73.1 
67.9 
71.1 
05. 8 
65.0 


8.4 
6.8 
8.4 
6.1 
7.0 


1.49 
1.05 
1.61 
1. 98 
1.55 


990 




710 




Klein Wanzlebener ... 


640 


Do 


440 


Do 




605 








Avera"e 


12.0 


11.6 


68.7 


7.3 


1.06 


677 




78.56 
7857 
7^.i8 
78.19 
78G0 
7993 
7994 




Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


13 
13 
13 
13 
25 
25 
25 




Frontier County. 
A.E. Hill 


9.8 
13.9 
12.0 
11.2 
17.1 
15.7 
11.8 


9.3 
12.3 
11.4 
10.6 
16.3 
14.9 
11.2 


bO. 7 
60.8 
72.3 
70.9 
85. 9 
81.3 
76.6 


7.5 
11.3 

9.5 

8.5 
16.4 
12.1 

8.7 


1.31 
1.14 
1.22 
1 32 
1.04 
1.30 
1.35 


895 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


355 


Uo 


4')5 


G. L.ShoMiian 

Do 




533 
490 


W. V. Shfiiiian 

Uo 


Viliiioriu Improved -.. 
Kkiu Wanzlebener . .. 


350 
000 








12.9 


12.3 


74.4 


10.5 


1.24 


531 




7CS1 
7G82 
7813 
7814 
7932 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 

Floumond Despiez 

Klein Wanzlebener 

1< lorimond Deaprez 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct- 
Oct. 


4 
4 
15 
15 

20 




Furnan County. 

H. Montfiomery 

1)0 

W.B.Keith 


12.0 
13.0 
14.7 
13.2 
14.0 


11.4 
12.4 
14.0 
12.5 
13.3 


71.4 
74.7 
75.0 
77.2 
81.9 


7.7 
9.4 
11.0 
11.6 
9.2 


1.55 
1.39 
1.34 
1.14 
1.53 


565 

247 
600 


Do 

n. MoutKomery 


605 
255 






Average 


13.4 


12.7 


76.0 


9.8 


1.39 


454 




7387 
7388 
7389 
77U2 
8400 
8401 


Klein Wanzlebener . - . 
do 


Sept. 


24 
24 

24 

6 

21 

21 




Gage County. 

A. C.Wngner 

Do 


13.3 
7.3 

12.0 
8.1 

10.7 

10.0 


10.7 
6.9 

11.4 
7.7 

10.2 
9.5 


79.0 
.59.3 
6.55 
67.5 
7!. 3 
69.0 


14.0 
5.2 

13.3 
6.6 
8.2 
7.7 


.81 
1.40 

.90 
1.23 
1.30 
1.30 


610 
725 


Do 


do 

Floiinjond Desprez 


Sept. 
Get. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


323 


M.C. make 

E. Arnold 


IZ-MS 
705 


Do'.... 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


715 






Average 


9.9 


9.4 

13.9 
11.8 
16.7 
12.7 
9.3 
12.5 


68.6 


9.2 


1.16 


721 




76!)!) 
7700 
7738 
7739 
7780 
7S00 




Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Get. 
Oct. 


6 
6 

8 
8 
10 
U 




Garfield County. 
T. Crane 


14.6 
12.4 
17.6 
13.4 
9.8 
13.2 


'8.3."4' 
82.5 
61.2 
72.0 


11.3 
9.9 
13.7 
11.7 
6.3 
9.9 


1.29 
1.20 
1.28 
1.15 
1. .'•.6 
1.34 


260 


Do 


... do 


265 


M O'Connor. 




800 


Do 


. do 


700 


M. ('riUH^ 


0;!0 


A. riiilliiis 




483 










1.3.3 


12.8 


74.8 


10.5 


1.31 


533 



26 



Kanio of grower. 



Serial 
No. 



Mall County. 

HansStixlt 

Fred Siiehlseu . . . 



Average 

Hamilton County. 

J.D.Evans 

1)0 



Average 

Earlan County. 



A. C. RoWna 

Do 

Aug. Sasse 

Do 



Average 

Bayes County. 



C.A.Kpady. 

Do 

Do 



Average . 



Hitchcock County. 

Aiitlioiiy Stark 

H. H. Taylor 

Do 

Do 



7891 
7Ji93 



NEBRASKA— Continued. 



Variety. 



70.55 
7656 



German White. 



7383 
7384 
7'.I04 
7905 



Vilmorin 

Kli'iu Wanzlebener . 

.. do 

...do 



7816 
7817 
7818 



7906 
i'044 
8045 
8046 



Klein "Wanzlebener 

...do 

Lenirtire 

Desprez 



Average — 
Holt County. 



J.H.Gordon 7394 

Do ":^95 

Tbos. Wiggins 7G94 

1)0 7695 

E.H.Benedict T7ii9 

no 7710 

Do 7711 I 

N.15. Bisbeo 7713 I 

Do 7714, 

E.H. Benedict I 7718 | 

Do 7719 

Do 7720 

H.H. Saiiiidcr.s 7864 

Do 7S6 

J.Gus.KlucU 7917 

W.B. Lower 800' 

Edgar bruncr I 8197 



Vilmorin 

... do 

Klein Wanzlebener 

... do 

...do 



Vilmorin 

Florimoud Desprez. 

...do 

...do 



Average 

Hoioard County. 

C. T. Kenyon 

Jefferson County. 



W. "W. Watson . 
Uo 

Hr> 

h'o......--- 

Do 

A.Wilson 

J. G.Dougat. . 



Imported Wiiite. 



7375 Klein Wanzlebener ... Sept. 22 



Average . 



7910 
7911 
7912 
7913 
7914 
8414 
S415 



Vilmorin I Oct. 

Oct. 

I.emaire Oct;. 

Klein Wanzlebener... Oct. 

Florii\i"iid Desprez... Oct. 

Desprez Nov, 

Nov 




434 



27 

NEBRASKA— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 

received 


O 

'3 
a 
® 

2 


(D 

.a 

.3 
1 




O 

a 

(S 0) 

a "5 




> 


Kearney County. 


79f-2 

8447 
8448 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


Oct. 24 
Dec. i 

Dec. 4 


P.ct. 
15.6 

22.8 
25.5 


P.ct. 
14.8 
21.7 
24.2 


76.1 


13.3 
13.7 
14.6 


P. ct. 
1.17 
1.66 
1.75 


Gr'ms. 

214 


CD. Emersou 

Do 


Leniaire Ri< best 
Klein Wanzleben 




155 


er . . 


303 






2i.3 


20.2 


76.1 


13,9 


1.53 
1.44 


224 




7(i^C 

7(;4n 

7802 
7978 
7979 
71)80 

73S8 
7.S59 
7360 
7361 
7011 
7724 
7720 
8000 
8208 


White Improved 


Oct. . 1 

Sept. 29 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 24 
Oct. 24 
Oct. 24 

Sept. 5 
Sejit. 5 
Sept. 5 
Sept. 6 
S. pt. 26 
Oct. 7 
Oct. 7 
( )<-t. 25 
Nov. 17 




Kimball County. 


11.4 


10.8 


70.4 


7.9 


227 






Knox County. 
H.S.Morton 


In. 3 
7.8 
10.3 
12.9 
10.2 


14.5 
7.4 
9.8 

12.3 
9 7 


81.4 
62.2 
70.8 
68.3 
68.5 


13.1 
5.9 
7.9 
8.4 
9.0 


1.17 
1.32 
1.30 
1.53 
1.35 


595 


C;irl Scliiiiiller 


2,010 


William Biinier 

William liaiiiuni 

Do 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 

..do 

.. do 


1,150 
485 
100 








Averan e 


11.3 


10.7 


71.4 


8.9 


1.33 


868 


Lincoln County. 

Caspar Bolish 

G. i;. Gull.ra 

\V . S. Hawluns 

Dr. Calvert 


Lane's Imperial . 

Vilnioriii 

.. do 




10.9 
12.7 
14. 1 
5.8 
12.5 
13. 9 
12.9 
1.5. 8 
19.8 


10.4 
12.1 
13.4 
5.5 
11.8 
13.2 
12.3 
15.0 
18.8 


67.4 
73.9 
70.5 
CO. 4 
76.7 
79.4 
77.2 
86.8 
82.8 


7.9 
12.3 
11.4 

4 9 

10.7 
14.9 
10.8 
16.4 
14.7 


1.39 
1.04 
1.24 
1.18 
1.17 

.93 
1.19 

.90 
1.35 


423 
177 
236 
9i>0 

8-i7 


C. C. Hawkijis 

Do 


680 
710 


J. Wliiter 


Dippe's A'ilmorin 

Kkiu Wauzlebeutr . . . 


9:;o 


J. H. Knowles 


515 




13.2 


12.5 


75.0 


11.6 


1.15 


613 




7035 
7936 


Florimond Desprez, 

Richest. 
....do 


Oct. 21 
Oct. 21 





Lovp County. 

H. W^. Adams 

Do 


10.5 
9.7 


10.0 
9.2 


67.3 
64.7 


6.0 
5.4 


1.75 
1.75 


675 
710 




, 




10.1 


9.6 


66.0 


5.7 


1.75 


692 




7976 
7977 


Klein Wanzlebener, 

Dippe's. 
Florimond Desprez, 

Richest. 


Oct. 24 
Oct. 24 




McPherson County. 

D.P.Wilcox 

Do 


11.7 
14.3 


11.1 
13.6 


75.0 
77.3 


11.8 
11.3 


.99 
1.26 


285 
190 






Average 


13.0 

10.4 
12.2 
13.2 
11.2 
14.2 


12.4 


76.2 


11.6 


1.13 


. 238 


Madison Cirnnty. 

D.K. Daniels 

Do 


7921 
7922 
7923 
7924 
7930 


Desprez 


Oct. 20 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 20 


9.9 

11.6 
12.6 
10.6 
13.5 


71.7 
70. ;> 
73. 3 
72.7 
85.5 


8.9 
8.0 

10.5 
8.6 

13.8 


1.17 
1.53 
1.30 
1.30 
1.03 


."ISO 
800 


Do 


VilnioT'in 

... do 


1,340 


Do 


655 


T.J. Harter 


Kkiu Wanzlebener ... 


410 




12.2 


11.0 


74.7 


10.0 


1.26 

1.50 

1.20 
1.20 

1.25 


523 




7378 

7879 

7380 

7381 


Florimond Desprez, 

Richest. 
. . do 


Sept. 24 

Sept. 24 
Sept. 24 

Sept. 24 


_ 


Nucl-olls County. 

G. Ct. Heilsecock 

Do 


7.3 

10.8 
9.0 

8.2 


6.9 

10.3 
9.1 

7.8 


58.8 

09.2 
73.3 

C8.3 


4.8 

9.0 

8.0 

6.6 


393 
390 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener, 

Dippe's. 
do 


295 


Do 


320 






Average 






8.9 


8.5 


67.4 


7.1 


1.28 


347 



28 

NEBRASKA-Continnod. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


AVhen 
received. 


a 
o 

•Jl 


.a 
a 

0) 

o 
u 


l5 


4> 
O 

<c § 

fl'3 

al 

to 


.a 

< 


.3 
U 

'U 


Pawnee County. 


7873 
7874 
7037 
7938 




Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


15 
15 
21 
21 


P.ct. 
12.5 
12.4 
12.7 
15.6 


P.ct. 
11.9 
11.8 
12.1 
14.8 


79.1 
79.5 
81.9 
83.4 


11.2 
11.5 
10.5 
14.5 


P. ct. 
1.12 
1.08 
1.21 
1.08 


Gfms. 
1 038 


Do 


Klein \VanzleV)ener .. 


768 


T.E. Tacliley 

Do 


532 


I'loriiuond Despi ez . . . 


432 








13.3 


12.7 


80.5 


11.9 


1.12 


693 




7627 
7028 
7915 
7916 
7973 

7(iri3 


Florimoiid Richest 

. . . do 


Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 


29 
29 
18 
18 
24 
2 
2 




Perkins Count}/. 

Miss D. Vroninu 

Do 


10.7 
9.5 
1G.5 
11.4 
18.0 
12.3 
12.3 

13.0 


10.2 
9.0 
15.7 
10.8 
17.1 
11.7 
11.7 


71.8 
68.8 
79.3 
70.8 
90.5 
71.1 
72.4 


7.6 
7.0 

12.7 
7.7 

1.5.4 
9.0 
8.0 


1.40 
1.35 
1.30 
1.48 
1.17 
1.54 
1.54 


1,147 
1 040 


C. II. riiriiiton 

Do 


Klein Wanzlebener 

Dippe/s Riche.st 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 


9.55 
945 


Dan Xrff 


630 
760 


Do .... 


7054 


Klein "Wanzlebener ... 


520 








12.4 


74.9 


9.6 


1.40 


857 




8219 
8220 
8221 
J-222 
8223 




Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 


14 
14 
14 
14 
14 




Phelj)s County. 
.J.P.Olson 


16.0 
12.7 
11.9 
11.2 
13.7 


1.x 2 
12.1 
11.3 
10.6 
13.0 


75.8 
67.9 
66. i) 

70.4 


10.5 
6.6 
0.2 
6.9 
9.3 


1.53 
1.94 
1.93 
1.62 
1.48 


290 


Do 


Siiiidii T.eiiianil 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 
De.>;prez 


360 


Do 

Do 


490 
255 


Do 


130 








Average 


13.1 


12.4 


70.2 


7.9 


1.70 


305 




7981 

8183 
8184 
8185 
8186 




Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


24 

8 
8 
8 
8 




Pierce County. 
U. S. Forbts 


11.5 


10.9 


75.2 


8.2 


1.39 


565 








Platte Covnty. 
Gerliaid A.scko.' 


12.3 
10.1 
11.2 
8.6 


11.7 
9.5 

10.6 
8.2 


71.1 

69.1' 
64.7 


8.9 
6.5 
6.4 
5.2 


1.39 
1.53 

1.75 
1.66 


.365 


Do 


Simon Legrnnd 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 
LeniaireKichest 


2.50 
520 
340 


Do 


Do 




Averaiie 


10.6 


10.0 


68.3 


6.8 


1.58 


369 




8003 
8004 
8005 


T^ippe's Vilraorin 

Floriinonrt Ue.spvez 

Klein Wanzlebener, 
Dippe's 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


25 
25 
25 




Polk Coimty. 

J.B.Dey 

Do.' 


8.9 
12.1 
13.3 


8.5 
11.5 
12.6 


64.5 
69.5 
71.1 


5.8 

8.2 
8.5 


1..53 
1.48 
1.57 


435 
575 
590 


Do 




Avorage 


11.4 


10.9 


68.4 


7.5 


1.53 


533 




7762 
7763 




Oct. 
Oct. 


10 
10 


Red Willow County. 
S.lJollos 


5.3 
11.9 


5.0 
11.3 


48.1 
74.3 


2.6 

14.5 


2.05 
.82 


1, 2.35 
645 


D<i 


White sugar 




Average 


8.0 


8.1 


61.2 


8.6 


1.43 


940 




8145 
8146 

8147 
8U8 
8149 




Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


5 
5 

r 

5 


Tiichardson County. 
15. Senianton 


12.9 
10.9 
10.2 
7.4 
9.9 


12.3 
10.4 
9.7 
7.0 
9.4 


69.4 
66.2 
66.2 
59.7 
65.6 


9.2 
10.6 
6.1 
5.9 
7.4 


1.39 
1.03 
1.67 
1.26 
1.35 


845 
630 
740 
815 
635 


Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 

Desprez 

Leniaire 


Do 


Do 


Do 






Average 


10.3 


9.8 


65.4 


7.8 


1.34 


733 




8211 


Klein W.inzl. Inner 


Nov. 


14 


Rock Covnty. 
A.H.Galo 


15.2 


11. 4 


83.1 


12.1 


1.20 


400 



29 

NEBRASKA— Continued. 



Naruo of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
I'eceived. 


'p 

s 

o 

a 


.g 

<D 

to 

O 

a 
d 
w 


a 
Hi 


O 

o ^ 

0-3 

a 
to 


< 


s 

'3 . 

p 0) 

> 
< 


Saline County. 

F. J.Foss 

Do 


8022 
8023 


Floriinoud De.sprez ... 
Klein Wanzli^bener ... 


Oct. 27 
Oct. 27 


P.ct. 
7.4 
9.1 


p.ct. 
7.0 
8.6 


56.1 
64.1 


3.9 
5.1 


P.ct. 

1.89 
1.80 


Gr'ms. 
375 

475 






Averai^e 


8.3 


7.8 


60.1 


4.5 


1.85 


425 




7727 
7728 
8128 
8129 




Oct. 7 
Oct. 7 
Nov. 4 




Saunders Covnty. 
W. Mevr 


11.2 
10.8 

17.7 
15.3 


10.6 
10.3 
16.8 
14.5 


69.6 

74.5 


4.8 
10.3 
17.2 
14.9 


2.34 
1.05 
1.03 
1.03 


825 


Do. 


...do 


730 
305 


Do 




370 
















13.8 


13.1 


75.8 
83.3 


11.8 


1.36 


5,575 




8138 

7382 
7929 




Nov. 5 

Sept. 24 
Oct. 20 


Scott Bluff County. 


23.9 


22.7 


15.6 


1.5 


333 




- 




Seward Covnty. 
E. L. Blanchard 


10.3 


9.8 


66.0 
78.5 


9.4 
11.2 


1.10 
1.17 


440 


W.K.Ke]ley 


Vilmorin 


13.1 1 12.5 


460 








11.7 11.2 


72.3 

68.4 
76.0 
77.3 
71.4 
68.7 

63.0 
54.7 
78.7 


10.3 


11.4 


450 




7623 
7624 
7625 
7626 
8014 

8015 
8083 
80B4 
8085 


Floriraond Desprez 

do 


Sept. 27 
Sept. 27 
Sept. 27 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 27 

Oct. 27 
Oct. 31 
Oct. 31 
Oct. 31 




Sheridan County. 
N.J.Cook 


9.3 
11.4 
14.7 
10.5 

9.2 

8.5 

7.5 

19.6 

15.8 


8.8 
10.8 
14.0 
10.0 

8.7 

8.1 

7.1 

18.6 

15.0 


5.7 
8.4 
10.2 
8.3 
7.3 

6.3 
4.4 
12.5 
10.6 


1.62 
1.35 
1.44 
1.26 
1.26 

1.35 
1.71 
1.57 
1.53 


455 


Do 


265 


S. E. Ferguson 

Do 


...do 

do 


485 
568 


C. A. Watterman . . . 
Do 


Klein Wanzleboner, 
Dippe's. 
Floriuiond Desprez 


663 
548 




700 


Do 




500 






340 










11.8 


11.2 


69.8 


8.2 


1.45 


503 




8191 
8102 
8193 
8194 
8195 
8451 
8452 
8453 
8454 
8455 
8456 
8457 
8458 




Nov. 10 
Nov. 10 

i\0V. 10 

Nov. 10 
Nov. 10 
Dec. 6 
Dec. 6 
Dec. 6 
Dec. (1 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. C 
Dec. 




Thayer County. 
W. B. Hnsilie.s 


12. 7 
14.1 
11.2 
13.6 
14.2 
14.6 
12.7 
16.9 
18.3 
17.1 
18.2 
14.1 
15.9 


12.1 
13.4 
10.0 
12.9 
13.5 
13.9 
12.1 
Ifi 1 
17.4 
16.2 
17.3 
13.4 
15.1 


77.5 
80.6 
74.2 
76.4 
84.5 
66.4 
71.8 
77.9 
82.1 
83.2 
84.7 
75.4 
76.4 


11.8 

15.7 

9.3 

11.2 

13.2 

8.5 

8.8 

12.2 

13.6 

13.6 

16.9 

9.8 

9.5 


l.OM 
.90 
1.21 
1.21 
1.08 
1.71 
1.44 
1.39 
1.35 
1.26 
1.08 
1.44 
1.62 


870 


Do 


Simon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener ... 


1,060 


Do 

Do 


1,595 
645 


Do 




1, 020 


C.E.Ward 

Do 


Improved White Sugai 

Despiez 

Xvlein Wanzlobeuer .. . 
I.emaire 


315 
403 


Do 

Do 

Do . 


335 
385 
292 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


323 


Do 


495 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


500 


Averaiic 


14.9 


14.6 


77.8 


11.8 


1.29 


632 




7804 
7805 


Floriiuond Desprez . . . 
Klein Wanzlebener 


Oct. U 
Oct. 11 




Valley County. 

E. W. AVaterraan 

Do 


10.2 
12.0 


9.7 
11.4 


68.9 
69.4 


7.0 
8.1 


1.45 

1.48 


400 
547 








11.2 


10.6 


69.7 


7.6 

7.4 
6.0 


1.46 

1.30 
1.57 


503 




7621 
7622 




Sept. 21 
Sept. 21 




Wayne County. 
D. W. C. Hood 


9.6 
9.4 


9.1 
8.9 


73. 5 
68.1 


325 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


500 






Average 


9.5 


9.0 


70.8 


6.7 


1.44 


413 



30 



NEBKASKA- Contimieil. 



Name of grower. 


Seiial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


a 
'3 

© 

o 

(.1 
o 

S 

m 


o 
a 

a 

o 


•a 

a 


m 

o 

a 
Oo 

•Ji 


J3 


s 

'S . 
^^ 

&^ 

> 
< 


York County. 
D 11 itcoder 


806.-. 
8000 
8007 
80C8 
8009 
8417 
8418 
8419 
8420 




Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Oct. 30 
Nov. 24 
Nov. 24 
Nov. 24 
Nov. 24 


Ret. 

9.8 
13.9 
14.4 
14.7 
11.1 
16.4 
15.4 
14.6 
12.0 


P.ct. 
9.3 
13.2 
13.7 
14.0 
10.6 
15.6 
14.6 
13.9 
11.4 


02. 
73.9 
75.8 
75.0 
68.9 
78.5 

"72.' f.' 


7.3 

10.3 

11.1 

13.1 

10.3 

11.1 

9.5 

8.8 

6.9 


P.ct. 
1.35 
1.35 
1.30 
1.12 
1.08 
1.48 
1.62 
1.66 
1.75 


Gr'ms. 
620 


Do 


Simon Legiautl 

Klein Wanzlebener .. 
Desidcz 


4.30 


Do 

Do 


590 
530 


Do 

Henry Smith 

Do 


560 




445 




210 


Do 




230 


Do 




350 








Avorvse 


13.6 


12.9 


79.4 


9.8 


1.41 


443 



NEW YORK. 



Genesee County. 
A. D. Lemley »... 


8261 
8262 
8263 


Florimond White Red 
Top 


Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 


17 

17 

17 


10.5 

15.0 
12.8 


10.0 

14.3 
12.2 


73.9 

83.3 
82.1 


9.7 

18.5 
14.7 


1.08 

.81 
.86 


2,500 


Do 


Lane's or French Ked 


1,210 


Do 


Vilmorin Red Top 


1,485 








12.8 


12.2 


79.4 


14.3 


.92 


1,732 




7875 
7876 


Simon Legraud 

Florimond Desprez 


Oct. 
Oct. 


15 
15 




Oneida County. 

Henrv Bran.stater 

^•^ 


11.9 
11.5 


11.3 
10.9 


78.2 
70.3 


10.6 
11.2 


1.12 
1.03 


400 
445 


Avera"e 


n.7 


11.1 


78.8 


10.9 


1.08 


423 




8216 
8217 


Florimond Desprez 

Klein Wanzlebener 


Nov. 
Nov. 


14 
14 




Warren County. 
F. H. Crumb 


15.3 
13.8 


14.5 
13.1 


87.0 
81.7 


17.0 
12.8 


.90 

1.08 


610 


Do 


675 






Aveiage 


14.6 


1.3.8 


84.5 


14.9 


.99 


643 




7964 
7905 
79G6 


Dippe'.s Vilmorin 

Florimond De.sprez ... 
Simon Legrand 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 


24 
24 
24 




Tales County. 

Rolii^rtPlUman 

Do 


12.3 
10.7 
12.9 


11.7 
10.2 
12.3 


72.4 
67.7 
75.0 


11.4 
16.1 
14.3 


1.08 
1.04 
.90 


405 
465 


Do 


540 








12.0 


11.4 


71.7 


13.9 


10.1 


470 













NORTH DAKOTA. 



Burleigh County. 
Job n Yegi.n 


7635 

7647 
7648 
7721 
8425 
8426 




Sept 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Nov. 
Nov. 


29 

1 

1 
6 
15 
15 


10.9 


10.4 


70.3 


7.8 


1.39 


453 








Cass Gotmty. 
J. R. Fuller 


13.7 
13.2 
8.3 
16.2 
17.1 


13.0 
12.5 
7.9 
15.4 
16.3 


72.9 

74.2 
59.2 
79.0 
86.8 


4.5 
10.2 

4.6 
11.7 
14.1 


1.62 
1.29 

1.80 
1.39 
1. 21 


550 


Do 


Klein Wanzlebener . .. 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 
Dippe's Vilmorin 


575 


M. Woodliull 

G. N. Smith 


1, 102 
760 


Do 


695 


Average 


13.7 


13.0 


75.5 


9.0 


1.56 


736 




7991 
7992 


Florimond Desprez 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 


Oct. 

Oct. 


25 
25 




Dickey County. 

Charles Stekl 

Do 


10.5 

12.7 


10.0 
12. i 


67.3 
73.4 


6.3 

8.8 


1.66 

1.44 


1, 0,-iO 






Avei'age 


11.6 


11.0 


70.4 


7.6 


15.5 


1 060 




7764 


Brabant 


Oct 


10 




Morton County. 
Joseph Miller 


14.5 


13.8 


73.9 


8.1 


1.79 


508 



31 



^^ORTH DAKOTA— Continned. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


Wben 
received. 


_o 
'5 

.9 

o 
o 
« 
CO 


o 
a 

o 

o 
a 
m 




o 
a 


< 


2 
to 

'S . 

< 


Nelson County. 
James Lawer 


7683 

7612 
7613 
7614 
7615 




Oct. 

Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 


4 

27 
27 
27 
27 


p. ct. 
14.3 


P.ct. 
13.6 


74.1 


9.9 


P.ct. 
1.45 


Gr'msi. 
675 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 
....do 




Hansom County. 
I J Oliver 


10.9 
12.6 
9.4 
10.6 


10.4 
12.0 
8.9 
10.1 


70.8 
73.7 
67.6 
73.1 


8.1 
9.9 
7.5 
8.8 


1.35 
1.35 
1.26 
1.21 


803 


Bo 


825 


Do. 


Florimond Dcspiez ... 
....do 


820 


Do 


725 




10.9 


10.3 


71.3 


8.6 


1.29 


794 




8198 
8199 




Nov. 
Nov. 


11 
11 




Sargent County. 

Henrv Stranb 

Do 


22.1 
21.6 


21.0 
20.5 




18.3 
18.4 


1.21 
1.17 


220 


do 


215 












21.9 


20.8 




18.4 


1.19 


218 




7792 

7000 
7001 
7926 
7953 
7957 
7958 
8210 


Klein Wanzlebener . .. 


Oct. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Oct. 

Nov. 


11 

24 
24 
20 
23 
23 
23 
14 




StuUsman County. 
J. J. Nierling 


13.2 


12.5 


77.6 


10.5 


1.26 


570 


Traill County. 


10.5 
10.3 
13.8 
20.6 
16.7 
18.6 
17.8 


10.0 
9.9 
13.1 
19.6 
15.9 
17.7 
16.9 


69.1 

70.1 
78.4 
84.1 
73.6 
79.1 
82.4 


8.1 
8.1 
12.3 
17.0 
8.8 
12.2 
12.5 


1.30 
1.39 
1.12 
1.21 
1.81 
1.51 
1.43 


1,022 


Do 




796 


P. Herbrand son 

Buve Bureson 


Klein "Wanzlebener . .- 

....do 

...do 

..do 


1,263 
397 

288 


N. F.Giiswold 


490 
650 










15.5 


14.7 


76.7 i 11.3 


1.91 


701 



















OHIO. 



Butler County. 
Jno. W. McClellan 


7645 

7797 

8461 

8075 
8408 
8409 




Oct. 

Oct. 

Dec. 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


1 

11 

9 

30 
24 

24 


9.7 


9.2 


76.4 


9.8 


0.99 


1,017 








Erie County. 


9.3 


8.8 


71.5 


8.1 


1.15 


305 








Hamilton County. 
Henry L. Law 


13.1 


12.4 


80.9 


9.4 


1.39 


458 


Klein Wanzlebener . . . 

Siraon Legrand 

Klein Wanzlebener . . . 




Sandusky County. 

C.W. Storer 

B. B. Overmver 

Do ../. 


12.2 
14.2 
12.3 


11.6 
13.5 

n.7 


82.4 
77.2 
71.1 


10.9 
11.3 
8.9 


1.12 
1.26 
1.39 


570 
1,210 
1,025 








12.9 


12.3 


76.9 


10.3 


1.26 


935 




7894 
7895 
7896 
7897 
8280 
8281 
8282 




Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


16 
16 
16 
16 
19 
19 
19 




Trumhull County. 
D.H. Wilder 


10.1 
8.0 

11.1 
9.0 
9.1 

11.9 

11.6 


9.6 

7.6 
10.6 
8.6 
8.7 
11.3 
11.0 


69.6 
77.6 
88.8 
76.9 
70.0 
81.0 
81.1 


10.1 
8.9 

13.7 
8.3 
7.2 

12.0 

14.3 


.99 
.90 
.81 
1.08 
L26 
.99 
.81 


801 


Do 

Do 


Lane's Improved 

do 


1,113 
485 


Do 


1,273 


Do 




507 


Do 




1,010 


Do 




371 










10.1 


9.6 


77.9 
'67.' 3 


10.6 

3.4 
5.1 


9.3 


808 




7889 
7890 




Oct. 
Oct. 


16 
16 




Van Wert County. 


5.7 

7.4 


5.4 

7.0 


1.66 
1.44 


320 


Do 


do 


420 










6.6 


" 


67.3 


4.2 


1.55 


370 













32 



OKEGON. 



Name of jtrower. 


Sciial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 


6 
o 

.5 
2 

o 


.a 

a 

o 
o 
S 
a 
!/; 


3 


m 

o 
at 


.a 
< 


Average weight 
of beet. 


Jackeon County. 

F. X. Musty 

Do 


8428 
8l2U 




Kov. 28 
Nov. 28 


P.ct. 
1.5.3 
1().4 


P.ct. 
14.5 
15.6 


72.2 
74.5 


9.1 

17.3 


P.ct. 
.68 
.95 


Or'ms. 
610 




510 










15.9 


15.1 


73.4 


14.2 


.82 


560 













PENNSYLVANIA. 



Dauphin County. 
E H Leil) 


8285 
8286 




Nov. 
Nov. 


19 
19 


8.8 
8.9 


8.4 
8.4 


74.6 

78.8 


7.0 
9.0 


1.26 
.99 


1,014 


Bo 


Kcd Top 


1,404 










8.9 


8.4 


76.7 


8,0 


1.13 


1,209 




7363 
7364 
73(15 
7036 
7637 
77-in 
7750 


Klein Wanzlebener ... 


Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Oct. 


18 
18 
18 
29 
29 
9 
9 




Lancaster County. 

F. M. Weaver 

Do 


6.8 
6.3 
10.3 
8.6 
9.8 
6.9 
6.6 


6.5 
6.0 
9.8 
8.2 
9.3 
6.6 
6.3 


63.5 
82.2 
78.0 
74.1 
73.7 
65.1 


6.6 
5.6 

12.0 

8.7 
9.5 
8.4 
7.0 


1.03 
1.12 
.86 
.99 
1. 03 
.82 
.94 


1, 067 
362 


Do 

L. WinKciiralli 

Do 


Klorimond De.sprez — 
Klein Wanzlebener . .. 
Klorin)ond Uesprez ... 
Dippo's Vihnorin 


380 
537 
560 


Frank Stan tier 

Do .. .. 


445 
610 










9.3 


7.5 


72.8 


8.3 


.97 


566 




8U1 




Nov. 


24 




Philadclplv.a County. 
N. liait 


10.9 


10.4 


75.2 


9.0 


1.21 


1,225 









SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Brookings County. 

South Dakola Ajiri- 
iultiM;il IC -; peri- 
niciit Station. 

Do 

Do. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Average 

Broivn County. 

Andrew Callweg ... 

Davidson County. 

vSalcni limner 

11. C. I'reslou 



Average 

Grant County. 
D.W. Diggs 



Hyde County. 

Jno. 0. Stoner 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Average . 



8117 
8118 
8119 
H120 
8121 
8122 



8435 



7>>7:l 
8062 



7661 
7662 
7961 
7062 



Bulti'au Desprez Rich- 
est. 



Dippe's Vilmorin 

Oxnanl Faetory 

Pa.jarro VrtUey'Cal.... 
Floiimond Desprez .. 
Klein Wanzlebemr . .. 
Simon Legrand White 
Inipioved. 



Klein Wanz.lcbener .. 



Siiiinn Lcgiand . 
...do 



Nov. 3 



Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 



Dec. 1 



Oct. 15 
Oct. 31 



Oct. 28 



Oct. 3 

Oct. 3 

Oct. 23 

Oct. 23 



15.7 



15.9 
17.8 
14.4 
13.0 
15.2 
14.2 



17.2 



13.2 
13.7 
14.6 
13.3 

13.7 



1."). 1 
16.9 
13. 8 
12.4 
14.4 
13.5 



84.0 



84.1 
91.3 
76.6 
85.0 
86.4 
87.1 



80.4 



10.7 10.2 ! 66 

15.8 15.0 i 78.6 



13.3 12.6 72.3 



11.0 



12.5 
13.0 
13.9 
12.6 

13.0 



73.0 



76.0 
81.1 



78.8 



14.5 



18.5 
20.7 
13.3 
7.8 



14.7 



5.9 
13.1 



7.4 



13.1 
11.1 

14.8 
11.0 

12.5 



1.08 



.87 
.86 
1.00 
1.67 
Lo.st. 
Lost. 



1.80 
1.21 



1.57 



390 
328 
418 
585 
5.56 
454 



821 
790 



1.01 

1.23 

99 

1.21 

l.U 



725 

7!)5 
445 
510 



33 



SOUTH DAKOTA— Continued. 



Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received 


a3 
.2 

a 
1 


.a 
_d 

<D 

m 

o 

o 

a 
m 


a 


o 

eS 




'5 . 
> 


Kingsbury County. 

W. A. Palmer 

Bo 


7603 
7604 


Florimond-Desprez 

Simou Legrand 


Sept. 25 
Sept. 25 


P.et. 
9.0 
13.0 


P.ct. 
8.6 
12.4 


68.2 
73.4 


6.9 

9.0 


P.et. 
1.30 
1.44 


Gr'ms. 
655 
450 






11.0 


10.5 


71.1 


8.0 


1.37 


533 




8049 
8050 


White Improved 

.. do 


Oct. 29 
Oct. 29 




McOook County. 

Asael Larson 

Do 


11.0 
11.4 


10.5 

10.8 


78.4 


10.9 
9.7 


1.03 
1.17 


385 
345 






11.2 


10.6 


76.4 


10.3 


1.10 


365 




8412 
8413 




Nov. 24 
Nov. 24 


Mead County. 
W. P. Flowers 


14.7 
14.8 


14.0 
14.1 


72.1 
76.3 


8.6 
11.4 


1.71 
1.30 


780 


Do 














14.8 


14.1 


74.2 


10.0 


1.51 


763 













TEXAS. 



Scurry County. 

W. M. Sawyer 

Do 


8024 
8025 




Oct. 
Oct. 


27 
27 


9.9 
11.0 


9.4 

10.5 


67.3 
71.4 


6.9 
8.2 


1.44 
1.35 


1, 150 
9:i5 








Average 


10 5 10 fi 


69.3 


7.6 


1.39 


1,072 















VIKGINIA. 



Augusta County. 
O. K. Lupham 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Wm. Goodwin. 

Do 

Do 



Do 
Do 
Do 



J. J. Pennybacker. . 

Do 

Do 



Do 
Do 
Do 



Average 

Loudoun County. 

J. B. McLaaghUn 

Do 



Average . 



7756 

7757 
7758 
7759 
7700 
7761 
8154 
8155 
8156 

8157 
8158 
8159 

8402 
8403 
8104 

8405 
8406 
8407 



7995 
7996 



Florimond D e s p r e z 

Richest. 
Klein Wanzlebener . . 

Lane'a Imperial 

Lemaire 

Vilmorin 

do 



FIorimond-De.sprez . . 

Klein Wanzlebener . . 

Lane's Improved Im- 
perial. 

Lemaire Kichest 

Vilmorin 

Vilmorin Improved 
Imperial. 

Florimond Desprez ... 

Klein Wanzlebener 

Lane's Improved Im- 
perial. 

Lemaire Richest 

Dippe's Vilmiirin . . . 

Vilmorin Impioved ... 



Oct. 9 

Oct. 9 

Oct. 9 

Oit. 9 

Oct.. 9 

Oct. 9 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 



Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 



Oct 25 
Oct, 25 



10.0 

9.8 
8.6 
8.9 
8.7 
6.1 
12,8 
11.1 
13.3 

15.3 
12.1 
16.1 

12.6 
14.9 
13.3 

13.6 
14.3 
13.9 



6.6 

4.8 



9.3 
8.2 
8.5 
8.3 
5.S 
12.2 
10.6 
12.0 

14.5 
11.5 
15.3 

12.0 
14.2 
12.6 

12.9 
13.6 
13.2 



6.3 
4.6 



78.7 

74.2 

75.4 
7L8 
67.4 



78.0 
69.1 
81.7 

83.2 
80.7 
83.8 



73.9 
74.9 
72.9 



76.3 



53.7 



53.7 



13.9 

10.5 

9.9 
9.0 
6.1 
14.9 
14.4 
19.6 

17.8 
10.8 
20.9 

7.6 
15.2 
16,4 

13.3 
10.9 
11.8 



12.9 



4.6 
3.3 



.72 

.93 

.85 
.90 
.97 
1.00 
.86 
.77 
.68 



L12 

.77 

.81 
.63 

.72 

1.48 
L48 
1.75 



470 

576 

5!i0 
605 
4C5 
835 
228 
245 
260 

170 

255 
265 

650 
350 
305 

228 
378 
525 



L44 
1.44 



430 
530 



25243— Bull. 30- 



34 



"WASniNGTOK. 













1 




!S 




♦a 
.4 




































o 




« . 


Name of grower. 


Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


When 
received. 




.3 


^ 


a 














o 


o 


a 3 




fc o 


















































aj 


w 


Ph 


M 


->! 


-< 


Lewig County. 








P.ct. 


p.ct. 






P,c«. 


Gr'mg. 


W. J. Hoyne 


8436 




Dec. 2 


16.0 


15.2 


84.2 


14.2 


1.12 


450 







WISCONSIN. 



CaJumef County. 

Gotfried Abitz 

Do 


7808 
7809 
7869 


Klein Wan/.lebener . .. 

Vilmorin Uippe's 

Sinii>n LegVand im- 
ported. 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Out. 


13 
13 
14 


9.9 
13.9 
13.9 


9.4 
1.3.2 
13.2 


78.0 
86.9 
90.2 


8.3 
18.3 
17.0 


1.20 
.76 
.82 


1,300 
315 


Do 


500 








12 6 


11.9 


81.9 


14.5 


.93 


705 




7701 
7861 


Dippe's Richest 

Iniported from Bohe- 
mia. 


Oct. 
Oct. 


6 
13 




Ke-ivaunee County. 
■W Sejk 


15.7 
12.6 


14.9 
12.0 


81.3 
77.8 


14.3 
11.5 


1.10 
1.10 


813 


Do 


450 








14.2 


13.5 


79.6 


12.9 


1.10 


632 




7913 
7944 


Lemaire Richest .... 
.. do 


Oct. 
Oct. 


22 
22 




Ozawkee County. 

Ernest BarkLauson.. 
Do 


11.5 
13.2 


10.9 
12.5 


'si .'5' 


13.4 
14.7 


.86 
.90 


420 
.^.90 








12.4 


11.7 


81.5 


14.1 


.88 


505 




8166 
8167 
8168 




Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 


7 
7 

7 






Vernon County. 


12.5 
14.8 
16.2 


11.9 
14.1 
15.4 


82.3 
80.9 


12.1 
14.4 
18.0 


1.03 
1.03 
.90 


800 


Do 




420 


Do 




260 








Average 


14.5 


13.8 


81.6 


14.9 


.99 


493 













WYOMING. 



Carbon County. 
E. E Bernard 


7390 
7391 




Sept. 24 
Sept. 24 


13.3 
12.5 


12.6 
11.9 


73.4 

72.2 


11.9 
11.6 


1.12 
1.08 


1,005 
1,420 


Do 


Piuk Top 




Average 


12.9 


12.3 


72.8 


11.8 


1.10 


1 213 




7784 

8053 
8054 




Oct. 10 

Oct. 29 
Oct. 29 




Crook County. 
H.C.Hensel 


17.1 


16.3 




12.2 


1.40 


210 








Laramie County. 

Henry S. Parker 

Do 


16.7 
19.8 


15.8 
18.8 


84.8 


12.4 
16.9 


1..35 
1.17 


690 
325 






Average 


18.3 


17.3 


84.8 


14.7 


1.26 


508 











35 



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39 

In the preceding summary of the beets sent from Nebraska are not 
included those wbich were examined at the Grand Island Sugar Fac- 
tory under the direction of the Chemical Division, but only those which 
were sent directly to the Department at Washington for examination. 
In addition to these two sets of analyses large numbers of samples were 
examined in the laboratory of the Agricultural Experiment Station at 
Lincoln. 

The following table contains the results of the analyses made by Mr. 
H. E. L. Horton at Grand Island, Nebr., on samples of beets delivered 
for manufacture: 



NaDie. 



Alleu.E.M 

Amlerson, E. C 

Anton, Conrail 

Appel, Christ 

Asteihold, W 

Aye, Peter 

Do 

Barnard, A I fred 

Baiick, William 

Earth, Fritz 

Bauniaun, Eno 

Baumanu, Kenimet 

Backkova, Fr 

Bame.E 

Beekmann, A 

Becker, Fritz 

Do 

Berry, George 

Bern, Friedrich 

Beniis, A.H 

Beberniss, John 

Bell.D.E 

Bfberniss, Fritz 

Belville, Joseph 

Beyer, Karl 

Blaine, H.M 

Bluuk, Ad 

Bowman, S. S 

Boose, Jobann 

Boekholm, Carl 

Boersen, Henry 

Bruckner, R.J 

Brannan, F 

Brachmann, D 

Brandt, David 

Braasch, Adolph 

Bruckmana, E 

Bucko w, Fritz 

Bunock,J.A 

Burmau,0^car 

Buhmann, Hury 

Buell,H.(> 

Buchholz, Fr 

Bulilke, John 

Busing, Ernst 

Case, (J 

(■arr, Geo. W 

Carter, Kr. M 

Carlsen, N. T 

Campbell, J. M 

Clad, Jno. E. R 

Class, Frank 

Clarks Sugar and Beet Co 

Clau.ssen, Turgen 

Craniviseur, John 

Craig, C.,E. and A.R . 

Cushman, I. B 

OnnniDghara, M. J 

Daniels. A. P 



Post-office address. 



Sr.lniyler, Colfax Co 

Danntsbi'og, Howaid Co. 

Palmer, Meiriek Co 

Dannebrog, floward Co. 

Grand Island 

...do 

...do 

Alda, HallCo 

....do 

Grand Island 

....do 

...do 

St Michael, Buffalo Co.. 

Schuyler. Colfax Co 

Grand Island 

....do 

.. do 

Seward, Seward Co 

Grand Island 

Seward, Seward Co 

Grand I.sland 

Chapman, Merrick Co . . . 

Grand Island 

Chapman, Merrick Co. . . 

Grand Island 

do 



Wood Rivfcr, Hall Co 

Grand Island 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Grand I.sland 

Nantasket, Buffalo (,'o ... 
Central City, Meriick Co 

St. Libory, Howard Co 

Ab>>ott, HaU Co 

Grand Island , 

...do 

.. do 

Alda, Hall Co 

Boelus, Howard Co , 

St. Libory, Howard Co 

Chapman, Merrick Co 

Grand Island 

... do 

...do 

Clarks, Merrick Co 

St. Michael, Buffalo Co ... 

St. Paul, Howard Co 

Dannebrog, Howard Co. . , 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Chapuian, Merrick Co 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Clarks, Merrick Co , 

Grand Island 

Columbus, Platte Co , 



Chapman, Merrick Co 
Wood River, Hall Co . 
Clarks, Merrick Co — 



No. of 
sam- 
ples. 



Aver. 

age 
weight 
of beet. 



Grams. 

285 
20f 
130 
189 
2.')1 
204 
273 
419 
131 
173 
221 
209 



242 
351 
232 
124 
280 
255 
334 
2!)4 
231 
212 
203 
273 
2(19 
218 
188 
188 
182 



267 
217 
275 
245 
2:3 
302 
542 
178 
215 



199 
178 
287 
229 
334 
160 



240 
322 
160 
187 
282 
2';0 
279 
269 
210 
207 



Total 
solids 

indica- 
ted by 
Biix' 

spindle. 



Pr. ct. 
20. 
20.3 
18.6 
20.1 
20.2 
19.7 
20.6 
20.5 
20.0 
19.3 
20.2 
19.5 
19.1 
19.6 
19.0 
23.5 
19.9 
19.7 
19.5 
18.1 
19.3 
20.0 
20.5 
18.6 
18.7 
19.8 
20.1 
21.0 
18.5 
19.6 



20.5 
22.1 
18.2 
20.4 
19.2 
18.9 
19.5 
18.4 
21.2 
19 3 
18.8 
18.2 
19.1 
18.9 
20.0 
18.2 
22.7 



20.0 
22.8 
20.5 
23.2 
20.6 
21.5 
18.8 
18.8 
19.3 
19.8 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Pr. ct. 
16.8 
17.1 
16.0 
17.9 
16.5 
16.4 
17.5 
16.5 
16.6 
16.3 
16.9 
16.5 
16.3 
16.7 
15.2 
20.1 
16.7 
16.7 
16.3 
14.9 
16.0 
16.7 
17.3 
15.8 
15.9 
17.1 
17.4 
16.4 
15.6 
16.3 



17.7 
17.9 
■14.4 
17.4 
15.6 
15.5 
16.5 
16.1 
17.9 
16.7 
15.5 
15.3 
16.0 
15.8 
15.5 
15.1 
18.2 
16.6 
15.9 
18.8 
16.4 
19.1 
17.3 
18.4 
15.5 
15.6 
16.4 
16.6 



40 



Name. 



Dankeit, ILiiis 

Daiiiiiiaii, Clans 

Daviil, M. 1'' 

Diiberkon, Karl 

DeMosa. W. X 

Detlel.S 

Detlef, Cristen 

Dcicliniaini, Carl 

lti(hl,E 

Diekniann, Peter 

Dorgenaen, Saren 

Duliiiis, Carl 

Dobrinsko, Aug 

T)i'ake, Leroy 

DiUton, Jaa.'H 

Uiineriiiaim, C. 11 — 

Duncrmann, G 

Eickliott.H 

Elsteimeiir, Carl 

Euuis, Martin 

Enders, Casper 

Erozim, Chas 

Erickson, Jacob 

Erii'ksou, Nels 

Emstmeyer, F 

Erozim, A ntou 

Ewoldt, Cay 

Ewold, B 

Ewold, Glaus 

Ewiiisi, John 

Falldorf, Fred 

Fallfs, W.H 

Fay, Peter 

Farnham, D. W 

Fislier, Jolin 

Fishburn. W. U 

Fiscbei', Jul 

Florke, Ileinz 

Folson, Janiea 

Foulk, Geo 

Frauen, Joa 

Frey, J.S 

Frauen, Paul 

Franz, Fred 

Friend, Jolin 

Frank, Jacob 

Gallup, Henry A 

Gatwertl), Erbs 

Gallup, Henry A 

Gehrt, Peter 

Gerard, A 

Geisinger, Felix 

Giese, Henry 

Glaggner, Paul 

Gottschalk, Fritz 

Goebrinc, Rich 

Goebring, Kicbard... 

Goetacbe, Cbrist 

Gosda, Herman 

Grant, Jas 

Grotzky, Claus 

Grozch, Juliua 

Grembe, Jacob 

Grotzky, Claus 

Grumpecbt, Carl 

Gutzow, Henry 

Griinlher Bios 

Halderaann, J. T 

Hannibal, P.M 

Ham, Henry 

Hansen, Peter 

Hamilton, T. M 

Hand, John 

Harria,T.R 

Ham, Moses 

Hamilton. T.M 

Hanasen, Gila 

Hailing, Wra 

Hansen, Jens 



Post office address. 



Grand Island 

...do 

Broken Bow, Cnster Co... 

Grand Island 

Sbelloii, Hall Co 

Grand Island 

...do 

.. do 

Cairo, Hall Co 

St. Libory, Howard Co ... 
Danuebrog, Howard Co ... 

Grand Island 

.. do 

Shelton, BuflFaloCo 

Chapman, Merrick Co 

Grand Island 

...do 

...do 

.. do 

...do 

St. Liborj', Howard Co — 

Kavenna. Buffalo Co 

Nj'sted, Howard Co 

...do 

Grand Island 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Grand Island 

...do 

..do 

Wood River, Hall Co 

Grand Island 

...do 

St. Libory, Howard Co ... 
Central City, Merrick Co . 

Ravenna, Buff.ilo Co 

Grand Island 

..do 

.. do 

...do 

St. Paul, Howard Co 

St. Libory, Howard Co 

Boelus, Howard Co 

Lockwood, Merrick Co ... 

Alda, Hall Co 

Grand Island 

... do 

Alda, Hall Co 

Duncan, PUtte Co 

Alda, Hall Co , 

Nantasket, BuffaloCo 

Bellwooil, Butler Co , 

Grand Island 

...do 

do 

Fremont, Dodge Go 

Grand Island 

... do 

...do 

....do 

St. Libory, Howard Co 

Merrick Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co. . . 
.. do 



Shelton, Buffalo Co 

Grand Island 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Alda, Hall Go 

Dannebrog, Howard Co.. 

Grand Island 

Dannebrog, Howard Co .. 

Warner's Addition 

Seward, Seward Go 

Marquette, Hamilton Co 
St. Michael, BuffaloCo... 

Grand Island 

...do 

MerrickCo 

Dannebrog, Howaxd Co.. 



No. of 
sam- 
ples. 



Aver- 
age 
weight 
of beeti. 



Total 
solids 
indica- 
ted by 
Brix 
spindle. 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Grams. 
335 
217 
339 
173 
164 
138 
265 
306 
146 
277 
228 
178 
332 

"' i98 
25) 
197 
219 
173 
271 



390 

224 



409 
259 
443 
180 
206 
125 
212 



234 
275 
211 



234 
193 
331 

igi 

271 
131 
212 
163 
210 
270 
263 



240 
414 
218 
151 
119 
204 
303 
179 
180 



144 

142 

2,^5 
78 
211 
236 
221 
194 
294 
>88 
215 
410 
2.-.7 
239 
254 



Pr. ct. 
18.4 
19.7 
22.1 
18.8 
23.4 
20.2 
18.9 
19.4 
20.5 
19.4 
19.5 
18.7 
20.6 
19.3 
20.9 
20.4 
19.3 
19.7 
22.3 
17.7 
20.3 
23.0 
18.2 
20.7 
19.6 
19.6 
15.3 
17.3 
18.2 
19.0 
18.6 
20.7 
18.3 
19.9 
19.8 
19.8 
20.1 
19.7 
19.4 



20,0 
20.0 
19.1 
20.0 
19.9 
20.0 
19.0 
18.7 
19 5 
18.3 
2L5 
19.6 
17.8 
20.9 
17.5 
19.5 
19,6 
21.5 
18.4 
18.2 
18.5 
19.3 
17.2 
20.3 
18.5 
21.0 
18.7 
19.8 
19.2 
16.8 
17.1 
17.9 
18.9 
20.3 
18.3 
18.9 
19.9 
19.2 
18.7 



Pr. ct. 
15.4 
17.3 
17.6 
15.9 
21.0 
16.7 
15.5 
16.4 
16.8 
16.6 
16.2 
15.4 
17.5 
17.0 
17.6 
17.3 
15.8 
16.1 
18.2 
15.0 
16.6 
18.5 
M.6 
17.4 
15.6 
15.9 
11.9 
14.1 
14.5 
16.5 
15 5 
17.8 
1.5.4 
16.7 
16.1 
15.8 
17.7 
16.4 
16.1 



17.1 
16.7 
16.1 
17.0 
IG. 8 
16.6 
15.7 
1.5.9 
16.1 
15.5 
18.4 
1.5.3 
18. 
17.8 
13.4 
16.9 
16.2 
18.2 
15.6 
14.6 
15.3 
16.0 
15.1 
17.6 
14.1 
19.9 
15.2 
16 6 
16.3 
12.6 
11.8 
14.5 
15.5 
16.7 
14.2 
15.9 
16.7 
16.0 
15.8 



41 



Name. 



Post-office address. 



No. of 
Barn- 
plea. 



A ver- 

age 

weight 

of beet. 



Total 

8oiia« 

iiidUa- 

ted by 

Brix 

spiudle. 



Sucrose 
iujuice 



Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 



Haun, T.C 

HaiiiliD, J. J 

Hansjosten, Peter 

Hansen, Jens 

Hanajoaten, .Jahn 

Haaman, Ernst and Fritz 

Honrikson, M 

Henril<son, L. H 

Heriuanson, Martin 

Hegenian, O. R 

Heusel, Wm 

Hume, Heim 

Hessel. Joseph 

Heiu, Clans 

Hein, Mathiaa 

HeiLZ, Nich 

Hf>lkrev,Jav 

Hilli.^ Jno. & W 

Horak, John 

Houseworth, More 

'Honten, J.D. van 

Hohiuau, Caspar 

Hou(n Wfll, G. W 

Hunter, C.H 

Hund,G.& B 

Husch, Peter 

Janssrn, Peter 

Jacob, Gi'org 

Jensen, ( Ihrist 

Karp, Cbaa 

Karstel, George 

Kettler, A.B 

Kent, M 

Keiihii, H.F.W , 

Ketteler, A. H 

Kunyon, Ch 

Keiucli, M.E 

Kingaley, O. H 

Klase, Kob 

Kleiue.E 

Klein, Ernst 

Klingeuberg, Hans 

Klunker, Fred 

Knipphals, Chr 

Koach, Vincent 

Kolar, Joseph , 

Kozel, A nton 

Kahler, Oscar 

Kroeger, Hans 

Kropger, Rnd 

Kruae, Henry 

Kraeni er, Peter 

Krekuke, Jul 

Kroeger, P'red 

Kroeger, Michael 

Kulilman, W.M 

Kuhner, Karl 

Kundsen, B 

Kutacbkan, Gus 

Lamsen, John 

Lange, Henry 

Lange, H 

Lassen, Conrad , 

Leppin, Wm 

LexM'in. Christ 

Linden, John P , 

Lilienthal, H 

Linelstrom, M. J 

Lojiniann, Wilhelm 

Long, T.M 

Liibs, Henry 

Luth, Fred 

Liibbe, Claua 

Lyons, Miles 

Marghall, John 

Martin, David 

Marshal, Thos. F 

Madson.P.Ch 

Marshal, Jas 



Grand Island 

Seward, Seward Co 

Chapman, Merrick Co .. 

Boelus, Howard Co 

Grand Island 

...do 

Dan nebrog, Howard Co. 

Boelus, Howard Co 

Dannebrog, Howard Co. 
Buckley, J efferaon Co. .. 

Shelton, Buffalo Co 

Grand laland 

...do 

Fremont, Dodge Co 

Chapman, Merrick Co. .. 
Pleasant Add., Hall Co . 

Norfolk, Madi.son Co 

Doniphan, Hall Co 

Sherman Co 

Fremont, Dodge Co 

Norman, Kearney Co 

Grand Island 

St. Panl, Howard Co 

Seward, Seward Co 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Grand Island 

Rockville, Sherman Co.. 
St Panl, Howard Co ... 
Dannebrog, Howard Co . 
St. Michael, Buffalo Co.. 
St. Libory, Howard Co . . 

....do ..-■ 

Grand laland 

Dannebrog, Howard Co. 
St. Libory, Howard Co .. 

Boelus, Howard Co 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Clarks, Merrick Co 

Doniph.an, Hall Co 

Grand laland 

....do 

Chapman, Merrick Co .. 

Shelton, Buffalo Co 

Grand Island 

Boelus, Howard Co 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Grand laland 

...do 

....do 



Merrick Co 

Alda, Hall Co 

Grand laland 

...do 

..do 

Philips, Hamilton Co 

St. Libory, Howard Co . . 

Grand laland 

Dannebrog, Howard Co. 



Grand Island 
....do 



.do 
.do 
do 
do 



Boelus, Howard Co 

Grand Island . 

St. Michael, Buffalo Co ... . 

Alda, Hall Co 

Grand Island 

.. do. 

Wood River, Hall Co 

Columbus, Piatt Co 

Central City, Meirick Co 
Columbua, Piatt (Jo . . . . . 
Dannebrog, Howard Co . . 
Columbas, Piatt Co 



10 



Grama. 



151 
278 
285 
245 
241 
246 
343 
236 
135 
232 
178 
227 
227 
192 
266 
488 
317 
292 
324 
204 
134 
3)0 
130 
260 
212 
101 
396 
324 
143 
286 
321 
219 
277 
289 
270 
211 
164 
354 
206 



339 
360 
221 
215 
181 
373 
240 
169 
219 
252 
276 
277 
286 
283 
186 
204 
180 
151 
110 
351 
170 
290 
168 
161 
277 
247 
187 
175 
101 
261 



234 
261 

237 
274 

207 
388 
2C9 



Fr. ct. 
21.5 
19.2 
19.4 
20.3 
19.4 
19.2 
20.0 
18.8 
20.0 
20.9 
21.0 
18.7 
2C.0 
20.5 
22.4 
19.1 
19.0 
19.5 
20.0 
20.1 
21.5 
19.6 
21.0 
20.6 
19.5 
19.7 
19.6 
19.2 
16.8 
20.6 
21.2 
18.9 
20.6 
20.2 
19.8 
20.8 
20.0 
20.7 
16.1 
19.0 
21.8 
18.5 
19.7 
19.7 
21.2 
20.0 
21.2 
20.2 
20.8 
20.4 
19.1 
18.4 
19.9 
19.2 
20.6 
19.7 
18.0 
17.7 
21.0 
19.2 
18.5 
20.4 
17.5 
19.5 
22.8 
17.2 
19.2 
21.0 
20.3 
19.9 
21.5 
20.1 
19.5 
21.0 
18.7 
20.1 
18.2 
19.7 
19.5 



Pr. ct. 
18.4 
15.7 
16.2 
16.9 
15.6 
16.4 
16.2 
15.5 
17.5 
18.1 
17.7 
11.7 
15.9 
17.5 
18.9 
16.4 
15.8 
1.5.8 
1G.3 
17.2 
19.4 
16.0 
18.5 
17.4 
15.6 
1G.8 
16.9 
15.5 
14.2 
17.3 
18.3 
16.3 
18.1 
l(i. 
16.3 
17.2 
17.1 
16.3 
14.1 
14.8 
16.7 
15.5 
15.9 
15.8 
17.9 
16.8 
17.5 
17.6 
17.3 
17.2 
16.0 
15.0 
16.6 
15.7 
18.8 
15.6 
1.5.0 
14.6 
17.5 
1.5.6 
15.6 
17.8 
14.3 
16.2 
18.6 
14.0 
16.1 
17.8 
16.5 
17.7 
18.3 
16.1 
16.5 
16.9 
15.6 
16.7 
14.8 
16.4 
16.1 



42 



Name. 



Postoflice address. 



No. of 
sam- 
ples. 



weight 
of beet. 



Total 
.•(olids 
indica- 
ted 1)V 
Biix 
spindle. 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Martin, J.B 

Martin, J. L 

McKee and U.B. Wray. 

McDaniel, W. R 

McLoin, R 

Mcintosh, W.G 

^Metteiu brick, C 

Melaon, L 

Mildenakein, N 

Millard, C.E 

Mitchell, Robert 

Mohr, John 

Ml irse. M arenas 

Mooily. J. L 

Mohr, Peter 

Moore, P. C 

Morris, C.H 

M I irey, Gordon 

MUelier, Ludwig 

Muhl, Peter 

McMuUen, R 

Myers, John 

Natifke.Carl 

Navy, Wenzel 

Neubert, Johann .... 

Neubert, John 

Nerills.M.T 

Nelson, N 

Nieturjrt'r, Christian 

Nietfeld, Wni 

Nissen, Chr 

Nietfeld, Henry 

Nichols, H. \V 

Nietfeld, Fritz 

Noack, Ernst 

Norris, C.E 

Otiernieyer. Henry 

Ohhnann, Fred 

Oltnianti, John 

()lsen,Fied 

Onist, J.D 

Crndorft", Peter 

Pabl, Hans 

Paustiau, G 

Peter.s,C.T 

Petzalil, Louis 

Peters, C.T 

Peterson, W.C 

Peterson, H. P 

Pitrek, Chas 

Piefer, Henry 

Pickett, James 

Pitrick, John 

Pohl, Jacob 

Polenz, Julius 

Priidy, H. G., and Laun- 
born. 

Pucliert, Chas 

Roehler, H 

Rapp, L.F 

Ra.-<mus8en, Jens 

Ruiueit, Matliias 

Rasniu.'iscn, U. U 

Rfin, Olnen 

Reher, Chr 

Renilo, Fred 

Reher, John Fred 

Reul, J. H., and Son ... 

Revnif, II 

Richardson, I) 

Ritterbush. il 

Rizoe, A.J 

Richter, Aug 

Rietf Henry 

Rowe, D 

Rosk, Frank 

RosenkaltiT, Carl 

Ross wick, Henry 

Roby, Uustav 



Schuyler, Colfax Co 

Chapman, Merrick Co ... 

Alda, Hall Co 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Fremont, Dodge Co 

Rockville, Sherman Co .. 

Grand Island 

Dannebrog, Howard Co. . 

Grand I.sland 

O'Neill, Holt Co 

Grand Island 

... do 

Clarks, Merrick Co 

Scotia, Greeley Co 

Grand I.sland 

Central City, Merrick Co . 
("liapman, Merrick Co ... 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Chapman, Merrick Co ... 

....do 

Grand Island 

Shelton, Hall Co 

Grand It<land 

Ravenna, Bu Halo Co 

Grand Island 

...do 

Wood River, Hall Co.... 
Dannebrog, Howard Co. . 

Grand Island 

..do 

.. do 

.. do 

St. Paul, Howard Co 

Grand Island 

Shelton, Bufliilo Co 

Ravenna, Bu Halo Co 

Grand Island 

Shelton, Butfalo Co , 

Grand Island 

Nvsted, Howard Co 

Shelton, Buffalo Co 

Alda, Hall Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co... 

....do 

St. Libory, Howard Co .. 
Grand Island, Hall Co ... 
St. Libory, Howard Co... 

Fremont" Dodge Co 

Dannebrog, Howard Co . 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co... 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Ravenna Buffalo Co 

Grand Island. Hall Co... 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Lawrence, Nuckolls Co .. 



Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

Grand I.sland, Hall Co .. 
Broken Bow, Custer Co 
Danufbrog, Howard Co, 
Grand Island, Hall Co . 
Chapman, Merrick Co.. 
St. Libory, Howard Co . . 
Grand Island, Hall Co.. 

....do 

...do 

Columbus, Platte Co 

Broken Bow, Custer Co 

Alda. Hall Co 

Gratul Island, Hall Co .. 

...do 

Doniphan, Hall Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co.. 

Fremont, Dodge Co 

St. Libory, Howard Co ., 
(Jrand Island, Hall Co.. 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co.. 



Orams 

374 
360 
200 
151 
271 
117 
211 
!38 

lO.T 

278 
2:i8 
313 
270 
274 
285 
407 
IGO 
231 
193 
2ii9 
265 
272 
321 
249 
25t 
164 
273 
264 
246 
307 
192 
203 



161 
111 

283 
196 
282 
257 
247 
327 
189 
208 
•J84 
211 
343 
29i) 
412 
l.>~9 
173 
174 
145 
170 
333 
367 
205 



115 
403 
140 
253 
234 
191 
310 
139 
104 
243 
230 
217 
262 
114 
4ii2 
337 
419 
290 
171 
205 
297 



Pr. ct. 

20.7 
18.8 
19.8 
20.5 
18.8 
20.2 
19.0 
20.2 
18.8 
20.3 
18.4 
19.8 
20.4 
18.8 
19.1 
20.0 
23.5 
20.5 
17.9 
22.1 
18.6 
23.7 
18.6 
21.7 
18.8 
20.4 
21.4 
19.8 
21.6 
19.2 
20.0 
21.0 
21.8 
19.7 
21.2 
20.1 
18.8 
23.4 
20.9 
19.9 
23.2 
20.2 
20 2 
20. 1 
19.8 
20.4 
20.3 
17.7 
19.2 
21.2 
20.2 
18.4 
20. 1 
20.5 
18.6 
20.8 

20.5 
22.3 
19.4 
19.5 
18.5 
17.7 
17.1 
18.6 
18.6 
20.1 
20. 2 
23. 5 
19 5 
111.9 
20.4 
18.8 
21.3 
18.4 
18.0 
19.8 
18.7 
19.5 



Pr. ct. 
16.7 
15.7 
16.6 
18.5 
15.7 
16.8 
15.9 
16.7 
15.5 
16.3 
15.0 
16.9 
16.7 
15.6 
16.2 
16.0 
18.2 
17.5 
14.8 
18.5 
15.4 
20.2 
15.6 
17.8 
15.3 
17.1 
17.9 
17.0 
18.7 
16. 1 
17.0 
17.4 
18.7 
16.6 
17.6 
16.7 
15.4 
21.3 
17.3 
16.3 
19.2 
16.2 
17.4 
10.5 
16.9 
17.1 
16 8 
14.7 
1.5.5 
17,4 
16.9 
14.4 
1.5.7 
17.3 
15.7 
17.6 

1.5.5 
18 3 
15.1 
16.5 
15.3 
14.4 
14.5 
15.5 
l.i.4 
17.5 
17.4 
19.2 
16.1 
16.5 
17.5 
15.9 
18.9 
14.6 
16.1 
16.5 
14.9 
16.4 



43 



Name. 



Post-oflice address. 



Rob V, Fred 

Roh weder, Heurj- 

Robliiifi, Fr 

Kopke, Heirick 

Russell, J.B 

Ruge, Uaus 

Ruttstson, Oh. J 

Russell, O.W 

Salyards, David 

Schmidt, Erust 

Schioeder. \Vm 

Schlund.Nat 

Schaubdacb, Chi 

Schniale, Caii - 

Schiiltz, John 

Schleichardt, Fr 

Schultz, Ludvvig 

Schroedev, Kvitz 

Schuldt, John , 

Schuster, Heinrich 

Schinkel, John 

Schmale, H 

Sehull z, Peter 

Schoeustein, Alb 

Schinimer, Henry 

Schipmann, H 

Schultz, Ernst .' 

Scherzbeig, C 

Serei, John 

Seelmsen, John 

Senkbeil, Riid 

Sear.s.(;. H 

Seibert, Reed 

Seifert, David 

Shipman, H 

Shoof, Henry 

Shoman, Wm 

Silvers, Theo 

Sigman, Walter 

Skoogard, C. T 

Smith wick, M 

Smith, Alex 

Smith, A. 

Sondermeyer, Caspar . . . 

Sotliman, frus 

Sorensen, E. II 

Sothman, Glaus 

Spethman, Leopold 

Spech, K. and McKl- 
henny, D. 

Specht, -Nat 

Stuhr, Hans 

Steinbeck, Diedt 

Steinbeig, H 

Stuhr, Gebs 

Stalt, Hans 

Stegemann, Ernst 

Stiller, Wilhelm 

Stolteuberg, Claus 

Steinmeyer, H 

Stepe. Henry 

Sundbeig, E.N 

Sueplsen, Fritz 

Taylor, T.W 

Taylor, F.N 

Taylor, John R 

Thavernet, G 

Thompsen, John 

Thomas, C.N 

Tbacker, W. R 

Tinge, C 

Toinanch, Fr 

Tolkey, John 

Trummer, Hermann 

Turner,N.H 

Underbill, I. C 

linger, August , 

Veudt, Chas 

Veeder, W.H 



Grand Island, Hall Co. 
.-do 

Kelsa, Howard Co 

St. Libory, Howaril Co. 
Grand Island. Hall Co. 

- do : 

Boelua, Howard Co 

St. Paul, Howard Co... 

Kichland, Colfax Co 

Fremont, Dodge Co 

Columbus, Platte Co... 
St. Michael, Buflalo Co. 

Alda, Hall Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co - 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Alda, Hall Co 

Schuyler, Colt'as Co 

Phillips, Hamilton Co . 
Grand Island, Hall Co . 

...do 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co . 

...do 

...do 

...do 



Grand Island, Hall Co 

Dannebrog, Howard Co... 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Ciarks, Merrick Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Boelus, Howard Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Oconel, Platte Co 

Ciarks, Merrick Co 

Grand I.sland, Hall Co 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Nysted, Howard Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Seward, Seward Co 

Central City, Merrick Co . 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Shelton, Buffalo Co , 

Dannebrog, Howard Co.. 
St. Michael, Buffalo Co... 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Cairo, Hall Co , 



St. Michael, Buffalo Co. . . 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

..do . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Marquette, Hamilton Co. 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Dannebrog, Howard Co .. 

Grand Island, Hall Co 

Columbus, Platte Co 

Wood Ptiver, Hall Co 

Seward. Seward Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co ... 

...do 

Chapman, Merrick Co... 

Ravenna, Buffalo Co 

St. Libory, Ho ward Co.. 

Nimberg, Butler Co 

Rockville, Sbeiman Co .. 
Grand Island, Hall Co... 

Columbus, Platte Co 

Cairo, Hall Co 

St. Michael, Buffalo Co.. 

Ciarks, Merrick Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co . . . 



No. of 
sam- 
ples. 



Aver- 
age 
weight 
of beet. 



Grams. 
2J0 
183 
222 
37.5 
218 
173 
215 



200 
402 
204 
126 
336 
192 
208 
247 
286 
237 
317 
242 
225 
200 
215 
166 
255 
196 
358 
336 
197 
227 
246 
158 
222 
289 
270 
197 
135 



192 
280 
198 
245 
312 
223 
305 
232 
117 
184 
354 



Total 
solids 
indica- 
ted by 
Brix 
spindle, 



Sucrose ^"""^'P 



250 
202 
184 
384 
288 
275 
210 
246 



136 
130 



113 
187 
165 



218 
171 



343 
335 
191 

250 
161 
343 



125 
180 



Pr. ct. 
19.4 
18.8 
17.4 
20.3 
19.8 
20.2 
21.2 
21.0 
19.4 
17.4 
19.4 
18.1 
20.2 
19.7 
17.9 
19.7 
21.1 
18.3 
18.9 
18.9 
18.3 
19.6 
20.2 
18.5 
18.8 
20.9 
19.7 
20.1 
20.7 
19.0 
18.4 
21.3 
19.4 
16.8 
17.4 
19.8 
19.3 
19.1 
18.3 
20.3 
20.1 
17.9 
20.4 
19. .'- 
20.3 
20.5 
21.4 
18.8 
20.4 

15.8 
18.9 
19.4 
19.0 
17.8 
20.5 
17 3 
18.8 
20.3 
16.6 
19.9 
18.9 
18.6 
20.4 
21.2 
18.8 
15.5 
19.5 
17.8 
16.1 
15.2 
21.4 
17.9 
20.5 
21.8 
18.8 
17.8 
18.9 
20.2 



Pr. ct. 
16.2 
14.6 
13.0 
15.9 
16.7 
17.2 
17.9 
18.2 
17.0 
15.0 
16.2 
15.1 
16.7 
16.1 
14.8 
16.1 
18.2 
15.4 
14.9 
15.7 
14.1 
16.4 
17 3 
15.3 
15.7 
18.2 
17.1 
16.4 
15.9 
14.8 
15.2 
18.3 
15.8 
13.0 
13.2 
16.5 
16.2 
15.4 
15.4 
17.2 
17.3 
14.0 
16.9 
15.7 
17.6 
16.3 
19.0 
16.1 
16.5 



13.1 


82.9 


15.8 


83.3 


16.0 


82.3 


15.4 


81.9 


14.4 


80.7 


17.7 


82.9 


1.3.9 


80.1 


1.5.2 


82.0 


17.3 


84.4 


13.5 


85.0 


16.2 


81.9 


1.5.1 


83.6 


15.9 




18.3 


89.7 


17.4 


82.0 


1.5.3 


81.3 


14.0 


89.6 


16.5 


84.7 


13.7 


71.3 


13.1 


81.4 


12.2 


80.2 


18.8 


87.8 


15.2 


84.9 


17.3 


86.5 


19.6 


89.9 


1.5.5 


82.6 


14.2 


79.8 


15.9 


85.9 


17.0 


84.1 



44 



Kame. 



Post-oflBce address. 



No. of 
sam- 
ples. 



Aver- 
age 
■weight 
of beet. 



Total 
solida 
indica- 
ted by 
Brix 
dpindle, 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 



Vocke, Herman H 

"Voss, Haus 

Vose, Heinrich 

Wallter, Aug 

Wajiner, Bernhard 

Waters, George 

Waj^ner, Traugott.. 

"Wagner, Christ 

Waid,O.E.&Co , 

■West,\V".H 

Wrils & Wienian 

"Wegner, Herman 

Werner, Frauz B 

Weiss, Fred 

Weinhold, Paul and 

Wever H. 

Weller, Conrad 

Wheeler, Jasel , 

Witt,C.F 

Wilt, Heinrich G 

Wiene, Bernt 

Wissink,Jan 

Wienhake, Heinrich 

Windolph, Adam 

Williams, W. T. and 

W. G. 

Wines, E.J 

Wilkelmie, Wilh 

Windolph, C 

Wieso, Wm 

Will, Wm 

Witt, Wilhelm 

Woodworth, T. L 

Wulf, Wilhblm 

Yessen, Peter 

Do 

Tohnik, Henry 

Zehrke, Juliu.s 

Zeleny, Jos 

Zlank'e, E 

Tamsen, Fritz 



Grand Island, Hall Co . 

..-do 

...do 

Palmer, Merrick Co 

St. Libory, Howard Co. 

Clarks, Merrick Co 

Grand Island, Hall Co. 
St. Libory, Howard Co. 
Belvidere, Thayer Co.. 

Cairo, Hall Co 

Schuyler, Colfax Co ... 
Grand Island, Hall Co . 

...do 

...do 

...do 



.do 



Bromfleld, Hamilton Co , 
Grand Island, Hall Co.. 
Rookville, Sherman Co.. 
Brorafield, Hamilton Co. 
St. Libory, Howard Co . 
Grand Island, Hall Co.. 

...do 

Alda, Hall Co 



Grand Island, Hall Co. 
Chapman, Merrick Co 
Grand Island, Hall Co. 

...do 

Columbu.s, Platte Co-.. 

Alda, Hall Co 

Chapman, Merrick Co . 
Grand Island, Hall Co. 
Chapman, Merrick Co . 
...do 



Ravenna, Buffalo Co . . . 
Nimberg, Butler Co ... 
Grand Island, Hall Co. 
Alda, HaUCo 



17 



Orams. 
229 

261 
149 
230 
147 
121 
354 
323 
279 



478 
253 
268 
235 
190 

234 
213 
416 
101 



Pr. ct. 
21.2 
19.1 
18.6 
2i». 6 
20. & 
18.8 
18.1 
18.9 
19.9 
17.2 
20.2 
19.7 
19.8 
18.9 
20.3 

20.9 
20.2 
20.6 
19.6 



Pr. et. 
17.8 
15.7 
15.3 
18.4 
17.1 
15.7 
14.5 
15.7 
16.3 
13.9 
15.7 
16.2 
17.0 
15.1 
17.6 

18.3 
17.4 
17.3 
16.9 



83.9 
82.6 
82.0 
89.3 
82. 2 
88.9 
80.1 
83.4 
79.8 



77.6 
81.5 
86.2 
79.9 
86.5 

8S. 5 
85.9 
83.9 
86.2 



205 

332 
278 

260 
195 
193 
280 
250 
161 
141 
208 
271 
200 
333 
148 
335 
243 
197 



17.7 
19.6 
20.0 
19.7 

19.6 
18.3 
19.3 
18.3 
20.7 
19.2 
19.5 
18.7 
19.2 
18.5 
20.0 
19.5 
21.4 
19.4 
19.9 



15.4 

15.8 
16.6 
16.1 

16.6 
14.9 
16.2 
15.2 
17.2 
15.5 
15.9 
14.8 
16.4 
14.7 
16.5 
16.0 
18.8 
16.1 
15.7 



Means . 



238.9 



19.6 



16.3 



87.0 
80.4 
83.6 
61.6 

84.2 
81.0 
83.1 
82.6 
82.8 
82.8 
81.3 
79.5 
85.6 
74.0 
83.9 
82.0 
78.8 
84.2 
78.5 

83.2 



Total number of samples, 1,866. 
CHARACTER OF BEETS DELIVERED TO THE GRAND ISLAND FACTORY. 

Through the courtesy of Mr. H. T. Oxnard the Department was 
allowed to establish a laboratory in the sugar factory at Grand Island 
for the purpose of obtaining information in regard to the character 
of the beets entering into manufacture. In all about three thonsand 
samples of beets were examined, a sample having been taken from 
every wagonload and every carload of beets delivered to the factory. 
These samples were taken in such a way as to give as nearly as possi- 
ble the average character of all the beets worked. A large number of 
beets was taken from each sample, and after they had been properly 
cleaned and dried their average weight was taken. The beets were 
then rasped, the juice expressed, and an analysis made on the ex- 
pressed juice. The total solid matter was determined by a specific- 
gravity spindle, and the percentage of sucrose in the juice was esti- 
mated by the polariscope. The purity efi&cient was determined by 
dividing the percentage of sucrose in the juice as indicated by the polari- 
scope by the percentage of total solids as indicated by the spindle. 



45 

AVERAGE WEIGHT OF BEETS. 

The average weight of all the beets examined was 238.9 grammes. This 
small size of the beet was doubtless due to the extremely dry season. 
The drought throughout the region covered by the sugar-beet fields 
was the most severe perhaps that has ever been known in the State of 
Nebraska. Ordinary crops such as corn were almost total failures, and 
it is a matter of encouragement to note that in such a season the beets, 
although not making an average yield, yet did fairly well. On the 
whole, however, it must be confessed that the results from an agricul- 
tural point of view were disappointing; but this disappointment must 
be chiefly attributed to the exceptionally severe drought already men- 
tioned. 

It is also doubtless true that in the practice of the new system of 
agriculture which is required for the proper production of sugar beets 
many failures were made, and perhaps very few of the farmers prac- 
ticed that form of agriculture which was best suited to the soil and the 
season. In a soil which is apt to be dry, as in Nebraska, too much 
attention can not be paid to the importance of loosening the ground to 
a good depth. Deep plowing, followed by deep subsoiling, together 
with such harrowing and other treatment of the surface as will produce 
a perfect tilth, are absolutely essential to the production of a profitable 
crop. 

The remarkably high percentage of sucrose shown in the juice is an 
evidence of the fact that the soil and climate of Nebraska are favorable 
to the production of a beet rich in crystallizable sugar. It must, how- 
ever, not be forgotten that the extremelj^ high percentage of sucrose in 
the juice is probably a reciprocal of the small size of the beet due to 
the dry season. Had the season been favorable to the production of a 
beet of average size, with a tonnage of from 15 to 20 per acre, the per- 
centage of sucrose in the beets would doubtless have been less. This 
is well illustrated in the data obtained in the Department from the 
analysis of sugar beets sent from Nebraska. It is evident from the 
character of the samples which were received by the Department that 
the farmers have selected the larger beets to be sent on for analysis. 
It is seen by comparison of the respective sizes of the beets received 
for analysis by the Department with those received for manufacture at 
Grand Island that the beets sent ou for analysis were about three times 
the size of those manufactured into sugar. It will also be noticed that 
in the beets received for analysis by the Department the percentage of 
sucrose is low as compared with those which entered into manufacture 
at Grand Island. It would therefore hardly bejust to claim that beets 
as rich as those manufactured at Grand Island duriug the past season 
can be grown in quantities of from 15 to 20 tons per acre. It is not 
a matter of surprise that many of the farmers who grew beets are dis- 
couraged at the results of the first year's work. The planting and cul- 
tivation of the sugar beet, as is well known, are matters which require 



46 

great labor and expense, and when, therefore, an unfavorable season 
cuts the crop very short, it is but natural that the farmer should be 
discontented. It is, however, diflicult to see how he could have done 
better with any other crop, and the fact that in many instances even 
with the present dry season the farmers of Nebraska were able to grow 
10 or even 15 tons per acre, shows tliat with proper cultivation and 
proper attention in other ways to the growing crop the evils which 
attend a severe drought can be greatly mitigated if not altogether 
avoided. It is not the purpose of the Department to encourage farmers 
to engage in an industry which does not give promise of success; but 
it will be a matter of regret to every one who desires to see the success 
of the sugar industry if the discontent which naturally attends a very 
unfav^orable season should be sufficient to deter farmers from continu- 
ing the cultivation of a crop which under ordinary conditions promises 
so fair a yield as sugar beets. It would be wiser on the part of the 
farmers to continue the cultivation of the sugar-beet until it has been 
demonstrated at least that even with favorable years it is not profita- 
ble. In that case it would be necessary to cease the cultivation of a 
crop which afforded no prospect of financial success. 

EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN WISCONSIN. 

Extensive experiments were carried on in Wisconsin during the sea- 
son of 1891 by the Department in cooperation with the agricultural ex- 
l>eriment station under direction of Prof. W. A. Henry. 

The general directions for the work were given by the Department, 
but all the details thereof were left to the sutler vision of Professor 
Henry. 

The results of the work were encouraging, and its data, arranged by 
F. W. Woll, chemist of the station, will be found following: 

Seeds of the following six varieties of sugar beets were received from 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture in the beginning of May : Dippe's 
Vilmorin, Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener, Simon Legrand's White Im- 
proved, Bulteau Desprez Eichest, and Lemaire's Richest. About 3 
acres of land were prepared at the experiment farm for beet culture, 
and divided up between the varieties in proportion to the quantity of 
seed on hand. Arrangements were further made with five farmers liv- 
ing in different parts of the State to grow three of the varieties, viz: 
Simon Legrand's White Improved, Bulteau Desprez Eichest, and 
Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener, on a piece of land, 3 square rods for each 
variety ; to send samples of the beets grown at different times for ex- 
amination of sugar content, and to report the results as regards culture 
and yield. Notice was given in the newspapers that a supply of sugar- 
beet seed was on hand for distribution among farmers who would in- 
vestigate the adaptability of their soils for sugar-beet culture, with the 
obligation to send samples of the beets grown for analysis. In this 
way, samples of beets from seventy farmers were received and analyzed; 



47 

about half of these received their seed from the station, and the major- 
ity of the rest received seed directly from the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture. 

First are given the results of the beet culture at the station, then 
those of the culture at substations, and finally the results of examina- 
tions of beets grown by farmers in different parts of this State. 

SUGAR BEET CULTURE AT WISCONSIN AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
STATION, SEASON UdO. 

Two plats, IJ and IJ acres, were set apart for sugar beets during the 
spring of 1890. Potatoes had been grown on Plat A the preceding 
year; on Plat B clover was grown the preceding year, and the land 
plowed that fall ; the soil was a light clay, a portion of Plat B being a 
sandy loam. The beets were planted in rows 20 inches apart on 
Plat A, with beets every 8 inches in the row , the following varieties 
were planted on May 27 on this plat: Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener, Simon 
Legrand's White Improved, Bulteau Desprez Richest, and Dippe's 
Yilmorin. On the other plat (Plat B) the beets were planted in rows 
30 inches, with beets every 10 inches in the row; the following varieties 
were planted in this way on May 28 : Florimond Desprez Richest, Le- 
maire's Richest, and Dippe's Vilmorin. The seed of the last variety 
was divided between the plats, so as to determine the influence of dif- 
ferent thickness of planting on the yield of beets. 

The beets received the very best treatment during their period of 
growth that the circumstances would allow. The heavy rains in the 
beginning and middle of June made cultivation impossible for a time, 
and gave the weeds more of a start than they would otherwise have 
had. The cultivation was done partly by a harrow tooth cultivator, or 
by a wheel hoe and shovel attachment with shields, or by hand. The 
weeds in the rows between the beets could not be reached in any other 
than by a hand hoe. The features of the growing season were plenty 
of rain in May, June, August, and October, with a temperature some- 
what below normal during May, August, and September, and higher 
than normal in June. The main meteorological data for the season 
are given in the following table : 

Meteorological data for summer, 1890, for Madison, Wis. 
[From observationa made at Waahburn Observatory.] 



Month. 


Temperature. 


Kainfall. 


Max. 


Min. 


Mean. 


Mean 
normal. 


1890. 


Normal. 


May 


oy. 
84 
93 
91 
93 
83 
69 


OF. 
33 

50 
54 
46 
36 
25 


°F. 
53.0 
70.6 
71.7 
66.1 
57.4 
48.2 


°F. 

57.8 
67.2 
72.7 
69.4 
61.0 
48.5 


Inches. 
5.03 
7.72 
1.81 
4.23 
2.62 
4.59 


Inches. 
3.64 




4.42 




4.19 


August 


3.28 
3.35 


October .. 


2.87 






Total . . 










25.00 


21.75 















48 

Samples of the beets grown were taken every week from September 5 
on. Three to four beets of every variety of what seemed average size were 
pulled and the average sugar content in the same ascertaiued by the po- 
lariscope. While it is not believed that the beets sampled in every case 
represented exactly tbe stage of growth of each variety at the time, 
the analysis may indicate in a general way the increase in sugar con- 
tent and in tbe purity of the juice of the beets. The following table 
gives the results of the weekly examinations of each plat. The aver- 
age weight of the beets sampled is also given : 

Plat A. 

[Distance between rows, 20 inches; between beets in the row, 8 inches. | 





Dippe's Vilmorin. 


Bulteau Desprez. 


Klein Wanzlebener. 


Simon Legrand. 


a 


^ 


Date. 




'a 


O 




<6 

"3 


o 




o 

a 




.2" 
"3 « 


'5 


O 


<s> 
m 

2 


a 
.2 
'S 








^■2 




*•"' 


>>s 


(B 10 


•^ 


t>55 


Oi 'O 




>,a 


0.5, 






M>Q 


CD 




M-= 






M.^ 






MJ= 


(S 


4J .£ 


ti^ 






|"S 


p 


. h 


So 


o 


u 




o 


b 


t^ 


2 










t- 







> 


a 


a 


> 


s 





P» 




a 


> 


S 




< 


OS 


Ph 


< 


M 


Ph 


< 


w 


(U 


< 


M 


p^ 


<l 


Ph 




Onus. 


P.ct. 




Qrrng. 


P.ct. 




Orms. 


p.ct. 




Orms. 


P.ct. 




p.ct. 




Sept. 5 


452 


11.87 


78.2 


239 


10.79 


73.4 


355 


11.77 


77.5 


476 


11.81 


82.9 


11.56 


78.0 


15 


651 


12.91 


86.6 


578 


12.72 


80.2 


482 


13.02 


83.4 


591 


12.51 


77.7 


12.79 


82.0 


22 


453 


15.29 


85.3 


631 


13.87 


83.1 


472 


14.74 


83.3 


640 


13.38 


82.6 


14.27 


83.6 


30 


401 


15.78 


86.9 


604 


15.27 


84.1 


409 


14.06 


82.7 


495 


15. .S8 


84.7 


15.12 


84.6 


Oct. 7 


535 


17.64 


85.6 


574 


14. 85 


83.9 


58S 


16.14 


8.3.7 


388 


16.68 


87 1 


16.33 


85 1 


16 


670 


*15. 43 


84.5 


561 


15. 52 


86.1 


486 


14.33 


84.8 


90O 


14. GO 


84.2 


14.97 


84.9 


23 


419 


16.01 


85.0 


324 


16.03 


87.2 


547 


15.92 


87.7 


506 


16. 15 


83.8 


16. 03 


8.7.9 


30 


566 


16.76 


86.3 


567 


14.81 


83.9 


407 


16.39 


82.2 


686 


15.74 


83.2 


15.93 


83.9 



* A s.am pie taken October 17 gave 16.37 per cent of sugar; purity coefficient, 84.9; average weight 
of beets, 527 grammes. 

Plat B. 

[Distance between rows, 30 inches; between beets in the row, 10 inches.] 





Dippe's Vilmorin. 


Lemaire's richest. 


Florimond Desprez 


Richest 


Aver- 
age 
sucrose 




Date. 


Aver- 


Sucrose 


Purity 


Aver- 


Sucrose 


Purity 


Aver- 


Sucrose 


Puritv 


Purity 
coeffi- 




age 
weight 
ofbeets. 


in 
jnice. 


coeffi- 
cient. 


weight 
ofbeets. 


in 
jnioe. 


coeffi- 
cient. 


age 
weight 
of beets. 


in 
juice. 


coeffi- 
cient. 


in 
juice. 


cient. 




Orams. 


Per et. 




Grams. 


Per ct. 




Grams. 


Per cent. 




Per ct. 




Sept. 9 


528 


13.08 


76.9 


963 1 10.76 


79.5 


656 


10. 05 


71.7 


11.30 


76.0 


15 


492 


12.17 


80.1 


637 9. 88 


74.3 


792 


10.14 


72.5 


10.73 


75.6 


22 


388 


16.05 


87.3 


713 


14.09 


85.8 


672 


11.45 


79.5 


13.86 


84.2 


30 


403 


17.32 


84.9 


576 


14.37 


83.8 


1,107 


13.44 


82.9 


15.04 


83.9 


Oct. 7 


512 


16.10 


84.9 


712 


14.56 


83.5 


612 


12. .'^9 


79.5 


14.42 


83.0 


16 


642 


17.30 


84.8 


l,0t9 


14.52 


80.0 


887 


13.80 


81.6 


15.21 


82.1 


24 


540 


15.57 


84.7 


731 


14.98 


83.2 


886 


12.83 


78.7 


14.45 


82.2 


Nov. 1 


588 


15.74 


86.0 


1,031 


16.32 


82.8 


905 


14.84 


82.4 


15.63 


83.7 



Perfectly representative samples were not always secured, as will be 
seen, but the analyses show nevertheless in a general way the change 
in the sugar content of the juice and its purity with the advance of the 
season. The last series of determinations for both j)lats were made at 
harvesting time; the results given for this State (]!^ovember 1) are the 
averages of three samples of beets, of four each, taken from different 
parts of the plat, the beets being average sized and, as nearly as could 
be, representative ones. The beets reached full maturity, as may be 



49 



inferred from the above table, from September 30 to October 7 ; after 
that time the percentage of sugar in the beets remained about station- 
ary. As regards the possible yield at that early period we have no 
data to judge from except that the weights of the beets sampled might 
indicate that there was no material increase after that period. 

As the varying percentages found at the different periods doubtless 
stand in a definite relation to the rainfall, we give below the days on 
which rain fell at this place between September 1 and November 1 : 

Main/all at Madison, Wis., Sej)tember and October, 1890. 



Date. 


Amount 


Date. 


Amoant. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Date. 


Amount. 


Sept. 3 
4 
6 
7 
12 
15 
17 
18 
19 


Inches. 

0.18 

1.81 
trace 

0.02 
trace 

0.38 
tiace 
trace 

0.15 


Oct. 9 
11 
12 
13 

15 
16 
18 
25 
26 


Inches. 
0.56 
0.64 
0.98 
52 
0.23 
trace 
0.72 
0.31 
trace 


Sept. 25 
26 

Ocu 1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 


Inches. 
0.08 

trace 
0.03 
0.23 

traie 
0.08 

trace 
0. 12 
0.16 


29 
31 


Inches. 
trace 
0.01 































DATA OBTAINED AT HARVESTING TIME. 
[October 30 to November 1.] 

The area taken up by each variety and tbe yield of beets as ascer- 
tained at harvesting time are given here : 



Variety. 



Plat A : 

Dippe's Vilmorin 

Bulteau Desprez Richeat. .. 

Simon Legrand 

Klein Wan zlebener 

Flat B : 

Dippe's Vilmorin 

Lemaire's Richest 

Florimond Desprez Richest 



Area 


Yield. 


grown. 




Sq. feet. 


Potmds. 


2,470 


3,040 


8, 352 


11,801 


2(i, 375 


27, 866 


28, 750 


25, 650 


13,311 


11, 920 


22, 264 


21,0(16 


20, 685 


24, 844 



Sugar in 
the juice. 

Per cent. 
16.76 
14.81 
16. 39 
15.74 

1.5. 74 
16.32 
14. 8i 



A good deal of dirt adhered to the beets as they were weighed. In 
order to ascertain the yield per acre of washed beets, a basketful of 
each load of beets was taken out and weighed, each variety being kept 
by itself; when all loads from each variety had been taken from the 
field, the beets taken out were all carefully washed, dried, and weighed. 
In this way the percentages of dirt adhering to the beets were ascer- 
tained, as follows : 

Plat A : Per cent. 

Vilmorin 24.79 

Bulteau Desprez 15. 70 

Simon Legrand 13. 10 

Klein Wanzlebener 12. II 

Plat B : 

Vilmorin 24.23 

Lemaire 15. 70 

Florimoud Desprez 10.52 

25243— Bull. 30 4 



50 

Basing calculations on these figures, we obtain the following yields 
per acre of washed beets of each variety : 

Yield of washed heels. 

Plat A (beets 2f1 by 8 inches apart) : Pounds. 

Vihuorin 40,420 

Bulteau 51,900 

Simon Logrand 39,930 

Klein Wauzlebener 34, 150 

riat B (beets 30 by 10 inches apart) : 

Vilmoriu ^ 29,430 

Lemaire 34,030 

Florimond Desprez 46,710 

The data on hand are insufficient to determine the actual yield of 
sugar per acre in case of each variety. On the supposition that all 
varieties contained approximately the same percentage of juice, they 
would rank as follows as regards their sugar-producing capacity : 1. 
Uulteau Desprez; 2. Vilmorin (plat A); 3. Florimond Desprez; 4. Simon 
Legrand ; 5, KleinWanzlebener ; 6. Lemaire ; 7. Vilmorin (plat B). 

QUANTITY OF TOPS OBTAINED FROM BEETS. 

The tops from a number of beets were weighed separately when the 
first determination was made, Sei)tember 5, and also at harvesting 
time, to obtain some data as regards the proportionate increase of the 
beet root with the period of growth, and also the relation of leaves to 
roots with the different varieties. 

Proportion of ivashed roots to leaves. 

Plat A : Roots : leaves as 100 : 

Vilmorin, September 5 60 

November 1 34 

Bulteau Deprez, September 5 132 

October31 17 

Simon Legrand, September 5 6i 

October 30 23 

Klein Wanzlebener, September 5 79 

November 1 — 

Plat B : 

Vilmorin, September 9 84 

November 1 37 

Lemaire, September 9 79 

November 1 36 

Florimond Desprez, September 9 66 

November 1 36 

As has always been found, the proportion of leaves is larger in the 
earlier stages of growth. Between the difierent varieties there is some 
diflerence, Bulteau Desprez and Simon Legrand White Improved con- 
taining a smaller proportion of leaves at the time of harvesting than 
the other varieties. 



61 

Summing up the discussion of the work for the last season it is 
noticed that the yield of sugar beets obtained as well as their sugar 
content was very satisfactory ; the season could not be considered 
favorable to sugar-beet culture on account of the heavy rains in the 
fall. When, in spite of this, crops were secured of 15 to 25 tons per 
acre of beets, containing a good percentage of sugar, it would seem 
that the question whether or not sugar-beet culture may prove profit- 
able can not be answered in any other way thari the affirmative. 



WORK DONE AT SUB-STATIONS. 

Five sub-stations were established in different parts of the State to 
study tlie adaptability of the diiferent regions to sugar-beet culture. 
The names of the farmers who undertook the work with their addresses 
are F. W. Koberts, Wood worth, Kenosha County; Paul M. Peirce, 
Germania, Marquette County ; Fred. Burton, Janesville, Rock County; 
L. F. Noyes, Hudson, St. Croix County; A. L. Grengo, Colgate, 
Waukesha County. 

Of these stations three lie in the southern portion of our State, viz : 
Woodworth, near Lake Michigan ;']Janesville at about the same latitude 
in the inner part of the State ; and Colgate about 20 miles west of Mil- 
waukee. Germania lies in the central portion of the State, about 50 
miles north of Madison ; Hudson lies in the northwestern corner of the 
State, about 10 miles east of St. Paul (at 45° latitude). 

Directions were sent to select a small piece of land, about 3 square 
rods, of a kind that would be favorable to a good crop of potatoes ; to 
give the beets good cultivation, and to keep careful notes as regards 
labor spent and method of planting and cultivation. The following 
varieties were sent to each substation : Bulteau Desprez Richest, 
Simon Legrand's White Improved, and Dippe's Klein Wanzlebener. 
The data as to the kind of soil, time of planting, etc., are given in the 
following table : 

Data concerning aub-stationa. 



Name of sub station. 


Kind of soil. 


C3 

2 
— S 

« > 
a 

s 


Previous 

crop 
on land. 


Date of 
planting. 


a 
a ^ 

c3 
05 

P 


§1 

B^ 

o2 . 
c ca a 
S "» = 
ll-i 

P 


&-e8 C 
H 


Date of 
harvest- 
ing. 


Woodworth. Kenosha Co. .. 
Germania, Marquette Co... 

Janesville, Rock Co 

Hudson, St. ('roix Co 

Colgate, Waukesha Co 


Light sandy.. 

Loam 

Black loam. .. 
Rlack sandy.. 
Clay loam 


Sq.ft. 
797 
550 
817 
817 
1,221 


Potatoes .. 
Clover . . 
Pasture... 
Oats ... 
Timothy.. 


May 29 
May 19 
May 15 
May 19 
May 31 


In. 
18 

18 
20 
18 
18 


In. 

4-6 
6 
6 

(*) 
8 


Hrg. 

■2i 
45 
37 
•20 
54 


Oct.. 28 
Oct. 28 
Oct. 28 
Oct. 29 
Nov. 16 



* Simon Legrand, 16 inches; Klein Wanzlebener, 12 inches; Bulteau Desprez Richest, 20 inches. 
Seed did not all grow, hence the great distance between beets in the row. 



52 



In order to study the developraent of the beets at each place, during 
the fall four samples of each variety grown were secured from each 
station between the middle of September aud the date of harvesting. 
On the arrival of the samples at the station they were weighed and 
the juice polarized. The results of the examinations are given in the 
following table. 

Sugar iects from substations. 
1. FROM F. W. KOBEETS, WOODWOBTH, WIS. 



Date. 



Bultean-Desprez Rich- 
est. 



Aver- 
age 
■weight 

of 
heets. 



Sugar 

in 
juice. 



Purity 
coeflB- 
cient. 



Simon Legrand While 
Improved. 



Aver- 
age 
weight 

of 
beets. 



Sucrose 



Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 



Dippe'8 Klein-Wanzle- 
bener. 



Aver- 
age 
weight 

of 
beets. 



Sucrose 



juice. 



Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 



Sept. 18 . 
Oct. 8 . 

" 15. 

" 30. 



Grams. 
237 
458 
782 
614 



Per ct. 
10.72 
10.26 
9.87 
12.81 



77.7 
75.3 
74.9 
79.6 



Grams. 
455 
476 

f.86 
578 



Per ct. 
10.69 
12.51 
11.77 
12.87 



80.3 
61.2 
80.7 
78.9 



Grams. 
461 
4ol 
816 
585 



Per ct. 
12.37 
12.91 
11.96 
13. 45 



85.3 
81.5 
79.5 
79.6 



2. FROM PAUL M. PEIRCE, GERMANIA, WIS. 



Sopt. 23 . 

Oct. 7 . 

" 18. 

Nov. 4 . 



325 


12.04 


80.8 


463 


12.70 


80.1 


381 


13.93 


248 


12.98 


83 1 


646 


13.41 


82.8 


555 


13.84 


682 


13.58 


85.7 


428 


13.05 


82.2 


796 


13.27 


722 


13.79 


83.2 


783 


13.68 


83.2 


832 


15.50 



91.7 

85.4 
81.9 
84.9 



3. FROM FRED. BURTON, JANESVILLE, WIS. 



Sept. 25 . 

Oct. 8 . 

" 17. 

Nov. 7 . 



608 


15.24 


85.1 


561 


14.14 


83.2 


687 


13.75 


438 


16.00 


80.2 


418 


15.08 


82.6 


421 


14.40 


483 


13.17 


83.0 


581 


15.29 


79.8 


672 


13.80 


551 


14.77 


85.2 


516 


13.04 


82.8 


479 


14.31 



77.2 
81.9 
82.3 
83,1 



4. FROM L. F. NOTES, HUDSON, WIS. 



Sept. 23 . 

Oct. 6 . 

" 20. 

Nov. 4 . 



197 

228 
186 
203 



13.14 

14.84 
14. «9 
12.99 



78.2 
78.8 
79.6 
75.5 



179 
205 
179 

232 



13.71 
14.13 
16.12 
13.60 



82.8 
82.1 
79.9 
79.0 



208 
164 
158 
243 



13.91 

14.86 
16. 83 
15.44 



85. 3 
8.3.0 
84.4 
83.5 



5. FROM A. L. GRENGO, COLGATE, WIS. 



Sept. 26 . 

Oct. 9 . 

" 18. 

Nov. 12 , 



504 


14.92 


86.0 


491 


14.69 


85.4 


605 


15.10 


667 


16.25 


81.4 


761 


15.07 


80.0 


1,040 


14.42 


632 


12.53 


80.7 


925 


12.77 


80.0 


1,046 


12.51 


829 


17.14 


84.5 


791 


15.95 


87.4 


1,047 


14.95 



83.4 
81.5 
79.5 
83.2 



It would seem from this table that the beets did not improve mate- 
rially at any place as far as sugar content and purity of the juice are 
concerned after the beginning of October. At the Janesville Substa- 
tion the beets seem to have been as mature and rich on September 25 
as at any time later on. At the Hudson Station the beets never grew 
large (weighing on the average not more than half a pound apiece), 
and they seem to have been about as far advanced when the first sample 



53 

was taken as later on; the light yield is explained by the cold wet 
weather at Hudson when the seed was planted, causing the seed to 
rot ; potatoes planted there at the same time also rotted. 

The mean temperature and rainfall at St. Paul during the past season 
and normally were as follows : 

Meteorological data for St. Paul, Minn., May to Ovtoier, 1890. 



May 

Juue 

J uly 

August 

Septembor. 
October 



Total , 



Months. 



Temperature. 



Mean. 



52! 
69. 
71. 
65. 
58. 
46. 



Mean 
normal. 



°F. 
58! 4 
67.1 
71.6 
69.5 
58.9 
47.1 



BainfaU. 



Inches. 
3.66 
5.29 
1.87 
2.20 
2.73 
2.79 



18.54 



Normal 
rainfall. 



Inches. 
3.34 
4.85 
3. 26 
3.67 
3.38 
2.05 



20.55 



The other stations produced beets of average size, with a good to 
fair percentage of sugar. The yields of beets at the different places 
may be seen from the following table, and also the estimated yield per 
acre ; 

Sugar beets from substations. 



Kaaie. 



Bulteau Desprez. 



Area 
crown. 



Yield 

of 
beets. 



Sugar 

In 
juice. 



Yield 
per 
acre. 



Simon Legrand. 



Area 
grown. 



Yield 

of 
beets. 



Sugar 



juice. 



Yield 
per 



Elein Wanzlobener. 



Yield 
g™^°- ibeets. 



Area 



Sugar 



luice. 



Yield 
per 



P. W. Roberts, 
Woodvvoi ih 

P. M. Peirce, Ger- 
mania 

Fred Burton, Janes 
ville 

L. F. Nojes, Hud- 
sou 

A. L. Grengo, Col- 
gate 



Sq.ft 
796. 75 
550. 00 
816.75 
816. 75 

1, 224. 00 



Lbs 

1,095 
410 
600 
163 

2,093 



Perct. 
11.81 
13.79 
14.77 
12.99 
17.14 



Lbs. 
59, 880 
32, 470 
32, 000 

8,694 
77, 470 



Sq.ft. 
796. 75 
550. 00 
816. 75 
816. 75 
1, 224. 00 



Lbs, 
915 
200 
486 
174 

1,851 



Perct 
12.87 
13.68 
13.04 
13.60 
15.95 



Lbs. 

50, 010 
15. 840 
25, 880 
9,279 
67, 410 



Sq.ft. 
796. 75 
550. 00 
816. 75 
816. 76 
1,224.00 



Lbs. 

1,075 
610 
575 

185 
2,146 



Perct. 
13.45 
15.50 
14.31 
15.44 
14.95 



Lbs. 

58, 790 
48, 310 
30, 670 
9,868 
76, 370 



In judging these results, it must be remembered that the area grown 
was small, and hence the yield per acre must be taken only as an indi- 
cation of what might be reached under very favorable conditions. The 
yield found at the Colgate substation is higher than that of any of the 
other stations, going even up to 38 tons in case of Bulteau Desprez 
liichest and following closely with the other varieties. The yield of 
beets as well as their richness may be pronounced satisfactory in all 
cases except in case of the Hudson station, where the yield was very 
light, for reasons already stated. The climatic conditions of the four 
Southern stations probably did not vary very much from those of Madi- 
son, which have been previously given. 



54 



As it was deemed of some interest, the weights of leaves were ascer- 
taiued at LarvestiDg time along with those of the beets. In the follow- 
ing table are given the percentage weights of leaves, calculated on 
weight of beets: 

Relation betipeen tops and beets at substations. 



Substation. 



Bnlteau 
Desprez 
Kichest. 



Simoii Le- 

graiid 
White Imp. 



Dippp's 

Kl.iii Wan- 

zlebeuer. 



Weight of beet root : weight of tops 
as 100 : 



Germania, Marquette Co 
Woodwoith, Keuosha Co 

Janesville, Rock Co 

Hudson, St. Croix Co 

Colgate, Waukesha Co .. 

Average 



67 


60 


55 


52 


54 


70 


40 


34 


55 


59 


54 


55 



EXAMINATION OF BEETS FROM FARMERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF 

THE STATE. 

It remains to give an account of the work done during the past season 
in analyzing sugar beets grown by fjirmers in different parts of the 
State, the seeds having been mostly obtained, either directly or in- 
directly, from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Realizing the 
importance of the sugar-beet problem and the widespread interest in 
its solution, this station had notices published in all newspapers in the 
State offering to analyze free of charge beets grown anywhere in the 
State. As a result, 70 farmers in 28 counties of the State sent in 
samples of sugar beets for analysis. The results are given in the follow- 
ing table, along with such information about the beets as it was pos- 
sible to obtain — variety, soil, time of planting and harvesting, etc.: 



1 



55 



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69 

The above analyses of sugar beets grown in this State during the 
last season have a very wide range, viz, from 6.39 to 18,79 per cent of 
sugar in the juice ; of the 95 analyses given in the above table, 19 
come below 10 per cent of sugar, 56 come above 13 ])er cent, 38 above 
13 per cent, and 16 above 15 per cent of sugar in the juice. But very 
few of the farmers who sent in beets for analysis had previously had 
any experience in growing beets ; besides this some of the beets were 
grown tor stock food, with no intention of testing their sugar-producing 
capacity. Bearing this in mind, it would seem that the showing is a 
very creditable one ; where grown for sugar, and where good care was 
bestowed, the beets contaiued a high percentage of sugar. As regards 
the yield, but very few and uncertain data were obtained, most of the 
farmers having grown only small plats, from which an estimated yield 
was reported. 

' Of the different portions of the State, the eastern region seems bet- 
ter adapted for sugar-beet culture than the western, as far as the data 
on hand will enable us to judge about the matter. Judging from the 
data obtained, which are of course very limited, it may further seem 
that three regions may prove especially well adapted for the culture of 
sugar beets of the localities from which beets were received duriug 
the past season, viz, the country around New Holsteiu, Calumet County, 
(latitude about 44<^) ; around South Germantown, Washington County, 
and around Kewaunee, Kewaunee County (latitude 44.5°). The aver- 
age of all analyses from New Holstein was found to be the very high 
figure of 17.83 per cent of sugar in the juice ; the average for South Ger- 
mantown was 13.51 per cent, and for Kewaunee 13.85 per cent (of the 
fourteen samples received from this locality, twelve came above 12 per 
cent, and seven above 14 per cent of sugar in the juice). Also other 
localities may prove well adapted for sugar-beet culture, which have 
not yet been investigated outside of our substations, e. g.., the counties of 
Rock, Jefferson, Waukesha, Washington, Milwaukee, and Ozaukee, in 
short the whole eastern portion of the State. 

A continued study of this subject may disclose other sections where 
sugar-beet culture may be conducted successfully. The work has just 
been entered upon. From what has been done at this experiment 
station and at substations in different parts of the State, it is known 
that good crops of beets can be grown of a good quality. While the 
results reached so far would indicate that Wisconsin may prove well 
adapted for the culture of sugar beets, the work must be repeated for 
several seasons before the question can be considered as fully settled. 



60 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS AT FORT SCOTT, KANSAS. 

Quite a number of samples of beets was analyzed at Fort Scott with 
the following results : 

In the juice. 



Date. 


Total 
aolids. 


Sngar. 


Purity. 


Date. 


Total 
solids. 


Sugar. 


Purity. 


Sept. 26 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 23 
Oct. 23 
Oct. 31 
Nov. 1 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 




Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 
Nov. 1 


Per cent. 
15.0 
15.4 
16.8 
15.7 
16.6 
15.7 
19.1 
14.4 
14.0 


Per cent. 
12.2 
12.8 
12.2 
11.7 
1.^7 
12.9 
16.7 
11.1 
10.6 


81.3 
83.1 
72.6 
74.5 
82.5 
82.2 
87.4 
77.7 
75.7 


13.13 
15.5 

18.17 
13.84 
13.54 
15.17 
14.85 
15,8 


9.6 
11.5 
13.7 
10.25 

9.5 
12.5 
11.5 
13.25 


73.11 

74.2 

75.4 

74.1 

70.9 

82.4 

77.4 

83.8 



A few of these samples showed good qualities for sugar making, but 
the most of them had too low a content of sugar and purity to be of 
any value for the manufacture of sugar. 



ANALYSES OF 



BEETS AT THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT 
STATION OF MINNESOTA. 

with 



Prof. D. F. Harper, chemist of the station, has furnished me 
the following analyses of beets made at that station. 
The character of the beets for sugar-making purposes is fairly good 



Varieties. 



Brix. 


Sugar. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


17.10 


14.01 


16.02 


14.07 


17.60 


14.83 


15.00 


12.17 


15.95 


12.42 


15.90 


12. 55 


15.86 


11. 15 


13.72 


10.96 


15.92 


13.04 


15.55 


12.26 


17.24 


13.42 


14.48 


11.45 



Purity. 



Dippe's Vilmorin 

Bult. Desprez's Richest 

Simon Legrand's Wiiite Improved 

Vilmoiin's Wliite Improved 

Vilmorin 

Gregory White Sugar 

Lane's Improved 

Vilmorin's White Improved 

Dippe's Klein- Wanzlebener 

Excelsior 

Morimond Desprez's Richest 

Improved Imperial 



81.93 
87.89 
84.26 
81.13 
77.87 
78. 93 
73.45 
79.86 
81.91 
78.84 
77.84 
79.07 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS AT TOPEKA, KANSAS. 

Quite a quantity of beets was brought to the factory at Topeka, and 
an experimental run was made with them. The number of tons of beets 
used was 22. The juice from the samples of beets entering the battery 
was found to contain 15.36 per cent, of total solids and 9.30 per cent, of 
sugar. 

It will be noted by the above figures that the quality of the beets 
was worthless for sugar-making purposes. 



61 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS AT MEDICINE LODGE, 

KANSAS. 

In addition to the analyses and control of the sorghum sugar work 
extensive examinations were made of the beets growing in the locality 
of Medicine Lodge. 

The season was a peculiar one for beets. At the commencement of 
the rains on the 28th of August the beets were scarcely at all developed 
and were regarded as a total failure. After the rains commenced the 
beets grew rapidly and continued to grow vigorously through the 
months of September and October. About the middle of November 
the harvesting of the beets was commenced and continued until De- 
cember. At that time the beets had reached a fair size and developed 
a high content of sugar. Two hundred and sixty-one wagonloads were 
brought to the factory and large samples were taken from each of these 
loads and subjected to analysis. The means of 261 analyses follow : 

In the juice. 

Total solids percent.. 18.52 

Sucrose do 15.12 

Purity 81.04 

Four hundred and eleven miscellaneous analyses of the beets from 
different plots in the vicinity of Medicine Lodge were made with the 
following mean results : 

In the juice. 

Total solids percent.. 17.80 

Sucrose do 13.20 

Purity 75.60 

The fresh chips entering the battery had a mean sucrose content in 
the juice of 13.90 per cent, much less, as will be noted, than that repre- 
sented by the analyses from the different loads. 

The diffusion juices show a content of 10.45 per cent sucrose, and a 
purity of 81.2. 

The working of the beets with the sorghum-sugar machinery was 
extremely slow, and either from this cause or from the method of 
liming, which was very heavy without any subsequent use of carbonic 
acid, the clarification and boiling of the juices became a matter of great 
difficulty, and they suffered in this process rapid deterioration j for in- 
stance, the purity of the clarified juice was only 78.8 and of the sirup 
78.3, while the mean purity of the massecuites showed the enormous 
depression represented by the difference between 78.8 and 59.4. The 
actual cause of this remaikable deterioration in boiling is not well 
understood. The juices boiled with the greatest difiiculty, it being 
almost impossible to prevent them from foaming in the pan. The semi- 



62 

sirups also, after staudiug for a time, deposited a large quantity of 
mucus or viscous material, and tliis would lead to the supposition that 
a i)ernicious lermeutatiou of a viscous or manuitic nature was the cause 
of the great loss of sugar during the boiling operations. 

It is evident at once that the attempt to make beet sugar without 
ai)i)ropriate ai)paratus must be regarded as futile. Beets of the quality 
of those delivered at the Medicine Lodge factory, if they had been 
properly and promi)tly manufactured, would have yielded almost 250 
pounds of sugar to the ton ; instead of this the yield was extremely 
small, the separation from the massecuite very difficult, and the whole 
manufacturing process disappointing. 

In regard to the probability of producing beets in the locality of 
Medicine Lodge, I am still of the opinion, expressed in Bulletin No. 27, 
that it is a locality too far south to expect the successful culture of the 
sugar beet. In using the term "too far south" it is not meant in an 
absolute sense, but too far south from the zone of the probable beet 
industry as indicated in the maj) given in Bulletin No. 27. The actual 
growing season at Medicine Lodge, it will be noticed, was not during 
the summer, but in the autumn after the rains fell and the weather 
had become cool. Had the early part of the season been wet enough to 
secure a growth of the beets it is hardly probable that they would have 
shown the high content of sugar which they did. The splendid results 
obtained at Medicine Lodge in the working of sorghum cane would 
seem to indicate the course which the sugar industry should follow in 
that locality. Everything indicates that the culture of sorghum sugar 
will prove a success while there is little to encourage the further de- 
velopment of the beet-sugar industry in that locality. 

ANALYSES OF BEETS AT MEDICINE LODGE. 

The following analyses show the character of the beets examined at 
Medicine Lodge during the months of November and December, 1890, 
As has been stated, the character of the season at Medicine Lodge was 
peculiar. On September 25 the beet crop was a total failure. Owing 
to the extremely dry summer the beets had not grown and were but 
little larger than a cigar. After that date copious rains with other 
favorable climatic conditions induced a rapid growth and produced by 
November a small crop of beets of exceptional richness in resi)ect of 
sugar content. The data will illustrate in full the character of the 
juice of the beets. The general data of the season precede the details 
in the tables. 



63 

Analyses of beets — General data. 



Tt.tal 

sulida. 



Sucrose. 



Puritv. 



Exhausted chips 

Fresh chips 

Dillusion jiiico 

Cliiritied juice 

Semi-sirup 

Ma-'secuiie 

Marc per cent.. 

Press cake 

Extraction 

Dilution 

Sugar 

Beets worked tons.. 

Harvested acres.. 



1.20 
17.31 
12.81 
13.05 
43.00 
86.90 

5.11 



.25 
13.90 
10.45 
10.80 
31.95 
51.64 



1.53 
98.1 

27 
87.0 
293 
70 



80.3 
81.2 
78.8 
78.3 
59.4 



Date. 


Fresh chips. 


Diffusion juice. 


Clarified juice. 






















Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 




Nov. 23 


17.33 


13. 90 


80.37 


12.80 


9.71 


76.02 


13.63 


9.93 


73.02 


24 


17.0! 


14. 20 


83. 52 


13.03 


10.11 


79.82 


14.07 


12.43 


*88. 43 


25 


17.62 


13. 92 


79.92 


12.67 


10. 86 


85.21 


13.24 


10.99 


82.86 


26 


17.17 


13.70 


80.14 


12.87 


11.03 


84.97 


13.73 


11.37 


82.51 


28 


17.27 


12.96 


44.98 


12.93 


11.01 


84.83 


13.84 


11.43 


82.60 


Dec. 2 


18.09 


14. 11 


78.39 


11.99 


10.22 


85. 43 


14.00 


10.67 


75.72 


3 


17.03 


13.96 


81.81 


13.00 


10. 30 


79.11 


14.07 


10.68 


75.09 


5 


17.00 


13.97 


81.83 


12.97 


10.67 


82. 21 


13.82 


10.99 


78. 92 


6 

Means . 


17. 2o 


14.38 


83.16 


13.31 


10.14 


76.82 


12.45 


9.38 


75. 23 


17.31 


13. 90 


80.31 


12.84 


10.45 


81.26 


13.65 


10.80 


78.86 



' Sorghum sugar melted in juice. 





Semi-sirup 




Exhausted chips. 


Press 
cake. 


Date. 














Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Sucrose. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Nov. 23 


44.17 


32.16 


72.91 


1.20 


.23 


1.62 


24 


46.19 


41.19 


*89. 38 


1.32 


.30 


1.57 


25 


42.11 


29.11 


69.98 


1.16 


.22 


1.55 


26 


43.76 


29.16 


67. 93 


1.19 


.22 


1.42 


28 


44.11 


31.11 


70.55 


1.27 


.24 


1.48 


Dec. 2 


39.24 


29.12 


74. 28 


1.22 


.26 


1.46 


3 


39.90 


29.13 


73. on 


1.19 


.24 


1.49 


5 


42. 27 


30. 11 


71.32 


1.22 


.24 


1.64 


6 
Mean . . 


46.00 


35.46 


77.09 


1.16 


.30 


1.54 


43.00 


31.95 


74.30 


1.20 


.25 


1.53 



* Sorghum sugar added. 



Date. 


Massecuite. 


Sugar, 
(sucrose) 


Solids. 


Sucrose.] Purity. 


Dec. 1 .. 
Dec. 8... 

Mean 


Per ct. 

87.14 
86.70 


Per ct. 

51. 02 58. 57 

52. lO 60. 27 


Per ct. 
86.8 
87 2 


86.92 


51.64 1 59.42 


87.0 



Per cent. 

Marc 5. 11 

Extraction 9^-1 

DUution 27.0 



64 



Miacellaneotis analyses of teets. 

[In the juice.] 



Date. 



July 15 

16. 

17 

20. 

24. 

Aug. 1 

6. 

6, 

9 

Sept. 1. 

1 

1. 

1, 

6. 

6 

(). 

10. 

10 

10. 

10, 

11. 
11. 

15. 
15 
15. 
15. 
18. 
18 
18. 
20. 
21. 
23. 
25. 
25. 
25. 
25. 
25. 
25. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27 
30. 
Oct. 1. 

1. 

3. 

3. 

6. 

<) 

6. 

6 

6, 

6. 

C 

9. 

9. 

9 

12, 
12 
12, 
12, 
15 
15 
15 

15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 



Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Percent. 


Per cent. 




20.50 


16.83 


82.02 


21.53 


16.77 


76.82 


21.53 


16.54 


76.53 


19.87 


15.75 


79.23 


H,90 


15.20 


80.43 


14.50 


9.45 


65.33 


17.73 


13.45 


73.44 


17.03 


13. CO 


80.03 


14.20 


10.81 


76.11 


11.00 


7.10 


64.14 


17.10 


12. 87 


74.90 


15.63 


11.95 


76.25 


15.10 


16.70 


78.75 


15.23 


11.14 


73. 52 


12.13 


8.15 


66.93 


13.03 


8.40 


64.97 


15.03 


11.25 


74.70 


13.00 


9.25 


70.80 


13.47 


9.30 


70.10 


17.53 


13.20 


75.42 


15.83 


11.60 


73.40 


16.00 


11.80 


73.80 


12.20 


7.90 


61.98 


14.17 


11.95 


83.39 


9.57 


7.15 


74.73 


14.17 


8.20 


58.16 


16.93 


12.55 


73.95 


15.80 


12.00 


75.90 


16.00 


11.15 


73.62 


13.80 


9.45 


68.11 


17.43 


13.05 


75.25 


17.80 


11.05 


60.72 


17.67 


9.10 


55.02 


17.37 


10.40 


60.18 


17.63 


9.95 


57.69 


15.87 


8.90 


55.39 


17.03 


9.83 


56.86 


16.00 


10.95 


68.03 


18.37 


11.75 


63.85 


18.37 


12.65 


69.48 


18.63 


12.25 


66.30 


20.30 


12.15 


59.35 


18.07 


12.60 


69.27 


17.87 


10.95 


62.21 


16.09 


11.60 


68.78 


18.10 


13. 05 


72.10 


21.43 


16. 85 


78.00 


18. 63 


12. 55 


67.64 


17.20 


12. 00 


69.86 


19.00 


13.45 


68.62 


17.47 


11.20 


63.67 


17.53 


11.70 


66.14 


17.80 


10.70 


69.92 


18. (iO 


12. 80 


67.69 


18.37 


13.90 


74.01 


17. 54 


13.60 


78.70 


15.83 


12.05 


75.90 


17.80 


12. 75 


71.20 


15.10 


11.70 


78.75 


17.37 


12. 75 


73.99 


19.20 


13.60 


69.00 


20. 67 


15.85 


73.76 


19.10 


12.20 


62.03 


19.77 


14.80 


72.21 


19.10 


12.20 


62.03 


16.87 


10.80 


63.26 


16.83 


10.55 


62. 16 


16.30 


9.90 


59.38 


18.37 


11.75 


64.49 


18.40 


10.75 


63.39 


16.00 


11.40 


71.88 


17.83 


11.15 


63.13 


18.60 


11.75 


63. 51 


18.17 


12.15 


66.00 


16.07 


10.85 


59. 50 


15.83 


8.75 


54.11 


20.97 


13.20 


03.07 



Description of samples from — 



J. H. McCracken. 

M. Best. 

Hy. Hinze. 

P. B. Cole. 

George Heydenrick. 

Mullen ; tops destroyed by web worms. 

J. H. McCracken. 

George Mawaon. 

Jf eligh, Nebraska. 

K. Lammerman. 

Hy. Hinze. 

S. B. Hunt; from middle of plot. 

S. B. Hunt; from outside of plot. 

Neligh, Nebr. 

L. Clovis, Wanzlebener, 

L. Clovia, Vilmorin. 

George Mawson. 

M. Best. 

Do. 
A. R. Moore. 

T. Bennings, Wanzlebener. 
T. Bennings, Vilmorin. 
K. Lammerman. 
W. W. S. Snoddy. 
G. H. Moore. 
K. Lammerman. 
A. L. Dancan. 
John D. Fleming. 
O. Coyle. 
W. Helget. 
A. R. Moore. 
J. H. McCracken. 
Osborn. 

E. Wennet. 
Dobbs Bros. 

L. Clovis, Wanzlebener. 

Do. Vilmorin. 
Mullen ; tops destroyed by web worms. 
W. Schmidt. 
A. W. Smith. 
George Heydenrick. 
A. R. Moore. 

Do. 
C. H. Blackford. 
A. W. Smith. 
Ily. Hinze. 
J. H. McCracken. 
W. Helget. 
Osborn. 

Do. 
T. Bennings, Wanzlebener. 
T. Bennings, Vilmorin. 
J. B. Cool. 
Rice. 

A. W. Smith; dark ground. 
O. Coyle ; non-alkali soil. 
O. Coyle ; alkali soil. 
A. L. Duncan. 
J. H. McCracken. 
P. B. Cole. 
M. Best. 

Do. 
Hy. Hinze. 
M. H. Sparks. 

F. F. Mullen ; tops destroyed by web 
woima. 

O.sbnrn. 

J. D. P'lennniug ; average size. 

J. D. Flemruing ; large beets. 

J. 1). Flemming; small beets. 

A. L. Duncan. 

K. l..animerman. 

Geo. Heydenrick. 

Do. 
W. Kchmidt. 
L. Clovis. 

Do. 
A. W. Smith. 



I 



I 



65 



Miscellaneous analyses of beets — Coutinued. 



Date. 



Out. 17. 
17. 
19. 
19. 
19. 
19. 
19. 
19. 
20. 
22. 
22 
22! 
22. 
22. 
22. 
22. 
24. 
24. 
24. 

26. 
26. 
26. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
31. 
31- 
31. 
31. 
31. 
Nov. 1- 

1. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

3^ 

5. 

6. 

6. 

6. 

6. 

6. 

7. 

7. 

8. 

8. 

8. 

8. 

9. 

9. 

9. 

9. 
10. 
10. 
10. 

11. 
12. 
12. 
12. 
12. 

12, 
12. 



Solids. 



Per cent. 
19.03 
19.27 
19.43 
17.80 
19.40 
17.67 
15.77 

17. .50 
15. 47 
17.07 
20. 47 
17.67 
17.80 
18.58 
20.30 
17.57 
19.33 
18.50 

19 07 

17.77 
18.50 
17.30 
19.80 
19.03 
19.09 
19.77 
18.07 
17.43 
16.93 
19.63 
17.57 
18.43 
18.37 
19.83 
16.17 
19.78 
18.46 
17.27 
19.47 
18.47 
17.87 
18.37 
2i. 18 
19.33 
18.89 
19.47 
19.47 
17.47 
19.19 
19.88 
19.86 
10.40 
20. 07 
19.97 
21.00 

20 17 
18.78 
20.02 
21.74 
18.97 
19. 27 
17.43 
19.81 
22. 37 
21.20 
20.83 
16.97 
20. 23 

18. .57 
19.03 
19.90 
19.53 
21.13 
17.77 
20.63 

18.07 
20.00 



Sucrose. 



Fer cent. 

11.50 
12. 55 
11.70 
10.70 
11.95 
11.70 

9. kO 
11.20 

9.70 
11.10 
11.70 
11.35 
10.95 
11.70 
12.15 
11.00 
12.30 
11.60 
12.25 

10.55 
11.85 
10.75 
12.75 
15.85 
12.55 
12.90 
11.40 
11.25 
12.50 
13.05 
11.30 
11.25 
11.40 

12. 80 
8.90 

13.05 
11.90 
11.50 
13.70 
13.43 
12.20 
12.30 
15.80 
12.80 
13.85 
14.20 
13.70 
13.75 
13.35 
13.95 
14.25 
14.40 
14.45 
15.55 
15.75 
14.75 
13.55 
14.55 
10.15 
13.65 
14.55 

13. 05 
16.20 
17.95 
17.10 
16.70 
12.55 
16.20 
13.55 
15.50 
16.05 
14.60 
17.50 
13.40 
16.-00 

15.00 
15.80 



Purity. 



60.62 
63.25 
50.95 
59.92 
61.31 
66.14 
62. 14 
63.67 
61.40 
63.90 
54.66 
64.43 
62.21 
58.41 
59.35 
62.75 
63.81 
61.44 
64.77 

59.30 
64.05 
62. 25 
64. 39 
83.19 
04.92 
65. G6 
61.72 
64.88 
73. 95 
71.98 
62.97 
61.61 
62.06 
64.55 
51.94 
63. 95 
61.69 
68.81 
70. 42 
72.82 
67.71 
66.96 
74.59 
66.22 
73.05 
73. 70 
70. 42 
78.73 
69.56 
71.98 
71.38 
74.23 
72.00 
77.76 
75.00 
73.12 
72.15 
72.67 
74. 29 
73.01 
75. 50 
75.55 
81. 79 
80. 63 
80.66 
80.19 
73.98 
80.19 
72. 97 
81.60 
80. 69 
74.87 
8 '.94 
75.90 
77.76 

83.30 
79.00 



De.scription of samples from — 



T. Bennings. 

Do. 
K. Lamnierman. 

Do. 
S. B. Hunt. 

Rice. 

Hfti'tzell. 

Dobbs Bros. 

A. R. Moore. 

J. U. McC'racken. 

A. R. Moore ; roots. 

A. R. Moore ; tops of roots above ground. 

O. Coyle. 

J. D. Flemming ; roots 

J.D.Flemming; tops of roots above ground, 

W. Welget. 

Blackford. 

F. F. Mullen ; tops destroyed by web 
worms ; new tops appeared. 

Underwood. 
P. B. Cole. 
Geo. Mawson. 
J. B. Cool. 
Geo. Hoydenrick. 
J. n. McCracken. 

Do. 
K. Lammerman. 

Do. 
M. n. Sparks. 
Hy. Hinze. 
E. Wennet. 

Do. 
S. B. Hunt. 
Dobbs Bros. 

G. U. Moore. 
Dobbs Bros. 
Hartzell. 

Do. 
Blacklord. 

Do. 
L. Clovis. 

Do. 
W. Delget. 
P. B. Colo. 
J. H. McCracken. 
O. Coylo. 

J. H. McCracken. 
M.Best. 

Do. 

Do. 
O.sborn. 
Rico. 
A. \V. Smith. 

Do. 
W. Schmidt. 
S. B. Hunt. 
T. Bennings. 

Do. 
Geo. Heydenrick. 
E. Wennet, lops. 
E. Wennet, roots. 
A. L. Duncan. 

Do. 
O. Coyle. 

Do. 

Do. 
Scott Cummiugs, Cauema, Kansas. 
Mawaon. 
P. B. Call. 
O. Coylo. 

Do. 
J. H. McCracken. 
O. Coyle. 
M. Best. 

F.F.Mullen; had been injured by web- 
worms ; new tops have appeared. 

Do. 
A. L. Duncan, 



25243— Bull. 30- 



66 

Miscellaneous analyses of heels — Coutiuned. 



Date. 



N..V. 



r.'.... 

12... 

l-J... 

V2.... 
12 ... 
13... 
13.... 
13.... 
13... 
13.... 
13.... 
!-t ... 
14 ... 
14.... 
11.... 
14 ... 
14.... 
14.... 
14.... 
14.... 
14.... 
16.... 
16... . 
16.... 
16 ... 
17... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
17.... 
18.... 
18... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
18.... 
19... 
19.... 
19.... 
19.... 
19.... 
19.... 
19... 
19.... 
19... 
19 .. 
19.... 
•JO... 
'JO . . , 
20.... 
20... 
21..., 
21... 
21.... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
22... 
22... 
22... 
22... 
22... 
22... 
22... 
22... 



Solids. 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
20. 70 
15.80 
17.80 
17. 93 
19.60 
19. 63 
21.20 
18.93 
20.23 
19.77 
16.09 
19.47 

20. 83 
18.77 
19.53 
19.83 
20.40 
18.73 
19. 67 
20. 80 
19.80 
21.20 
15.47 
17.77 
18.53 
18.59 
19.87 
18.77 
21.20 
20.83 
21.27 
18.89 
20.93 
15.10 
17.07 
19.00 
17.54 
18.03 
17.47 
1.5. 65 
17.40 

16. 93 
18.77 
19.50 
19.60 
17.82 
18.27 
20. 84 
21.84 
10.86 
20.03 
20.23 
20.37 
17.07 
20.71 
19.10 
19.10 
19.77 
18.21 

21. 73 
20. 27 

19. 70 

20. 83 
21.77 
17.80 

17. 36 
21.33 
19. 23 
17.77 
10.67 
18.77 
19.63 
18. 33 
18.59 
18.73 
20.23 
18.93 
19.47 
19.77 



Per cent. 
15 35 
12. 00 
12.75 
14.70 
13.65 
15.90 
17.10 
14.00 
16.95 
10.17 
12.55 
14.65 
16.45 
14.30 
14.60 
15.25 
15.80 
14.40 
14. GO 
16. 15 
15.40 
16.75 
11.90 
13.20 
13.80 

14. 30 
16.00 
14.55 
17.10 
16.40 
18.45 
14.45 
16.50 
11.70 
15.35 
14.70 
13.75 
14.10 
13. 75 
11.95 
13.65 
12.55 
15.40 
16.00 
15.90 
13.65 
13.50 
15.30 
15.90 
14. 25 
1.5.00 
1.5. 40 
15.35 
13.35 
1.5.35 
15.90 
14.70 
15.60 
15. 90 
17. 25 
1.5. 90 

15. 65 
16.70 
17. 65 

12. 75 
11. 25 
16.70 
14.40 

13. 90 
12.55 
14. 55 
15.90 
14.05 
13. 55 
13.65 
16.20 
14.00 
14.10 
1.5. 60 



Purity. 



74.10 

75. 90 
71. 28 
82.10 
76.45 
81.12 
EO.CG 
71.09 
83.91 

81. 73 
74.00 
75.26 
79.09 
74.87 
74.87 
76.76 
78.30 
77.00 
74.30 
77.64 
77.80 
79.01 
77.90 
74.60 
74.60 
78.40 
80.80 
77.50 
80.66 
78. 44 
87.02 
76.60 
79.00 
78.75 
78.25 
78.30 
78.73 
78.35 
78.75 
76.25 
78.25 
73. 95 
82. 40 

82. 01 
81.01 
76.45 
74.18 
73.40 
72.81 
71.38 
74.88 

76. 62 
74.72 
78.35 
74.01 
83.20 
76. 20 
49.20 
83. 90 
80.00 
79.20 
79.20 
83. 29 
81.33 
71. 2^ 
68.40 
78.40 
75.00 
78.53 
74.10 
77.50 
81. 12 
77.03 
72. 97 
72.73 
80.19 
74.09 
72.70 
79.20 



Description of samiiles from — 



O. Coylo ; iion-alkali soil. 
O. Coylo ; alkali soil. 

Do. 
O. Coylo ; uou-alkali soil. 
Hum. 
Smith. 

Do. 
Rice. 
Schmidt. 

Do. 
K. Lammerinan. 
J. H. McCracken. 
Mullen. 
Hv. Ilinze. 
M'. Bust. 
Geo. Heydeniick. 

Do. 
P. B. Cole. 
Mullen. 

A. W. Smith, roots. 
A. W. Smith, tops. 
George Mawson. 
K. Laramerman. 
T. Bennin<;s, Wanzlcbeuer. 
T. Bennings, Vilmorin. 
Ilico. 

J. B. Cool, roots. 
.1. B. Cool, tops. 
J. D. Fleming. 

Do. 
O. ('oyle, uon-alkali. 
O. Coylo, alkali. 
Beet pile. 
K. Lammerman. 
Beet pile, roots. 
Beet pile, tops to above. 
K. Lammerman. 
Underwood. 
Horn. 

Beet pile, one yellow beet. 
Beetpile, one very large beet, weight7;Jlbs. 
Rice. 
A. W. Smith. 

Do. 
W. Schmidt. 
Hy. Hinze. 
A. R. Moore. 

Do. 
Blackford. 
Osborn. 

Beet pile, well shaped beets. 
Beet pile, well shaped beets. 
Beet pile, well shaped beets. 
Beet pile, imperfect beets. 
O. Coyle. 

Do. 
A. 11. Moore. 
J. D. Fleming. 

Do. 
W. Helget. 
Beet pile, selected. 
Beet pile, selected. 
Geo. Heydenrick, .selected. 
A. W. Smith, selected. 
Attica, Harper County, Kans. 

Do. 
O. Coyle, uon-alkali soil. 
O. Coylo, alkali soil. 
Rico.' 
M. Best. 
S. B. Hunt. 
E. Wennct. 

Do. 
Hy. Hinze. 
M. H. Sparks. 
A. L. Duncan. 
J. H. McCracken. 

Do. 
L. Clovis. 



i 



i 



67 

Miscellaneous analyses of beets — Coutinued. 



Date. 


Solids. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Descriptiou of samples from — 




Per cent. 


Per cent. 






Nov.22 


20. 93 


16.50 


79. 00 


Do. 


22 


J 8. 89 


14 45 


76.00 


Dobbs 13io.s. 


22 


21.27 


18.45 


87.02 


A. W. Sinitli. 


22 


20.83 


16.40 


78.84 


J. D. FlomiiiR. 


22 


21.20 


17.10 


80.66 


0. Covlo, non-alkali. 


22 


17.77 


13.85 


78.00 


G. H. Moore. 


22 


18.07 


14.10 


78. 35 


Underwood. 


22 


18. 33 


14. CO 


79.80 


15eet pile. 


22 


20.00 


16.65 


80. 82 


Do. 


22 


19. 13 


15.00 


78.50 


Do. 


22 


17.73 


13.45 


73.44 


Do. 


22 


20. 20 


15.00 


76.85 


J. B. Cool. 


22 


18.70 


13.80 


73.79 


Do. 


22 


22.00 


16.80 


70.30 


Do. 


22 


19. 00 


14.00 


78.40 


Geo. llevdenriek. 


22 


18.27 


13.50 


74.18 


T. Beunins, lar^e beets. 


22 


17.82 


13. 65 


70.45 


Do. do. 


22 


19. 60 


15.90 


81.04 


A. R. Moore, larj;o beets. 


22 


19.50 


16.00 


82.01 


A. R. Moore, small beets. 


22 


18.77 


15. 40 


82.40 


Mullen. 


22 


16.93 


12.55 


73.95 


Mullen, very largo beets. 


23 


17.40 


13. 65 


78. 25 


Load, roots. 


23 


15.63 


11.95 


76.25 


Load, top of root. 


23 


19.47 


14. 65 


75.26 


Do. 


23 


20.83 


16.25 


79.09 


Load, root. 


23 


19.83 


15.45 


76.76 


Do. 


23 


19.53 


14.00 


74.87 


Load top of root. 


23 


18.77 


14. 30 


70.45 


Beet pile, lart;c yellow beet. 


24 


20. 93 


16.40 


78.00 


O. Coyle, non-alkali soil. 


24 


19.70 


15.65 


79.20 


O.Coylo, alkali soil. 


24 


20.40 


15.80 


78. 30 


J. D. Flemins. 


24 


20.30 


15.00 


78.70 


Do. 


24 


19.00 


14.25 


75.25 


Blackford. 


24 


20.80 


16.15 


77.64 


E. Wennet. 


24 


21.77 


17.65 


81.33 


W. Helsjet. 


24 


19.67 


14.00 


74.50 


A. W. Smith. 


24 


20.17 


15. 55 


77.00 


A.K.Moore. 


24 


19. .57 


14.83 


70.38 


Mullen, roots. 


24 


18. 23 


14.00 


70.90 


Mullen, top of root. 


24 


19.33 


14.80 


70.70 


J. n. McCraeken. 


25 


20. 83 


16.70 


80. 29 


Mr. Hinuian, taken lioiu pile. 


25 


18.70 


14.05 


74.88 


Osborn. 


25 


21. 70 


17.40 


81.31 


W. Schmidt, high, red ground. 


25. 


18.63 


13.40 


73.80 


W. Schmidt, low, dark ground. 


25 


21.43 


16.80 


78.02 


Ilartzell, dark loam. 


25 


18.33 


14.00 


79. 80 


Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 


25 


17.77 


13.45 


73.44 


Selected samples, beet pile, toi)s. 


25 


22.00 


16.80 


76.36 


Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 


25 


20.29 


15.60 


76.85 


Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 


25 


17.40 


13.65 


78.25 


Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 


25 


15.63 


11.95 


76.25 


Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 


25 


18. 51 


14.45 


77.80 


Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 


25 


17. 69 


13.25 


71.20 


Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 


25 


17.77 


13.80 


78.00 


Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 


25 


15.88 


12.00 


78.00 


Selected samples, beet pile, tops. 


25 


19 27 


16 20 


84 07 


Selected samples, beet pile, roots. 
Selected samples, beet jiile, toi)s. 


25 


20.70 


15. 35 


74.01 


25 


18. 13 


13.65 


74. 20 


One large beet, A. W. Smith, wei.!.:ht 2 
pounds 10 ounces. 


26 


17.80 


12.75 


71.28 


Red and pink beets, pile. 


26 


20.93 


17.35 


82.81 


Selected samples, pile, average weight 9 
ounces. 


26 


19.63 


15.90 


81.12 


Selected samples, pile, average weight 13 
ounces. 


26 


19.77 


15.60 


79.20 


Transplanted beets, Coyle. 


26 


21.17 


16.70 


79.14 


Selected samples, load of Coyle. 


20 


21. 57 


17. 25 


80. 23 


Do. 


20 


18.83 


10.15 


86.90 


Do. 


26. 


21. 23 


18.35 


86.93 


Do. 


26 


22. 22 


16.10 


72.49 


Do. 


26 


21.12 


13.50 


03.91 


Yellow beets, pile. 


26 


20.87 


15.20 


72.83 


Mawson. 


26 


19.13 


14.70 


76.95 


McCiacken. 


26 


10.03 


5.60 


55.83 


White table beet. 


26 


19.70 


15.65 


79.20 


Pile, root. 


26 


18.73 


14.40 


77.00 


Pile, top. 


26 


21.13 


17.50 


82.94 


Pile, root. 


26 


20. 40 


16.35 


80.14 


Pile, top. 


26 


17.77 


13.80 


78.00 


Pile, root. 



68 

Miscellaneous analyses of beets — Continued. 



Date. 



Nov. 26. 
20. 
2G. 
26. 
26. 
26. 
27 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
27. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
28. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
29. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 
30. 



Dec. 



2 

2 

2.'.'.'.'.'. 



Mean 

Maximnm 
Minimum . 



Solids. 



Per cent. 
17.10 
19.73 
18.77 
20. 23 
20.65 
21.33 
22.00 
19.51 
19.47 
21.80 
18.89 
18.97 
18.57 
19.90 
17.77 
22.76 
21.63 
19.81 
19.70 
18.03 
18.20 
18.03 
18.37 
21.07 
21.77 
20.03 
13.63 
19.69 
20.30 
20.40 
18.40 
18.88 
18.30 
18.40 
22.37 
21.03 
21.60 
21.23 
20.13 
20.80 
19.28 
20.43 
19.27 
20.70 
20.57 
18.20 
21.48 
20.20 
13.70 
15.03 
15.03 
15.47 
15.00 
16.43 
13.47 
14.35 
16.10 
15.57 
18.77 
17.49 
19.37 
18.80 
20.83 
. 18. 73 
19.90 
18. 30 
19.73 
18.73 
23.07 

23. 00 
25.27 
23.40 
22. 37 
25.83 



18.92 
25.83 
11.27 



Fer cent. 
12.87 
16.10 
15.40 
17.00 
16.85 
17.00 
16.05 
14.60 
14.10 
10.05 
14.45 
15.03 
14.50 
15.70 
13.20 
18.50 
17.45 
16.20 
15. 65 
15.00 
14.15 
15.00 
14.60 
18.40 
17.25 
15.80 

8.10 
16.70 
16.20 
15.70 
14. 20 
14.00 
15.50 
13.95 
18.40 
16.35 
18.30 
16.10 
16.40 
16.80 
1.5. 35 
17.00 
15. 20 
16.70 
Hi. 75 
14.30 
16.90 
17.10 

8.60 

9.80 
10.60 
10.60 

9.20 
12.40 

8.60 
10. 00 
11.60 
10.80 
13. 65 
12. 37 
15.40 
14.40 
16. 73 
14.05 
15.05 
14.25 
15.60 
14.45 
19.30 

18.65 
20.79 
19.45 
17.95 
21.80 

15.19 

21.80 

5.60 



Purity. 



74.90 
81.63 
82.01 
84.20 
81.77 
79.40 

72. 95 
74.87 
72.70 

73. 62 
76.00 
79.40 
78.40 
79.30 
74.00 
81.50 
80.00 
81.79 
79.73 
8:i. 30 
77.98 
83.30 
79.81 
87. 02 
79.32 
78.88 
n9. 09 
83.40 
79.89 
77.09 
70. 83 
74.03 
84.70 

" 75. 55 
82. 51 
77.87 
84. 72 
75. 94 
81.f.0 
80.83 
78.03 
83.33 
79.21 
80.67 
81.43 
78.61 
78.94 
84.60 
62.77 
65.33 
70.66 
68.83 
59.00 
75.60 
64.19 
69.09 
72.05 
69.23 
72.73 
71.26 
80.30 
77.10 
80.82 
74.87 
78.31 
78.09 
79.11 
77.03 
83.91 

81.52 
83.79 
82.70 
80.58 
80.62 



79.83 
80.90 
54.11 



Description of samples from- 



Pile, top. 
Pile, root. 
Pile, top. 
Very perfect beets, pile. 

Do. 

Do. 
Load, root. 
Lond, top. 

Do. 
Load, root. 
Load, top. 
Load, root. 
Load, top. 
Load, root. 
Jackson. 
Load, root. 
Load, top. 
Load, root. 
Load, top. 
Load, root. 
Load, top. 
Load, tops of root. 
Load, roots. 
Load, tops of root. 
Load, roots. 
Carload of beets from Newton, Kans. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Load, tops of root. 
Load, roots. 
Load, tops of root. 
Load, roots. 
Load, tons of root. 
Load, roots. 
Beet ijilo. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Carload of beets from Newton, Cans. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Beet ]nle, root. 
Beet pile, top of root. 
Beet pile, root. 
Beet pile, top of ro(>t. 
Beot pile, root. 
Beet pile, top of root. 
Beet pile, root. 
Beet pile, lop of loot. 
Beet pile, root. 
Beet pile, fop of root. 
Hartzoll. Purchased by Department ol 
Agriculture for seed. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 



._, 



69 



Load tests. 
[In the juice.] 



Date. 



Nov. 14 
1.5 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 
IS 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18, 
18, 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
18 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 



Solids. 



Per cent. 

17. 77- 
18.07 

18. B3 
20. 60 
19.13 
17.73 
20.29 
18.70 
22. 00 
19.00 
18.27 
17.82 
19.00 
19.50 
18.77 
16.93 
17.40 
15. 03 
19.73 
16.60 
17.93 

18. 21 
19.30 
20.93 
20.39 
19.90 
19.38 

19. 10 
21.50 
17.69 
18. 21 
17.77 
17.80 
17.10 
19.63 
19.10 
17.69 
18. 51 
19.97 
15.80 
17.77 
18.33 
18.33 
18.57 
20.70 
18.63 
19.27 
17.77 
20.00 
18. 03 
17.47 
17.54 
19.00 
17.07 
1.5. 10 
18.27 
20.17 
16.00 
16.00 
16. 53 
18.33 
17.53 
17.57 
18.20 
19.37 
19.00 
18.70 
18.30 
13.37 
17.53 
17.40 
19.11 
18.74 
18.03 
18.43 
17.00 
16.93 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
13.85 
14.10 
14.60 
16.65 
15.00 
13.45 
15.60 
13.80 
10.80 
14.90 
13.50 
13.65 
15.90 
16.00 
1.5. 40 
12.55 
13.65 
11.95 
16.10 
13.05 
14.70 
15.70 
15.60 
17.,S5 
16.25 
16.15 
16.90 
14.70 
16.40 
13.30 
14.75 
14.30- 
12.75 
12.87 
16.00 
15.90 
13. 25 
14.45 
16.00 
12. 00 
13.80 
14.60 
14.20 
14.55 
15.35 
14.20 
16. 20 
14.70 
15. 60 
14.10 
1.3. 75 

13. CO 

14. 70 
1.3. 35 
11.70 
14.80 
15.20 
11.90 
11.80 
12.15 
14.20 
13.20 
13. 20 
14.70 
15.30 
15.70 
15.10 
13.70 
14.95 
13.35 
13.40 
14.60 
14.10 
15.00 
14.00 
13.00 
12.50 



Purity. 



78.00 
78.35 
79.80 

80. 82 
78.50 
73.44 
76.85 
73.79 
76.36 
78.40 
74.18 
76. 45 
81.04 

82. 01 
82.40 
73.95 
78.25 
76.25 

81. 63 
78. 30 
82. 10 
86.25 
80.80 

82. 89 
79.69 
81.15 
87. 20 

76. 95 
76.28 
75.55 
80.80 
88.18 
71.28 
74.90 
81. 51 

83. 20 
71.26 
77.88 
80.12 
75.90 
78.00 
79.80 

77. GO 
78.40 
74.01 
76.30 

84. 07 

83. 00 
78.00 

78. 35 
78. 73 
78.70 
78.30 
78.25 
78.75 
81.30 
75.62 
74.35 
73.80 
73.35 
77.60 
75.42 
75.40 
80.80 
79.30 
80.60 
80.70 
85.80 
81.46 
75. 00 
77.00 
76.42 
75. 60 
83. 30 
76,20 
76.50 
73.95 



Date. 



Xov. 19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
19... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20... 
20 .. 
20... 
20... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 
21... 



Solids. 



Per cent 
1.5. 83 
3.5.47 
17.80 
17.80 
20.63 
19.67 
19.51 
19.71 
17.38 
18.29 
16.73 
19.63 
19.63 
20.33 
17.50 
17.40 
17.77 
18.17 
16.93 
15.03 
18. 30 
19.77 
21.03 
18.77 
18.51 
19.11 
19.00 
20. 27 
17. 03 
18.27 
17.80 
17.50 
17.80 
17.79 
19.13 
16.53 
20.37 
19.17 
17.67 
19.63 
19.93 
19.77 
18.80 
16.00 
20.40 
19.73 
18.37 
17.53 
20.37 
20.17 
19.03 
17.71 
19.27 
18.00 
17.39 
17.78 
16.41 
19.47 
18.60 
18.40 
19.10 
18.27 
18.43 
18.83 
16.30 
17.27 
19.81 
20.33 
18.80 
19.37 
20.33 
21.00 
20.40 
18.80 
16.80 
18.40 
20.37 



Sucrose. 



Per cent 
11.60 
12.40 
13. 40 
13.45 
16.00 
15. 00 
14.60 
15. 37 
12.40 
14.00 
12.25 
15.20 
15.00 
16.65 
13.00 

12. 75 
1.3.40 
13.65 
12.05 
11.25 
14.15 
14.90 
16.15 
14.05 
14.35 
15.00 
14.50 
16.20 
12.35 
13.60 
12.70 
14.20 
12.85 
13.25 
14.00 
13.35 
15.60 
15.10 
13.40 
15.25 
15.00 
15.10 
14.35 
12.15 
16.15 
15.25 
14.60 
13.00 
15.35 
16.00 
14.50 
14.95 
15. 35 
14.10 
12.50 
14.30 
12.10 
14.20 
14.20 

13. 95 
14.55 
14.50 
13.75 
14.00 
12.40 
13.95 
10.20 
15.90 
14.40 
15.40 
16.40 
16.35 
15.70 
14.95 
12.90 
15.10 
15.40 



Purity. 



73.40 
80. 50 
75.30 
75.35 
77.76 
70. 53 
74.84 
77.40 
71.68 
76.90 
73.65 
77.60 
76.53 
81.89 
74.30 
73.99 
75.70 
75.10 
71.31 
74.70 
77. 05 
75.66 
76.79 
74.98 
77.30 
78.50 
76. 30 
79.92 
72. 35 
74.73 
71.28 
81.10 
71.91 
74.60 
76.40 
80. 60 
76.95 
79.05 
76.10 
77.60 
75.50 
76.44 
76. 05 
75.65 
79.16 
77.20 
79.80 
74.85 
76.12 
79.32 
76.30 
84.20 
79.20 
78.90 
72. 83 
81.40 
73.75 
73.70 
76.30 
75. 55 
76.40 
79.70 
75.00 
74.48 
76.10 
81.40 
81.79 
79.31 
77.10 
80.30 
80.67 
77.86 
79.80 
77.80 
77.40 
81.30 
75.87 



70 

Load tests — Oontimied. 
[In the juico.] 



Date. 



Nov. 21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

21 

22 

22 

22 

22 . 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22 
22.'".'.'. 

22 

22. 

23 

23 

23. 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 



Per cent. 
21.23 
17.47 
18.77 
19.87 
17.43 
19.27 
17.20 
21.80 
18 90 
19.30 
20. 00 
19.00 
19.00 
20.80 
21.77 
19.07 
20. 17 
19.57 
18.23 
19.33 
20.83 
18.70 
20.00 

20. 00 
18.03 
19.03 
18.23 
19.91 
19.49 
19.59 
18. 29 
19.89 

21. .39 

18. 19 
le. 63 
20.43 
18.77 
19.03 
21.63 
20.33 

20. 33 
20.47 
19.47 
20.83 
19.83 
19.53 
18.77 
20.93 
19.70 
20.40 
20.30 
18.73 
19.90 
19.30 
20: 27 
19.70 
21.00 

21. 40 
20.90 
10.67 
21.13 
21.13 
19.73 
21. 73 
20.40 
21.40 

19. 43 
21. 17 

19. 80 

20. 43 
16. 37 
20.20 
19.83 
19.17 



Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Per cent. 




16.10 


75.94 


12.37 


71.26 


13.05 


72. 73 


1.5. 80 


80.30 


13.05 


75.25 


15. 10 


78.65 


14.75 


85. 45 


17. 15 


78.67 


14.00 


75.16 


14.80 


76.70 


14.80 


74.00 


13.70 


72.66 


14.25 


75. 25 


16.15 


77.04 


17.65 


81.33 


14.60 


74.50 


15.55 


77.60 


14.85 


76. 38 


14.00 


70.90 


14.80 


76.70 


16.70 


80.29 


14.05 


74. 88 


15.90 


79.50 


15.45 


77.25 


14.00 


7.5. 27 


15. 85 


83.20 


13.75 


75. 80 


14.90 


75. 20 


14. CO 


74.87 


14.60 


75.26 


14.20 


78.00 


15.05 


78.30 


16.25 


70.29 


14.10 


77.90 


14. 30 


86.15 


15.50 


75. 92 


14.30 


76.45 


J 4. 20 


74.79 


17.40 


80.55 


15.60 


76.85 


15.70 


77.32 


15. 25 


74. .50 


14.65 


75. 26 


16.45 


79. 09 


15.25 


76.76 


14.60 


74.87 


14.30 


76.45 


16.40 


78.00 


15.65 


79. 20 


15.80 


78.30 


15.00 


78.70 


14.40 


77.00 


15. 25 


70.38 


15.90 


82.90 


15. 90 


79.20 


15. 35 


77.70 


17.20 


80.00 


17. ,50 


81.77 


16.75 


80.14 


15.60 


79.60 


17.50 


82.94 


17.50 


82.94 


15.00 


76.14 


17.25 


80.00 


16.35 


80.14 


17.40 


81.31 


16.05 


82.22 


16.70 


79 14 


15.45 


77.80 


1.5.95 


78.18 


12. 95 


79.80 


15. 75 


78. 20 


15.45 


77.80 


14. 50 


75.91 



Date. 



Nov. 24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24. 

24 

24 

24....... 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

20 

26 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

27 

28 

28 

28. 

28 

28 

28. 

29 

29 

29 

29 

Dec. 1 

Mean 

Maxims.. 
Minima .. 



Solids. 



Per cent 

20. 47 
21.57 
19. 03 
19. .57 
19.80 

21. 20 
19.90 
19. 00 
16.40 
15.47 
19.90 
17.77 
18.17 
19.77 
19.57 
19.67 
19.03 
19. 93 
18.53 
20.13 

18. 83 
19.87 
18.57 
19.87 
20.50 

19. 63 
18.70 
19.70 
18.13 

20. 23 
21.33 
19.23 
17.77 
16,07 
18.77 

19. 03 
18.33 
18.57 
18.73 

20. 23 
18.93 
19.47 
19.77 

20. 93 
18.89 
21.27 
20.83 
21 20 
20.73 

21. 03 
17.83 
21.37 
20.10 
19.00 

22. 00 
21.80 
18.97 
19.90 
20.00 
22.76 
19.51 
18.03 
21.07 
24.37 
18.30 
22.37 
22. 37 
21.60 
18.73 

18.52 
24.37 
15.10 



Sucrose. 



Per cent 
15. 25 
17.25 

14. 93 
15.20 
15.40 
16.75 
16.05 
16.05 
11.90 
11.90 
15.35 
13.20 
14.15 
16.17 

15. 55 
15.40 
15. 50 
15.20 
13.80 
16.10 
16.15 
10.00 
14.50 
16.00 
16.15 
15.40 
14.65 
15.40 
14.45 
16.95 
16.70 
14.40 
13.90 
12.55 
14.55 
15.90 
14.05 
13.55 
13.65 
16.20 
14.00 
14.10 
15.60 
16.50 
14.45 
18.45 
16.40 
17.10 
16.60 
18.00 
13.40 
17.90 
16.65 
15.30 
16.05 
16.05 
15.05 
15.70 
15.80 
18.50 
16.20 
15. 00 
18.40 
19.50 
15.50 
18.40 
18.40 
18.30 
1.5.50 

15.12 
19.50 
11.60 



Purity. 



74.50 
80.23 
76.02 
77. 90 

77. 80 
79.01 
80.69 
82. 00 
73. 20 
77.90 
76.88 
74.60 
77.90 
81.73 
79.50 
78.60 
81.60 
76.38 
74.60 
80.19 
85. 90 
80. 80 
78.40 
80.80 

78. 53 
78. GO 
78.10 
78.20 
79.60 
83.91 
78.40 
75.00 
78. 55 
74.10 
77.50 
81.12 
77.03 
72.99 
72.73 
80.19 
74.09 
72. 70 
79.20 
79.00 
76.60 
87. 02 
78.84 
80.66 
80.00 
85.71 
75.30 
84.03 
82. 83 
81.00 

72. 95 

73. 62 
79.40 
79.30 
79.00 
81.50 
81.79 
83.30 
87.62 
80.25 
84.70 
82.51 
82.51 
84.72 
82.90 

81.04 
88.18 
71.20 



71 



Composition of ash of heets grown at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. 
DESCKIPTION OF SAMPLES. 



No. of 
sample. 



8432 
8433 



Description. 



( Necks of beets 

) Roots 

( Necks of beets 

I Roots 

( Necks of beets 

< Roots 

( Leaves 



Grown by — 



>Mr. Flemiug. 



O. Cojle 



A. W. Smith 



Kind of soil. 



Upland red soil. 
Bottom alkali soil. 



Bottom land ; not alka- 
line. 



Table of analyses of ash of heets and beet leaves, groxmi at Medicine Lodge, Kansas, 
ASH, SOLUBLE IN BOILING WATER. 



COa 

CI 

SO3 

P063 

K2O 

NajO , 

SiOa 

CaO 

Total , 

Corrected for CI 



Necks 
of 8132. 



15.50 

17.39 

7.76 

1.73 

46.95 

11.57 

0.88 

Trace . 



101.78 
97.86 



Roots 
of 8432. 



19.90 

16.37 

2.66 

2.74 

4.5. 79 

13. 22 

0.30 

Trace. 



100.98 
97.29 



Necks 
of 8433. 



22.44 
4.53 

10. 17 
2.57 

57. 52 

2.87 

0.50 

Trace . 



Roots 
of 8433. 



29.04 
2.88 
5.02 
0.87 

61.90 

2.45 

0.30 

Trace. 



100.60 102.46 
99. 58 101. 59 



Necks 
of 8434. 



17.50 
14.25 
10.49 
3. (i;t 
51.10 
6.92 
0.20 
Trace. 



103. 49 
100. 28 



Roots 
of 8434. 



27.17 

11.78 

1.97 

.'). 70 

50.30 

3.05 

0.20 

Trace. 



100. 13 
97.48 



Leaves 
of 8434. 



14.34 

17.36 

12.72 

0.42 

41.33 

18.65 

0.35 

0.53 



1C5. 70 
lul.77 



ASH, INSOLUBLE IN BOILING WATER. 



CO2 

SiOj 

Mn304 

CaO 

P,06 

MrO 

I'VA 

K/) 

NajO 

Total 



4.07 


6.36 


8.28 


7.99 


6.95 


3. 95 


36.74 


19.21 


23.56 


12.49 


35.96 


9.31 


1.21 


1.31 


0.74 


1.54 


0.74 


1.10 


12.76 


13. 82 


23.24 


23.11 


11.02 


14.82 


7.66 


10.74 


14.48 


16.03 


16.81 


20.10 


22. 58 


38. 27 


21.44 


37.53 


15.51 


38.28 


6.70 


4.88 


4.73 


0.76 


5.80 


4.60 


,5.00 


3.30 


2.07 


1. 22 


3.05 


4.35 


2.54 


1.50 


1.04 


0.33 


2.25 


1.63 


99.86 


99.39 


99.58 


101. 00 


98.09 


98.14 



3.37 

55.86 
0.41 

12.36 
6.59 

15.01 
3.40 
3.20 
1.95 

102.15 



TOTAL, SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE ASH COMBINED, 






CO, 

CI 


12.07 

12.17 
.5.43 
3.51 

34.55 
8.86 

11.64 
0.36 
3.83 
6.77 
2.01 


17.19 
13. 05 
2.12 
4.36 
37.17 
10.84 
4.14 
0.27 
2.81 
7.77 
0.09 


16.33 
2.90 
0.74 
6.58 

40.21 
2.25 
8.27 
0.25 
7.83 
7.23 
1.59 


23.67 
2.15 
3.74 

4.74 
46.43 
1.91 
3.48 
O.'SO 
5. 89 
9.57 
0.19 


14.07 
9.60 
7.05 
7.52 

35.43 
5.39 

12.85 
0.24 
3. .59 
5.48 
0.99 


21.32 
9.26 
1.55 
8.78 

43.97 
2.95 
2.05 
0.24 
3.15 
8.19 
0.98 


9.35 
9.41 


S03 


6.89 


P.,05 


3.31 


K20 


10.11 


Na.,0 

SiOj 


22.40 
26.14 


MHsOj 


0.14 


CaO 


6.03 


MgO 


7.02 


FejOj 


3.18 


Total 


101.20 
98.40 


100.71 
97.77 


100.18 
99.53 


102.16 
101. 67 


102.21 
100. 04 


102.44 
100.35 


103. 98 


Corrected for CI 


101. 62 







EFFECT OF SOIL ON BEET PRODUCTION. 



Kot only the climate but also the soil affects profoundly the quality 
of the beets grown. This is well illustrated by the experiment of Briem, 
published in Austro-Hungarian Journal of the Sugar-Beet Industry 
and of Agriculture, vol. 17, p. 571. 

Briem chose two typical soils for a comparative trial, near each other, 
in order to secure identical climatic conditions. The mother beet from 



72 

wliicL the seeds were obtainetl was a Yiliuorin improved, which con- 
tained 19.80 per cent sugar. The seeds were planted in the two soils 
under precisely similar conditions and received the same culture. The 
one soil was very poor, with a gravelly subsoil. The other was a rich 
garden soil, on which a pond had once stood. 

The beets which were produced were so different that even an expert 
would not have admitted that they came from the same seed. The 
])oor soil gave a small beet, which soon reached the term of its vegeta- 
tion, while the rich soil furnished a beet resembling those raised for 
forage and which at the time of harvest was still in full vegetation. A 
tabular view of the results is instructive: 



Description. 


Weight 
of root. 


Sugar. 




Qrams. 
298 
ICO 
876 


Per cent. 
19.86 
14.57 
13.61 









That a race of beets introduced into a new country develops new 
characteristics has long been known, but the above shows in a striking 
manner the part that the soil itself may take in these transformations. 



CULTURE OF THE KLEIN WANZLEBENER ORIGINAL. 

In a letter from the proprietors of the sugar factory at Klein Wanz- 
leben, some interesting data have been communicated concerning the 
original Klein Wanzlebener beet, from which all the different varieties 
of this family have been derived. The methods of selection of beets for 
seed j)roduction are described as follows : 

For tlie production of our beet seed, wLicli is carried on by us exclusively, we use 
none but tlie full-grown beets, having never been able to satisfy ourselves with regard 
to the use of small beets. Although this method of cultivation would be much more 
j»rofitable it has always appeared to us to bo contrary to all laws of nature, and the 
seed from such imperfect beets is certainly more subject to degeneration than that 
from full-grown, mature beets. Variations of form can never be safely detected iu 
these dwarf beets, while the mature beets are chosen with the greatest certainty by 
their external appearance. 

The selection of the mother beets on the field and before siloing is made with the 
greatest care. Only those fields are used for this purpose which have been planted 
with seed from beets which were polarized and whose actual sugar content has been 
determined by the alcohol-extraction method. All beets which are defective in 
growth are rejected. 

The process of selection commences in November, after all the beets have been har- 
vested, and continues until the middle of April. 

The work is carried on in three laboratories. Iu Laboratory I the beets are as- 
sorted by means of a solution of salt. About nine-tenths of all the beets reserved 
for seed selection arc rejected in this laboratory, and ouly about 100,000 beets are 
transferred to Laboratory II. 



73 

The per cent of sncrose in the juice of these beets is now determined in Laboratory 
II by the polariscope, the figure thus obtained being always considerably reduced so 
as to allow for variations. The actual sucrose content of these polarized beets — daily 
about 150-200 — is determined in Laboratory III by the alcohol method, so as to have 
a check on the polarization, and to avoid errors which might be caused by the pres- 
ence of optically active bodies. Only those beets whose high sugar content is defi- 
nitely proved by the last method are chosen for cultivation. These are again as- 
sorted, the finest specimens being planted in the spring for the production of extra 
fine seed. This seed, of which we can only furnish limited quantities, is therefore 
obtained from high polarizing beets without an intervening generation. We do not, 
however, consider that the careful selection of mother beets by their sugar content 
insures satisfactory resvJts. If the choice of mother beets by polarization were the 
only condition necessary to obtain good results, every large estate would be able 
within a few years to raise a beet satisfactory in all respects. This is, however, im- 
possible, as the beet is, more than any other plant, subject to sndden degeneration, 
which is explained partly by the history of its development and partly by insufficient 
transmitting of those qualities which distinguished the mother beet. 

Very often external conditions, such as location and fertilization, exercise at times 
a deteriorating influence and cause a poor quality of beet, such as is not a natural 
variation of the family and is not hereditary. 

For these reasons it is absolutely necessary, if we wish to raise a beet of constant 
high quality, to observe the experimental crops for a number of years, both as to 
their external appearance and chemical properties. 

The fact that the beet is a biennial plant renders this method of selection propor- 
tionally more difficult. 

The cultivation byfarailies, together with the most conscientious individual cultiva- 
tion, has been the foundation of our work for more than .30 years. It insures certain 
success to the grower's of our original beet, an individual superior both in quality 
and quantity; in short, results such as the varieties introduced in Germany during 
the last ten years are unable to guaranty as the proof of their constant high qual- 
ity, which can only be determined by careful observations extended over many years, 
is wanting. 

As a transfer of the beet into other conditions of climate and soil may cause a dete- 
rioration in the second generation, the statement that the seed was obtained from 
our finest quality of beet is not a certain guaranty of success. 

Some interesting data in regard to the operation of the sngar factory 
are also communicated, this being one of the companies which carries 
on both the manufacture of sugar and the production of sugar-beet 
seed. As will be seen from the data communicated the object is to 
produce not only a rich beet but one of large size, so as to secure as 
large a yield as possible of sugar per acre. 

The data in regard to the operations of this factory follow : 

[Sns;ar Factory Klein Wanzleben, successors to Rabbetbge & Giesecke Stock Company at Klciu 

Wanzleben.] 

We beg permission to send the following data for general information concerning 
our house : 

Our capital is 2,700,000 marks. Our stockholders are under no obligations to raise 
or furnish beets. 

Our plant consists of a raw-sugar factory, which diffuses about 7,000 hundred- 
weight beets per day, and a molasses desncration factory, which is capable of work- 
ing up about 1,000 hundred-weight of molasses. A large farming estate is connected 



74 

with the factory. The beet-siigar factory diffnsea clrtrinjr the campaign abont 
I>00,000 hunched- weight beets. Tlio yield in the campaign of 1890 was : 

Per cent. 

First product 11.32 

Second product about 1.40 

Third product about .20 

Total 12.92 

Onr estate consists (excluding a large area which is planted with wheat, oats, etc.) 
of about .^1,000 morgen of beets, both purchased beets and seed beets (4 morgen — 1 
hectare ; 1 English acre = about 1^ morgen). 

The yield of 1889 w.as reduced by the poor results on certain strips of land, but 
nevertheless the average yield was 207.4 hundred-weight per morgen, some strips 
yielding as high as 284 hundred-weight. The crop of 1890 will yield about 200 hun- 
dred-weight per morgen. 

A very important branch of our farm Is the improvement of beet seed, which we 
have engaged in for the last thirty years. 

The mother beets are chosen from the plats by careful methods of selection. In 
1889-90 we examined 2,782,300 beets, of which 3,043, that is, about one per thousand, 
were chosen for purposes of cultivation. The extensive work of selection occupies 
onr experts from January to April, and visitors to our laboratories are always wel- 
come. We are always pleased to give all information desired. 

Our united fiirming and manufacturing interests soon proved to us the necessity of 
cultivating beets according to the yield of sugar per morgen, and we found the cul- 
tivation of our original Klein W.anzlebeuer beet, which unites a high yield per mor- 
gen with a high sugar content, as most profitable. 

We desire to point out that we have adopted the name Original Klein Wanzle- 
bener beet seed, as varieties of this beet have appeared of late which are offered 
under such names as "improved, containing a high percentage of sugar," etc., and 
which, in many cases, are not equal to the Klein Wanzlebener beet. The above 
name also provides a means of distinguishing between our original beet and these 
varieties. 

We will be glad to furnish directions for the introduction of the beet, its cultiva- 
tion, the methods of planting our Original Klein Wanzlebener beet, and samples of 
the seed. 

Klein Wanzleben, February, 1890. 



SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SUGAR 

BEETS IN SAXONY. 

Professor Maercker of Halle has, for several years, collated the data 
in regard to the different varieties of sugar beets grown in iSaxony; 
arranged in respect of their improvement in sugar percentage and in 
yield of sugar per acre. Nine reports have already been issued on this 
subject, containing data on all the different varieties of sugar beets 
grown in Saxony and especinlly on the different branches of the Vil- 
morin and Klein- Wanzlebener families of beets. 



75 

From Professor Maercker's ninth report the following table has been 
compiled, showing the character of some of the different varieties of 
beets investigated : 

Contparative mean results of Professor MaerTcer^s experiments in 1888. 



Sugar 
in the 
beet. 



Siigfir 
in the 
juice. 



Purity 
quo- 
tient. 



Yield 

of beets 

per 

acre. 



Yield 

nfanjiar 

per 

acre. 



No. of 
beets 
per 
acre. 



Sugar beets of Vibiiorin origin : 

Gebr. Dippo's zuckerrcirliste ]5lite 

Heine-Emersleben vorbusserte Viluiorin 

Schreiber &■ Sohn Origiii.al 

Knocbe-Wallwitz, Viluioiiu 

Mette Vilraorin 

Strandes Vibiiorin 

Scblitte-Aumiihle Vilmorin 

Grasshofif-Quedlinburg Vilmorin 

Means 

Sugar beets of Klein-Wanzlebener origin: 

Geiir. Dippe's verbesserte Klein-Wanzlebener 

ifilite 

Knoclie-Wallwitz Klein-Wanzlebener 

Kortuni-Sondershausen Klein-Wanzlebener 

Klein-Wanzlebener Original 

Heine-Eniersleben Klciu- Wanzlebener 

Neu-Querfnrter Riibe 

Grassbofl-Qiiedlinburg Klein- WanzloViener 

BranneBieudoif Klien-Wanzlebener 

Schreiber & Sohn Klein-Wanzlebener 

Kimpau Schlanstedt Klein-Wanzlebener 

Wilke Gr.-Mohi'ingen Klein-Wanzlebener 

Ziemann-Quedlinburtr Klein- Wauzlebenor 

Strandes-Zehringen Klein-Wanzlebener 

Means 

Sugar beets of other strains: 

Bestehorn-Beli tz Dividenden 

Mette Specialitiit 

Bniune-Biendorf Kreuzung 

Schlieckman-Auleben Specialitiit 

Means 



Per ct. 
15. 9R 
15.70 
15.4!) 
15.48 
15.37 
15.22 
15.04 
14.82 



Per ct. 
18.15 
17.81 
17.87 
17.90 
17.67 
17. 37 
17.20 
17.05 



15.39 



15. 55 
15.53 
1.5. 44 
15. 38 
15. 3G 
15.21 
14.91 
14. 85 
14.71 
14. C9 
14.56 
14.43 
14.40 



15.00 



15.15 
14.78 
14.71 
14. 38 



14.70 



87.70 
87.70 
87.10 
88. 23 
87.80 
87.30 
87. 40 
88.40 



Ponndn. 

25, 942 
27, 702 

26, 752 
29, 128 
27, 262 
25, 274 

27, 202 
28,019 



Pounds. 
4, 141 
4,349 
4, 145 
4, 509 
4, 189 
3,810 
4, 101 
4,154 



17.63 



87.71 



27. 174 



4,180 



17.89 
17.48 
17.61 
17.44 
17. 56 
17.24 
16.71 
17. 01 
10.02 
10. 75 
10.67 
10.44 
16.04 



88.75 
87.30 
88.20 
88.73 
88.70 
88.80 
88.30 
88.10 
87. 80 

87. 00 

88. 20 
87. SO 
87.40 



31, 698 
31,004 

28, 670 

32, 965 
32, 102 
31,708 

29, 374 

32, 894 

33, 080 
33, 950 

33, 422 

34, 109 
33, 810 



4, 928 
4, 822 

4, 428 

5, 071 
4, 933 
4,831 
4,379 
4,884 
4, 950 
4,988 
4,806 
4, 475 
4,870 



17. ( 



8.13 



32, 278 



4,836 



17.88 
10.00 
10.90 
10.35 



87.70 

87. 70 

88. 04 
87.80 



28, 670 

32, 877 

33, 264 
33, 352 



4,344 
4,859 
4,893 
4,790 



16.93 



87.81 



32, 050 



4, 724 



34, 773 

33, 894 

34, 401 

34, 077 

35, 254 
34, 738 
34, 253 
34, 482 



34, 566 



34, 909 

36, 1.54 
34, 525 
35, 103 
35, 048 
30, 059 

34, 260 

35, 440 

37, 200 
35, 222 
35, 170 
30, 133 
35, 971 



35, 482 



34, 936 
34, 9.55 
34, 912 
34, 349 



34, 787 



GENERAL CONCLUSION. 



The result of the analyses at Grand Island and other places show 
that beets of high sngar content and great pnrity can be grown in many 
parts of the United States. The average size of tlie beets, however, 
in many places is too small to assume that their culture would prove 
profitable. It would be far better for all intere^sts to grow beets aver- 
aging from GOO to 700 grammes in weight, even if the percentage of 
sugar should drop one or two points. The causes of the small crop at 
Grand Island have already been set forth, and it is not necessary to 
repeat them here. The Department has organized an experimental sta- 
tion for the culture of the sugar beet at Schuyler, Nebraska, and it is 
confidently expected that rich beets with high tonnage can be pro- 
duced. 

In a critical study of the data given above there are many points 
of interest. In judging of the character of a beet for sugar-making 



7G 

purposes three factors must be taken into consideration. First of all, 
tbe beet must be large enough to make its growth profitable to the 
farmer. Experience has shown that a beet which weighs about 600 
grammes, that is a little overt pound, is best suited to secure the in- 
terests of both the farmer and the manufacturer. Therefore, in all cases 
attempts should be made to grow beets as uniformly as possible of 
that weight. Having once established the average weight of the beet, 
the next point to be considered is its content in sugar. In the data 
given the percentage of sugar is reckoned on the weight of the beet 
itself and not upon the extracted juice. Sugar beets contain on an 
average about 5 per cent of marc and 95 per cert of juice. Therefore 
if the analysis is made upon extracted juice, the number obtained must 
be multiplied by 0.95 to give the percentage of sugar in the beet. 

The question may arise as to how poor a beet can be in sugar and- 
still be profitable for sugar making. This of course is a question which 
has to be determined by a comparison with many economic problems, 
the study of which can not be introduced at the present time. In 
general, however, it may be said that the limit of profit in manufacture 
will be reached when the percentage of sugar in the beet drops to 12, 
although it is possible under certain conditions for factories to work 
economically and profitably on beets having a lower percentage of 
sugar than that indicated. 

With the present degree of perfection in the production of rich sugar- 
beet seed, and with the knowledge of the scientific principles of agri- 
culture which should guide the beet-grower, it is possible, I think, 
to show that beets can be produced, under favorable soil and climatic 
conditions, which will contain on an average 14 per cent of sugar. The 
farmer, therefore, should not be satisfied if his results fall below this 
standard. 

It will be easy to see, by comparing the averages given in the above 
tables, how many of the beet-growers have succeeded in growing plants 
which will average 600 grammes in weight and contain 14 per cent of 
sugar. 

In addition to these two factors, however, a third must be taken into 
consideration, namely, the purity of the juice. By the i^urity of the 
juice, or, as it is expressed in the tables, th*i coefficient of purity, is meant 
the ratio of pure crystallizable sugar in the juice to the total solids there- 
in. For instance, if in 100 parts of solids there are 80 parts of pure 
crystallizable sugar, the coefficient of purity of that juice is said to be 
80. The number 80 may be taken as a fair average which should be 
attained in this country. In the older beet-growing countries a much 
higher degree of purity can be obtained than this. The degree of pu- 
rity of the juice is influenced chiefly by the amount of salts which are 
represented in the analysis by the ash obtained on the ignition of the 
sample. In soils highly impregnated with mineral substances, such as 
are often found in our western countries, the percentage of ash will be 



77 

found very high, aud there will be a correspouding' depression of the 
jjurity coefiScient. In lauds, however, which have been long- cultivated, 
aud scientifically treated from an agricultural point of view, the per- 
centage of ash in the beet will be diiuiuished aud the purity coefficient 
correspondingly raised. The ash of the beet consists largely of phos- 
phoric acid and potash, and these two substances are essential to the 
proper growth of the beet. It is therefore not expected that the ash of 
the beet shall be reduced below a certain content, otherwise the growth 
and maturity of the plant will be retarded. It will not be possible in 
the space which is at our disposal here to discuss each of the series of 
data obtained by these analyses, but the above remarks are made for the 
purpose of enabling anyone who is interested in any particular series 
or analysis to discuss it intelligently and determine from the numbers 
given the value of the beets produced for sugar-making purposes. At 
the present time, for the purpose of fixing a standard of comparison, I 
would say that the typical sugar beet for sugar-making purposes should 
weigh 600 grammes, contain 14 per cent of sugar, and have a purity of 
at least 80. With such raw material at his disposal in sufficient quan- 
tity, the manufacturer can not fail of success, provided he be supplied 
with the latest and most improved forms of machinery. 

It may also be of interest in connection with the data above given to 
discuss some of the particular qualities of the beet separately. In gen- 
eral the mistake is made by those not acquainted with the principles 
of the growth of the sugar beet and manufacture of beet sugar of 
judging of the possibilities of success by the percentage of sucrose 
in the beet alone. The danger of relying solely upon this constituent 
of the beet is at once manifest from the considerations above mentioned. 
Nevertheless, as it is often done, I have collected into tabular form from 
the analyses given all of the sugar beets showing from 15 to 18 per 
cent of sugar in the juice, which were analyzed by the Department at 
Washington during the past season. In another table have been col- 
lected all the beets in the juice of which more than 18 per cent of sugar 
was found. In the case of Minnesota 3 samples of beets were found in 
which the percentage of sugar was more than 18; in the State of 
Indiana, 1 sample; in Iowa, 1; in North Dakota, 4; in Maryland, 5; 
in Colorado, 1; in Wyoming, 1; in Nebraska, 13. Of beets showing 
a percentage of sugar from 15 to 18 in the juice the following numbers 
of samples were found : In Illinois, 3 ; in Minnesota, 15 ; in Nebraska, 
36; in Maryland, 8; in Iowa, 4; in Wyoming, 2; in Colorado, 9; in 
North Dakota, 4; in Massachusetts, 1 ; in Wisconsin, 1'; in California, 
2; in South Dakota, 6 ; in Michigan, 4; in Kansas, 3; in Washington, 
1; in Oregon, 2; in Virginia, 2. 

The production of beets containing from 15 to 18 per cent of 
sugar is not unusual, and such beets may be regarded as strictly nor- 
mal in constitution, but possessing a particularly high content of sugar. 
When, however, the content of sugar in the beet exceeds 18 per cent 



78 

it must bo re^^arded at the present time as something abnormal ami 
due to peculiar conditions attecting the particular locality, or even the 
particular plant itself. Such beets are usually extremely small in 
size, and the richness of their sugar content has been acquired at the 
expense of normal growth. In other cases the effect of a particularly 
dry season preceding the time of harvest or other very peculiar condi- 
tions may affect the sugar content. In many other cases, from the 
wilted condition in which the beets have beea received, it must be 
admitted that a portion of the water which they contained has dried 
out between the tiuie of harvest and the time of analysis, thus increas- 
ing the apparent percentage of sugar in the beet. It will doubtless be 
possible hereafter, when the beet has been njore fully developed by 
careful selection, to produce beets normally which contain more than 
18 per cent of sugar, but to expect at the present time the production 
of such beets on a large scale would be unreasonable, and such an 
expectation would not be realized. Even when we consider the other 
class, namely, those containing in their juice from 15 to IS jier cent, 
we must confess that it would be unwise to look for a production of 
beets on a large scale containing so large a percentage of sugar. In 
many of the cases of beets of this class the high sugar content must be 
ascribed primarily to some of the conditions mentioned for the class 
above 18. 

When, however, the tables are further studied, and the remarkably 
low percentages of sugar are noticed which were sometimes found, it 
must be confessed that in these cases the abnormally low content of 
the sugar is also due to the abnormal growth of the beet. In some 
cases these beets are of abnormal size, weighing 2,000 grammes or over, 
and to this extraordinary growth must be attributed to a certain extent 
the low content of sugar. In general, it has been found that when 
beets exceed 600 grammes in weight it is diificult to maintain their sugar 
content at a high standard. When, therefore, the beets become im- 
mensely overgrown it is always accompanied with a falling off in con- 
tent of sugar. In the cases, however, of the small beets which have 
shown a low content of sugar, the result must have been due to defect- 
ive conditions of soil and climate, or to defective methods of planting 
and cultivation, or to premature harvesting. 

When we consider the varying qualities of beets which have been 
grown from the same seed, we are at once struck with the immense 
importance of the factors of soil, climate, and cultivation, in the pro- 
duction of the sugar beet. In the fact that the seed of the Klein 
Wanzlebeuer variety of beet in the hands of different farmers will show 
a variation of from G to nearly 20 per cent of sugar, it must be confessed 
that we have in soil and climatic conditions, and in methods of cultiva- 
tion, a more potent means of intlueucing the sugar content of the beet 
than is found in the germ of the seed itself. 



79 

It cau only be expected that a sugar-beet seed which is high bred 
will be able to reproduce its kiud wheu it has become fully acclimated 
and has received in its new condition the same scientific treatment and 
selection which it had in its original home. The great hope, therefore, 
of uniform production of sugar beets high in sugar-producing power in 
the United States must be found in the establishment of culture sta- 
tions where different varieties of beets can become fully acclimated, 
and where they can receive the same careful scientific culture and 
selection which have brought them up to their present state of excel- 
lence in Euroxjc. 



i 



APPENDIX. 
NOTES ON SUGAR-BEET CULTURE IN FRANCE AND GERMANY. 



By Walter Maxwell. 



Those notes are not intended to be a report npon the sugar-beet in- 
dustries of France and Germany, nor in any measure a statement of the 
actual present condition of the sugar-growing industry of Europe, but ' 
rather as a short record of observations made during a tour tlirough 
some parts of those countries, and more especially as a repetition of 
conversations held with certain distinguished authorities. 

It will be found that the statements of several of the authorities 
have already been given in certain of the sugar journals, and are not 
new ; however, it will be of value to repeat these opinions, and i)ar- 
ticularly in connection with the circumstances under which they were 
made. 

The statements of the authorities cited were made in reply to precise 
questions, and 1 have endeavored to reproduce them exactly as they 
were given. 

CLIMATE. 

Prof. A. Girard, of the Conservatory of Arts and Industries, Paris, 
whose studies of the sugar beet are well known, made the following 
observations : 

" The greatest number of our beet sugar factories are established in 
that part of France extending from the center to the north and pass- 
ing through the eastern provinces, where the climate is a temperate one ; 
where the yearly amount of rainfall during the growing season is favor- 
able to an even development of the beet, and where the summer lasts 
just long enough to mature the roots before the frosts set in. Tbat 
part of France has been considered the besrand the only part adai)ted 
to the cultivation of the sugar-beet. Until lately it has been held that 
beets could not be grown with any measure of success in the south of 
France, on account of the hot, dry weather which prevails during the 
summer and the heavy rains in autumn, which cause a second or de- 
layed growth. That opinion has now changed, and two factories are 
well established in the south— Beaufort, Department de Yaucluse, 
^5243— Bull, 30 6 8} 



82 

which produces 10,000 bags of sugar, and Laudun, Department du 
Gard, thus showing that with proper cultivation, fertilizers, and irri- 
gation the culture of the beet in that part of France is also possible." 

Eespecting the action of climate upon beets and beet seeds grown in 
the north and in the south of France, respectively, M. Henri Vilmorin, 
Paris, said : " 

" The influence of climate on the characteristics of the seed of a given 
variety of beet is not perceptible if only exerted for one year. We had 
seed grown from the same batch of stock-seed in the north and south 
of France, and no difference whatever was observed in the features of 
the roots. The seed from the south, however, was generally of a 
brighter color, drier, and of a slightly stronger growth." 

Although it is held that given climates are specially adapted to cul- 
ture of the sugar beet, in the words of Professor Girard " the results 
of more recent experiments, and particularly where the conditions of 
growth have been largely within experimental control, indicate that it 
must not yet be said where the beet can not be successfully grown." 

SOIL. 

" Is there anything to be added to or taten from the opinions of 
Chaptal, Vivien, or Basset in respect to the soils most or only adapted 
to the growth of the sugar beef?" 

In reply to this question Girard said : " It would take a long time 
to detail all the kinds of soil which are or can be made suitable to the 
culture of the sugar beet, since with peculiar culture, the right fertil- 
izers and chemicals, good beets may be grown wherever mangolds suc- 
ceed. However, it is still held that the kinds of soil which are of a 
light rather than too compact a texture, containing a given amount 
of calcareous matters, or having a chalky subsoil, with good natural 
or artificial drainage, should give the best results. It is well known 
that fresh soils from old forests or virgin prairies, which are not only 
acid but also contain an excess of undccomposed organic matter, are 
unfit for the sugar beet. Lands on which sheep have been fed are 
likewise in an unsuitable condition to follow with beets for sugar pur- 
poses. But this, in some measure, depends upon the variety of beets 
to be grown. If a soil is full of nitrogenous matter it is, in general, 
not in a condition in which most beet varieties will grow and form 
sugar. It has been shown, however, that certain varieties will thrive 
in such unfavorable (generally) conditions, and this is a matter for 
special consideration." 

Late in September of 1890 a visit was made to the farm and factory 
of MM. E. Dufay & Co., Chevry-Cossigny, Department of the Seine 
et Marne. The farm is comprised of some 700 acres, with an annual 
acreage of beets of about 170 acres. Contracts, which run on with a 
good understanding from year to year, are made with the large and 
well-to-do farmers in the immediate neighborhood, whose supplies bring 



83 



up the total annual acreage of beets worked by the Dufay fiictory to 
about 2,000 acres. 

In the course of our conversation upon the nature of Chevry-Cos- 
signy soils and of soils adapted to growing sugar beets, M. Dufay gave 
me the following data showing the relation of the clay and sand in the 
soils generally of his farms: 

In 1,000 parts of soils. 



Clay. 
Sand. 



707 

292 



674 
326 



673 
327 



C29 
371 



681 
319 



658 
340 



680 
320 



609 
391 



M. Dufay said : " I consider a soil which is composed of about two- 
thirds clay and one-third sand to be well suited for the sugar beet." 

But M. Dufay's knowledge of his soils was not limited to the relative 
amounts of clay and sand of which they are composed. He furnished 
some equally precise data showing the relative quantities of nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid, potash, and lime in the soils of his farms, whose clay 
and sand composition has been given : 

In 1,000 parts of soils. 



Nitrogen 

Phosphoric acid 

Potash 

Lime 



.96 


.97 


.99 


.94 


.98 


.80 


.94 


1.50 


1.75 


1.75 


2.15 


1.35 


1.80 


1.15 


1.53 


2.29 


1.91 


1.96 


2.39 


2.53 


2.82 


7.20 


10.50 


8.50 


9.90 


8.20 


9.70 


7.20 



.83 
1.95 
3.11 

.50 



M. Dufay said further : "A soil may be said to be well adapted chem- 
ically for the culture of the beet when the constituents spoken of are 
present in the following proportions: 

"In 1,000 parts of soil — 1 part of nitrogen, 1 part of phosphoric acid, 
2^ jjarts of potash, 30 parts of lime. 

" My soils are deficient in lime by two-thirds, and I have to add lime 
continually. The presence of constituents which act against the forma- 
tion of sugar, such as the alkali salts, is too small to be observed." 

CULTIVATION, FEBTILIZATION, AND SEEDING. 

With the general principles of cultivation of soils for growing sugar 
beets we are abundantly supplied on all sides. It is, though, of more 
interest and special value to know just how certain authorities manage, 
and what are their ways and methods, who are well known by their 
great success. It is specific knowledge that we want, and the actual 
facts from men who, during a length of years, have got great results. 

Early in September I went over the farms of Messieurs Vilmorin, 
Audrieux & Co., at Verri^res, near Paris. The farms comprise some 
120 acres, which are exclusively used for horticultural and agricultural 
experiments. 

Going over the plots, which were bearing the experimental sugar 
beets, I put some questions to the practical farm manager and care- 



84 

fully took his replies. These data should be of very special interest, as 
we are speaking of the actual niauagemeiit of the plot of the " Improved 
Yilraorin" for the year 1890, which is the latest in the series of trials 
dating from the year 1850. 

<' What is the soil of this plot, and does the soil vary much over your 
farm?" 

The manager replied: "Just here it is a deep sandy earth and in 
places almost a sand. In other places it varies from a sandy to a 
heavier loam. We have no chemical analyses of our soils. 

"Although the land lies flat, the natural drainage is in general enough ; 
only in places has it been necessary to put in tile drains, as the beet 
does not require a dry earth. It is on the whole a dry surface soil 
lying upon a subsoil of more than average moisture." 

"Now, how has this plot been cultivated from the first up to the 
present?" 

"Last October the land was i)lowed to a de])th of 10 inches, and 
after this plowing superphosphate of lime was added at the rate of 
28 grams per square metre. After sowing the fertilizer the land was 
replowed, and to a depth of 16 inches, and left in that condition till the 
following April. 

"At the latter part of April the land was replowed very deeply, 
scuffled, harrowed, and rolled until the soil was in a fine state, and 
the seed was put in." 

" What was your mode of light cultivation ?" 

"As soon as the plantlets were out of the ground far enough to show 
the rows the hand hoe was used, not coming too near the plants. When 
the plants had four leaves the thinning out of the plants in the rows 
commenced. The plants were left 4 inches apart in the row at the first 
thinning. After the plantlets had grown so far that the roots were 
almost as thick as the thumb a second thinning took place, which left 
the plants as they stand — either 8 or 12 inches apart, according as it 
was determined. In the thinning process care was taken to leave the 
most promising jilants. 

" The ground was frequently hoed during the early season of growth 
to keep down the weeds and to open up and keep porous the surface. 
The hoeing was done exclusively by hand, no horse imj)lement being 
used. 

" If it is found, as it was this year, that the plants appear weakly, 
and the young leaves are of a yellow color, a second quantity of fertil- 
izer is added, composed of equal quantities of superphosphate of lime 
and nitrate of soda, and at the rate of about 30 grammes per square metre. 
" It is seen that no farm-yard manure was applied to the land for 
beets. Usually it is given to the preceding crop, in order that the ex- 
cess of organic matter may be used up ; yet a certain amount remains 
when the beets are planted. Our method of fertilization is usually as 
1 have given it to you," 



85 

"What rotation, or rotations, do you follow with the land which is 
used for your seed beets?" 

"Our mode of cropping is not a fixed one. This crop of 'mother' 
beets is growing after the following rotation of crops: 18S6, beets; 1887, 
peas; 1888, wheat; 1889, potatoes (heavily manured); 1890, beets. 

"Another rotation which has been followed is, beets, wheat, potatoes, 
peas, beets. In every case our rotation allows of three years of other 
crops between the crops of beets." 

The practical example of cultivation which has been given applies to 
the growing of beets exclusively for seed or propagation uses. It will 
be of value to recite some notes taken from the system of a practical 
farmer and sugar manufacturer, whose beets were grown for factory 
purposes. 

Dufay made the following remarks to my questions concerning his 
system of cultivation, fertilizing, and general management : 

" Immediately after the harvesting of the grain crop where beets are 
to follow in the coming year, the ground is broken up about 4 inches 
deep with the plow, harrowed, and rolled with a • croshill.' Almost 
immediately fine farm-yard manure is added, varying from 8 tons to 16 
tons per acre, according to the known condition of the soil, and the 
ground is plowed to a depth of from 8 inches to 12 inches, and in this 
state left until the spring. I must here insist ujion the need of deep 
plowing for sugar-beets. Where the less quantity of farmyard 
manure is used the deficiency is made up sometimes by the use of cot- 
ton-seed meal, applying about 1,000 pounds per acre, which is done in 
December, or at the time of deep plowing. 

"In the spring, beginning even in March, we commence getting the 
seed bed ready. Since these operations depend solely upon the nature 
of the soil, the weather, and other circumstances, a direct rule can not 
be given. A practical man acts and does just what is best at the time, 
and a man who is not practical can not carry out a rule. But in a few 
words, in preparing the soil for the seed of the sugar-beet the end to be 
reached is to get the earth, chemically and mechanically, into a com- 
pletely homogenous state ; for only in this condition can we count upon 
a sure harvest of sugar-yielding beets." 

In speaking somewhat in detail of the nature and quantity of artifi- 
cial or chemical fertilizers which M. Dufay applies in addition to the 
farmyard manure mentioned, he furnished the following formula from 
his memoranda: 





A. 


B. 


C. 


Slip. phos. linio 


Lbs. 

1,000 
625 
375 

850 
500 


Lbs. 
750 
425 
250 
375 
125 


Lbs. 
1,500 


Potass, chloride 


425 


Aimu. sulphate 


250 


Nitrate of soda 


375 


Sulphate of lime 


125 








3,350 


1,925 


2,675 



86 

The mean cost per acre of the quantities of these fertilizers is about 
00 francs ($12). 
The cost per acre of producing the year's crop was given as follows : 

Farmyard manure $28.00 

Fertilizers 12.00 

Spreading manure 60 

Spreadiiig fertilizers 25 

First plowing 1.60 

Harrowing and rolling after plow 64 

Plowing and subsoiling 4. 60 

Two scar i fyings 2. 00 

Two barrowings 64 

Two rollings 64 

Cost of seed - 3. 00 

Sowing of seed 80 

Harrowing and rolling again .64 

Three times hoeing with horse 2.40 

Hoeing by hand 4.80 

Harvesting by hand 4.00 

Harvesting by machine - 1.60 

Carting to factory 2. 40 

Total , 70.61 

To the figures stated are still to be added the rent of land and taxes, 
$9.40, making a total of $80.01. 

M. Dufay added : " The average per acre is from 12J to 18 tons. 
The content of sugar year is 16 per cent of the weight of the beets 
and 17 per cent in the juice. If my crop averages in any year only 12 
per cent of sugar in the beets, then it nearly pays the cost of produc- 
tion. Every pound above 12 per cent, is profit. This year we shall do 
very well. The only varieties of beets grown by me are the ' Improved 
Vilmorin' and 'Desprez,' and the seed is obtained each season direct 
from those firms." 

The cost of production per acre given by M. Dufay is high. An ap- 
proximate estimate of cost, expressed during conversation with a 
member of the Trotha Bros.' factory, Halle, Saxony, was lower ; but the 
details were not given with such precision as to be worth stating. A 
general estimation of the cost per acre, furnished me by M. G. Bureau, 
Paris, though somewhat lower, was about the same as the figures in 
the Dufay statement. 

The question of intensive culture, or high farming, which lies at the 
very root of success in sugar-beet growing, will be spoken of later and 
in connection with some other considerations. 

SEED BREEDING. 

In the course of conversation and communications with such author, 
itative sources as Messrs. Dippe Bros., Rickmann (formerly Rabbethge 
& Giesecke), and M. Henri Vilmorin, no very specific data were obtained 
which have not already been communicated through the journals. A 



87 

conversation, however, which was held with M. Henri Vilmorin, and 
which sets forth the principle and emphasizes the main features of the 
Vilmorin system of seed breeding, has a value that deserves to be re- 
peated; and more especially in the light of the opinion and comments 
expressed by Professor Maercker, Halle, Saxony. Maercker said : " It 
must be admitted fully and by all that the Vilmorin firm had led the 
way in the improvement of the beet for sugar purposes. In the ' Im- 
proved Vilmorin' we had the first great representation of what could 
be done in the direction of increasing the sugar-forming quality of the 
beet." 

M. Vilmorin spoke as follows: "The experiments for the improve- 
ment of the sugar-beet were commenced at Verri^res in 1850, by my 
father. The object held in view was the formation and fixing of a race 
containing a higher per cent of sugar and a more even composition 
than the races then in use. 

Several methods of selection were successively tried. First, dipping 
the roots in liquids of great specific gravities. This system was unre- 
liable in the case of the whole roots in consequence of the presence of air 
cavities in the neck, which made some roots float which should have 
sunk; and in the use of small pieces or sections of beets fermentation 
of the liquids was induced, or strong endosmotic effects altered the 
results. 

" Finally, it was found to be more exact to take a small cylindrical 
piece from the beet and to ascertain the specific gravity of the juice 
from the pulp. This was done by means of weighing a silver button 
in the juice. The roots were numbered in each individual and the rich- 
est in sugar kept for seed ; and the same process was applied to the 
beets grown from the seed of the previously selected roots or ' mother 
beets.' 

" The process stated was followed till 1872, and the ' Improved Vil- 
morin may be said to have been formed by that system of selection, the 
roots giving juice of the highest specific gravity being held to be the 
richest in sugar. The office of the polariscope is now added to the 
above process." 

M. Vilmorin continued : " I consider it the most important point in 
the selection and growing of beets for seed that the roots be grown 
under such conditions that they freely- and fully develop all their good- 
and bad qualities. Tbe system of growing beets for seed on very rich 
land, but very thickly together, is a great error, as this process hinders 
the formation of lateral roots, and at the same time greatly increases 
the content of sugar in the roots, so that they are made to appear of 
a better form and of a higher sugar quality than they really are. Now, 
in order to secure a perfectly just appreciation and proof of our ' Im- 
proved' beets, they are grown on exactly the same principle and by 
the same method as beets that are grown for the factory." 



88 

The method of cultivation and general management of the plot of 
" mother" beets on the Vilmorin farm is given on an earlier page, and 
exactly as received from the practical manager. 

In speaking of the system of selection, M. Vilmorin continued : 

" Only roots of perfect shape and weighing not less than GOO grammes 
are tested in the laboratory. Each single root is numbered, which num- 
ber remains quite legible even after the root has been jjlanted and 
borne seed. 

" The seed of each individual root is harvested separately and kept 
by itself in a paper bearing the same number that was upon the root. 

" The next year a trial is made with a small sample taken from each 
paper and the bulk of the seed is still kept back till after the roots 
grown from the sample have been tested. 

" This is Vrficticed as a precaution against the possibility of the pro- 
geny from a good beet falling far below the accepted standard of quality, 
which is a rare thing, but by no means unknown, even after long breed- 
ing in one line. 

"After the previous test, all such beets as have not given satisfactory 
results are thrown away, and the seed from which such underquality 
beets were grown left unused. Of course the season and certain other 
circumstances have to be borne in mind in selections of each year, as 
in some years roots with 16 per cent of sugar may be relatively better 
than certain roots containing 20 per cent in some other j^ears. To 
ascertain, however, the influence of the weather, some good lots of seed 
have been tested several years in succession and with a view to estab- 
lishing the variation and error due to climate. 

"All the seed that has been proved by the first year's test to be up to 
the standard of quality is sown the next year, and very thin and care- 
fully, and from it a crop is grown more than a thousandfold the weight 
of the original seed. 

" It is thus seen that any and all seed of the ' Improved Vilmorin ' has 
come from stock-beets weighing not less than 600 grammes, all of which 
were for successive generations perfect in shape, color, proportion of 
sugar, and purity of juice; and only once has it occurred, and when 
the seed was grown for commerciial use, that the seed was raised from 
beets of less size than 600 grammes. 

" By the system of severe and unflinching constancy of selection that 
I have described to you, the ' Improved Vilmorin ' beets have been 
brought to their present high standard of fixed economic qualities. 

" The more marked characteristics of our beets are the hardness of 
flesh, wliich is at least equal to that of a Swedish turnip, the dull 
white and rough, rather smooth skin. The leaves, which are numerous, 
are strong and of a dark-green color, which, in the fall, like the foliage 
of most beets, droops down around the root." 



89 



SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CERTAIN VARIETIES. 

!N"o effort was made to obtain information in-general on the number, 
aud constantly increasing number, of varieties wliicb are being put 
upon tbe market. Our attention was directed only to one special char- 
acteristic, whicli is found to be the property of some varieties more 
than of others, viz, the capability of a beet to resist such unfavorable 
outward conditions of growth as climate, unfitness of soils for beets in 
general, in consequence of the presence of excesses of undecomposed 
nitrogenous matter. We shall give the statements of authorities direct 
on particular phases of this inquiry. 

Franz Schiudler, professor in Kiga, said : "All the three types, Vil- 
moriu's Improved White, Vilmorin's Early Kose, aud the ImjirOved (with 
Vilmorin) Klein-Wanzlebener, developed exactly their proper character- 
istics as well in Kwassiz, Moravia, as in the neighborhood of liiga, 
Russia, although the latter place is about a thousand miles farther 
north than the former. Aud all three types remained true not only in 
point of sugar content and other biological qualities, but also in ana- 
tomical structure. The climate of the two places is extremely diiferent, 
and, moreover, the beets were grown in Kwassiz in an excellent beet 
laud and under correct cultivation, while at Riga they were raised on 
a sandy soil rich in vegetable mold and largl}^ manured with stable 
manure. 

Now, it has been found by Deherain, in France, and also by Schiudler 
aud de Proskowetz in Russia that "the Vilmorin beets contain a higher 
])roportion of fibrous to cellular tissue than any other types of sugar 
beets, aud the amount of sugar being corelative with the fibrous tissue 
the higher sugar content is easily understood." 

From notes sent by MM. Jacquemart and Delamotte, sugar growers and 
manufacturers at Quessy, Department Aisne, " beets of the ' Improved 
Vilmorin' were grown comparatively on the same field with doses of 
nitrogen amounting respectively from 37^ to 75 pounds per acre. The 
drought interfered with the action of the manure, but it was seen that 
the beets grown with the double allowance of nitrogen were of better 
quality than the others." 

The value, respectively, of the types and kinds of beets is regulated 
by other conditions than the content of sugar — such as the production 
by weight per acre, etc. Professor Maercker said : " For a time the ' Im- 
proved Vilmorin' almost entirely substituted the Klein- Wauzlebener in 
Saxony on account of its high content in sugar. It has been found, 
however, that the 'Improved Vilmorin ' does not produce the weight per 
acre, and has not succeeded as well with us under certain indifferent 
conditions as the Improved Klein-Wanzlebener. Consequently in our 
district (Halle and Magdeburg) the Improved Vilmorin has been re- 
placed largely by a cross between the Improved Vilmorin and the Klein- 
Wanzlebener, which cross very specially combines the richness in sugar 



90 

of the former variety with the greater productiveness by weight of the 
Klein- Wauzlebener." 

There are two fundamental economical conditions which control very 
largely the varieties of beets which shall be grown, in addition to the 
climatic and soil conditions, of which we have already spoken. Those 
conditions are : The system of taxation obtaining in each district or 
country. If the taxes are levied on the weight per acre of the roots, 
then it is specially advantageous to have the largest quantity of sugar 
contained within the smallest weight of raw produce or beets. If the 
tax is upon the manufactured product, the condition does not exist in 
the same form. The second fundamental condition regulating the va- 
riety of beets to be grown is devolving upon the consideration as to 
whether the beet crop is being grown exclusively for the sugar without 
secondary purposes, or whether the beet crop, as well as being grown 
as a direct source of profit in the form of sugar, is cultivated as part of 
a large and general rotation of cropping. Upon farms where live stock 
and the providing of food for such is an essential item iu the economy, 
the difference between 20 tons and 35 tons per acre of beets is to the 
farmer a weighty consideration and often a decisive condition. 

The substance of the observations made to me by many sound authori- 
ties on the relative and particular merits of respective varieties have in- 
clined me to the following conclusion : As a variety for the highest and 
most concentrated production of sugar, for the withstanding of the un- 
favorable effects of certain climates and soils, and for use in new soils 
and such as are not habituated to the growth of the beet plant, no better 
beet can be adopted than the Improved Vilmorin. And again, as an 
all-round valuable beet, suitable to the farmer as a source of direct 
profit and as part of his system of mixed and general agriculture, as 
well as to the manufacturer of the sugar, the Improved Klein Wauzle- 
bener is spoken of with unhesitating recommendations. 

ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

Many conversations were held with well-known authorities in France 
and Germany upon features of the sugar-beet industry that may be 
termed more specially economic. The substance of what was obtained 
will be given as the result of a conversation with Professor Maercker 
on some of the economic features of the industry. In conclusion will 
be given a conversation held with M. Tisseraud, permanent secretary 
of the department of agriculture of the Government of France. 

Professor Maercker, in reply to questions, made the following re- 
marks: "Owing to the very nature of the manufacture of sugar from 
beets, in which large and costly machinery plants are necessary, it is 
not possible for small owners or holders of land to grow beets and to 
make sugar therefrom on their own farms. The acreage of beets grown 
by such farmers individually could not pay for the investments neces- 
sary to the manufacture. 



91 

" There was only one of two courses by which it was possible to intro- 
duce beet culture among farmers generally, and as a great and general 
industry. The first method by which it could be done was by the farm- 
ers contracting with the large growers and owners of factories to grow 
a given acreage of beets and deliver the same to the factories under 
given conditions, as is the system in France. A second system was the 
uniting of the farmers among themselves and thus forming manufactur- 
ing companies (Actien Fabriken). The articles of these corporations or 
companies require that each member shall supply a given acreage or 
weight of beets to the factory, and according to conditions fixed upon 
by the board of control. 

" With the founding of the latter system, which is the prevailing one 
with us, the growing of beets by the great farming class in the beet 
districts became solidly established. It was the opening of a new era 
of agricultural prosperity when the industry was made to prevail. The 
small owners and farmers, whose farms are comprised generally of from 
50 acres to 120 acres, and quite exceptionally reaching 250 acres, became 
manufacturers of sugar as well as growers of the beets by accepting 
a direct interest in the owning and conducting of the factories." 

In reply to the question " Have the owners of large private factories 
or the companies i)aid the best? And which system has done most for 
the industry ? " Professor Maercker replied : '• The undertakings of the 
large owners (gross Herren) are conducted with method and have the 
advantage of large capital, but there is not the degree of enterprise and 
care of detail characteristic of the companies (klein Herren) as repre- 
sented by the farmers. 

" The 'klein Herren,' being practical farmers, are well up in thorough 
and economical culture. They enter into the industry with the care 
and enterprise which their smaller conditions have always forced upon 
them ; and as regards the technical or manufacturing part of the in- 
dustry the companies composed of the farmers have shown an intelli- 
gence, ingenuity, and enterprise which has placed them in advance of 
their competitors of the ' large system.' The companies were the first 
to introduce improved methods of extracting the sugar from the beets, 
such as the diffusion method. 

" Our farmers are in good circumstances, which have been improved 
with their general system of agriculture by the introduction of the 
sugar-beet industry. They are rich and free." 

The German has most decided features of advantage over the French 
system. In Germany the growers of the beets are the manufacturers, 
and they reap a gain in the growth of the beet and the production of 
the sugar. 

The system of farmers supplying beets under contract to large 
factories always places the growers at some measure of disadvantage ; 
and where factories are large and isolated in wide districts, and the 
factory owners have little interest in the general agricultural interests, 
the result to the farmer may be, and is often, calamitous." 



92 

To M. Tisseraud, who is the permanent secretary of the depart- 
ment of agriculture of France, and who is not only conversant with 
the sugar-beet industry of France, but of whom it may be said that he 
holds French agriculture in his right hand, we have to express our ob- 
ligations, not only for the general candor and copiousness with which 
he replied to our inquiries, but also for a very special politeness in 
causing certain data for the current year (1890), which had not at that 
time been published, to be furnished to us in manuscript. 

The following observations were made in reply to certain carefully 
prepared questions which were put to the secretary in the order in 
which his remarks proceed : 

"The very nature of the cultivation of the beet tends to make it an 
industry more adapted to growers, if not essentially on the large scale, 
at least who are not small in the sense that our peasants are, who cul- 
tivate from 5 to 10, or even from 20 to 30 acres. The culture of the 
sugar beet, if it is to be a success for the making of sugar, must be 
done well. The grower must be a man of capital, who can invest liber- 
ally per acre in the form of modern implements, of abundant labor, 
both manual and animal, at the right season, and who can purchase 
largely and with judgment of chemical manures, such as superphos- 
phates. The soil must be plowed deeply and cultivated thoroughly, 
which means good implements and horses; it must be kept in clean 
condition, which means much labor ; and it must be well fertilized with 
costly manures, which means a large outlay. Now, these conditions of 
the successful culture are not within the compass of our small peasant 
farmers. The larger farmers, i. e., such as occupy enough land to bear 
investment in implements, labor, and manures, are capable of growing 
beets with as great success as the owners and holders (tenants) of the 
large tracts which exist in the districts where our sugar industry is 
making the greatest progress." 

"What is now the tendency in France in respect to the 'large vs. 
small ' system of beet culture F 

" The tendency is toward obtaining large tracts of land, where the 
heavy investments, in labor, implements, and manures, of which I have 
spoken, can be made most remunerative, and the facilities for manu- 
facture of sugar are most complete. In the northern departments of 
France, where the culture is on the large system, the industry is ex- 
panding and gaining the most ground." 

" What has been the eftect of legislation upon the development of the 
sugar-beet industry, agriculturally, and also through the beet industry, 
upon your agriculture in general?" 

" Before the year 1884 the farmers who grew beets to supply the fac- 
tories had no interest in producing beets of high quality and with a 
large content of sugar. The law, as it at that time existed, made it 
most advantageous to the farmers to produce weight or quantity, as it 
was not merely the same to them in the price per ton that they ob- 



93 

tained. They also grew a much larger weight per acre for sale and had 
a correspondingly larger amount of pulp J^r feeding their cattle. The 
manufacturers, on the other hand, were being ruined by the operation 
of the law of that date. (See the law before 1884.) The law of 1884, 
however, altered these conditions. Under this law it became necessary 
to grow beets with a higher content of sugar, which not only were worth 
manufacturing, but which were found to be equally worth growing by 
the farmers, as the sugar factories were able to pay the growers $6 to 
$7 a ton instead of |4 to $5, as had been formerly paid. This change 
in the law affecting the sugar industry brought about the great im- 
I)rovement in the culture of the beet which has occurred in the last few 
years. In the first place, the improvement of the seed has taken the 
lead in consideration, and varieties have been produced and grown which 
were very rich in sugar. In the second place, the modes of cultivation 
have been improved and the application of chemical fertilizers in- 
creased up to the standard of the most intensive culture or high farm- 
ing, all of which conditions are the essential factors of success in grow- 
ing sugar beets." 

"Are you of opinion that the successful growing of beets for a sugar- 
making purpose is only possible where ' intensive culture ' or high farm- 
ing obtains ? " 

" That is strictly the case. Sugar beets pay better than any other 
agricultural crop for high culture, and they can be made to pay only 
where ' high farming' is practiced. If you grow beets, grow the best 
that high culture can i)roduce. Unless you farm well, have laud in 
high condition, with liberal manuring and abundant labor, don't at- 
tempt to grow beets. Grow wheat, potatoes, or what you like, but 
don't grow beets. * * * We are not only increasing our productions 
in comparison with former periods, we are holding our place in compe- 
tition with the world." 



I 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY 

BULLETIN No. 33 

EXPERIMENTS 

WITH 

SUGAR BEETS 

IN 

18 9 1 

BY 

HARVEY V^. WILEY 

Chemist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture a^id Director of the Department Sugar 

Experiment Statio^ia at Schuyler, Nebraska; Bunny mede (Narcoossee P. 0.), 

Florida; and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas 

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 

Dr. WALTER MAXWELL, Prof. W, A. HENRY, and others 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1892 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY 

BULLETIN No. 33 

EXPERIMENTS 

WITH 

SUGAR BEETS 

IN 



18 9 1 



BT 



.-•V^ 



HARVEY V/. AVILEY 

Chemist of the U. S. Dtpartment of Ar/riiiilliire and Director of the Department Sugar 

Experiment Stations at Sehni/ler, Nebraska; Eunniimede ( Narcoossee P. O.), 

Florida; and Sterlimj and Medicine Lodge, Kansas 

WITH THK COLLABORATION OF 

Dr. WALTER MAXWELL, Prof. W. A. HENRY, and others 



PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1892 

7- 



T7 



-^ 



^^ 



^^^ 



V 



tvt 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



>^ 



Page. 

Letter of transmittal 5 

Exjierimeiits conducted l>y farmers in different parts of the connl rv 7 

Directions for takinj;- samples of sugar beets for analysis '. . 7 

Model for description of samjile of sugar beets S 

Eeport of analysis of sauiple of sugar beets 

Summary of results by States and counties 12 

Arizona 12 

Arkansas 12 

Califoinia 12 

Colorado 12 

Connecticut 14 

Georgia 15 

Idalio 15 

Illinois 15 

Indiana 17 

Indian Ten ilory 19 

Iowa 19 

Kansas 30 

Kentucky 32 

Maryland 32 

Michigan 32 

Minnesota 35 

Missouri 37 

Montana 10 

Nebraska 11 

Nevada 44 

New Hampshire 45 

New Jersey 45 

New Mexico 45 

New York 46 

North Dakota 46 

Ohio 47 

Oklahoma 49 

Oregon 49 

Pennsylvania 51 

South Dakota 51 

Tennessee 58 

Texas 59 

Virginia 59 

Washington 61 

Wisconsin 62 

Wyoming 75 

Notes on the analyses of beets from the different States and Territories 77 

Sugar beet experiments in Wisconsin in 1891 90 

Beet-sugar experiment station at Schuyler, Nebr 112 

Keport of assistant in charge 118 

Miscellaneous 153 

3 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, February 27, 1S92. 
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith, for your inspection and 
approval, the manuscript of Bulletin No. 33, being- a record of the ex- 
periments conducted by me, under authorization from you, on the cul- 
ture of the sugar beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom during 
the season of 1891. 
Respectfully, 

H. W. Wiley, 
Chemist and Director of Beet Sugar Station. 
Hon. J. M. Rusk, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS m 1891. 



The experiments coiiducted by tlie Department of Agriculture during 
the season of 1801 maybe divided into tliree classes: (1) Culture of the 
sugar beet conducted by farmers in different parts of the country; (2) 
culture of the sugar beet conducted by the Agricultural Experiment 
Station of Wisconsin and numerous farmers in Wisconsin, under the 
direction of the Agricultural Experiment Station of that State, by au- 
thority of the Secretary of Agriculture; (3) experiments conducted at 
the beet-sugar experiment station of the Department located at Schuy- 
ler, Nebraska. 

EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY FARMERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS 

OF THE COUNTRY. 

To meet the numerous demands for samples of sugar-beet seed re- 
ceived by the Department, 5i tons of the best varieties of sugar-beet 
seed were purchased. Four tons of this consisted of equal portions of 
Kleinwanzlebeuer seed, grown by Dippe Brothers, of Quedlinburg, 
Germany, and Vilmorin's improved beet seed, grown by Vilmorin, 
Andrieux et Cie., of Paris, France. The other ton and a half consisted 
of Desprez, Lemaire, and Simon Legrand varieties, obtained from Mr. 
Henry T. Oxnard. 

The beet seed Avas put up in packages averaging nearly 13 ounces each, 
making 15,000 packages. These were widely distributed, being sent to 
about 5,000 addresses. Many of those requesting several packages of 
seed made a subdistribution of them ; so it is but fair to suppose that 
between 7,000 and 8,000 farmers received seed directly from the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture for experimental i)urposes. 

Accompanying each package of seeds was a Farmers' Bulletin Ko. 3, 
containing full directions for the planting and cultivation of the beets. 
There were also sent to each one receiving a package of seed directions 
for taking samjiles of sugar beets for analysis and forwarding them to 
the Department. These directions were as follows: 

DIRECTIONS FOR TAKING SAMPLES OF SUGAR BEETS FOR ANALYSIS. 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

WasUmjton, D. C, July 1, 1S91. 
When the beets appear to be mature (September 15 to November 15, according to 
the latitude and time of planting) and before any second growth can take phice, 
select an average row and gather every plant along a distance which should vary as 
follows, according to the width between rows: 



8 

From rows 16 inches apart, gather 75 feet ; from rows 18 inches apart, gather 66f 
feet; from rows 20 inches apart, gather 59.i feet; from rows 22 inches apart, 54* feet; 
from rows 24 inches apart, gather 50 feet. 

The number of beets growing in the row, of the length above mentioned, must be 
counted. The tops are then to be removed, the beets carefully washed free of all dirt, 
wiped with a towel, and weighed. Where the row is not long enough to meet the 
conditions, take enough from the adjacent row or rows to make up therequired length. 
The number of beets harvested multiplied by 435.6 will give the total number per 
acre. The totiU weight of beets harvested multiplied by 435.6 will give the yield 
per acre. 

Rows of average excellence must be selected ; avoid the best or poorest. Throw 
the beets promiscuously in a pile and divide the pile in two parts. This subdivision 
may be continued until there are about ten beets in a pile. Of these ten select two 
of medium size. Be cai'eful not to select the largest or smallest. Wrap the beets 
carefully in paper and put your name thereon. Sew the beets up in a cotton bag, 
attach the inclosed shipping tag thereto, and send by mail. 

Fill out blank describing beet, inclose in the envelope, and sew up in bag with 
beets. 

No beets will be analyzed which are not sampled as described above and properly 
identified. 

Miscellaneous analyses of samples without accurate description are of no value. 

It is but jvist to the farmer and the Department that samples should be taken with 
the precautions required. 

Blanks are sent to each one for two sets of samples. From two to four weeks should 
elapse between the times of sending the two sets of samples. 

If additional analyses are required other blanks will be sent on application, but 
not more than four analyses can be made for any one person, except in special cases. 

A model, showing how blanks should be filled out, is inclosed. 

H. W. Wiley, Chemist. 

There was also sent a blank for describing the samples taken, a coi^y 
ofwbicL, tilled in, follows: 

MODEL EUU OESCIIIPTION OV SAMPLE OF SUGAR BEETS. 

Variety Kleinwanzlebener. 

Dale planted May 2, 1891. 

Date harvested November 5, 1891. 

Character of soil black prairie loam; in cultivatiou for twenty years, chiefly 

in corn ; level, tile-drained ; last crop oats 

Chai-acter of cultivation plowed November, 1890, eight inches deep, subsoiled 

six inches; dug twice with disk harrow May 1, 1889; rolled; seed planted with hand 
drill one-half inch deep; hoed by hand May 16; thinned May 29 and 30; plowed with 

horse hoe May 28 and J une 8, 16, 24, and July 3 ; no fertilizers used 

Width between rows 18 inches. 

Number of beets harvested 88 

Total weight of beets harvested 80 pounds. 

Weather May, dry ; June, copious rains ; July, fine growing weather ; August, 

hot and dry ; September, dry until 24th, w hen a heavy ra in fell 

State Iowa. 

Post-oflice Hanover, Buena Vista County. 

Name Kobert Simpson. 

Tlie samples of beets for analysis began to be received in the De- 
partment in Augnst and continued to arrive until February, 1892. The 
total number of sami)les received for analysis, January 1, 1892, was 1,G05. 



It is therefore seen that of the 5,000 original persons to whom packages 
were sent over 32 per cent responded by sending samples for examina- 
tion. As soon as each sample of beets was analyzed a return was made 
to the sender in the following form : 

REPOUT OF ANALYSIS OF SAMPLE OF SUGAR BEETS. 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division of Chemistry, 
WasMvgton, D. C, October 24, 1891. 
From Clarence Reed ; post-office, Veruonia ; State, Oregon ; variety, Kleinwanzle- 
bener; number, 2; serial number, 15838 : 
Average weight of beets: Grams, 275; ounces, 9. 

Sugar: Per cent in beets calculated from per cent sugar in juice, 15.67. 
Sugar: Per cent in juice, 16.5. 
Yield : Tons per acre, 17. 

* Coefficient of purity, 83.9. t Probable yield of sugar per acre from a crop of 17 tons : 
pounds,4,036. 

Respectfully, 

H. W. Wiley, 

Chemist. 

One of the most striking features in regard to this method of conduct- 
ing experimental work is found in the fact that it is ahnost impossible 
to secure comjiliance with directions. It is evident at once that the 
value of experimental work depends upon the care with which it is 
done and the accuracy with which the directions prescribed are followed. 
It is not to be wondered at that farmers, busy with their other occupa- 
tions, failed to comply with the minute directions necessary to secure 
the greatest advantage in experimental work. 

Very few of the blanks were returned properly filled out. In many 
cases the data which were returned were palpably erroneous. In one 
instance a yield of 99 tons per acre was reported, and in a great many 
cases the yield i)er acre was so great as to show inaccuracy on the 
part of the measurement of the land or the weighing of the beets. 
In making out returns for such reported phenomenal yields the theo- 
retical quantity of sugar per acre given was always questioned. We 
are accustomed to look with suspicion upon any yield of sugar beets 
which exceeds 25 tons per acre. While it is not impossible to secure a 
higher yield than this, and of beets of good saccharine quality, yet it 
is so rare as to throw doubt upon miscellaneous data showing an excess 
of that yield. 

Another point which makes the returns obtained less valuable is 
found in the fact of the length of time which necessarily elapsed be- 
tween the harvesting of the beets and their reception at the laboratory. 

*The coefficient of purity is the per cent of sugar in the total solids of the juice of 
the beet. 

tThis number is only ap^noximate, and shows the quantity of merchantable sugar 
which might be expected per acre from the yield, as reported by you, if manufac- 
tured by the best aj)proved modern process. 



10 

Kearly all the samples received were from distant States, requiring for 
l)ackages of this kind from three to eight days in the mails. Although 
the beets were in most cases well wrapj^ed according to direction, our 
experiments have shown that they must have lost a considerable quantity 
of moisture by evaporation during their long transit. The data, there- 
fore, showing the content of sugar in the juice would be uniformly too 
high for normal beets. It is estimated that not less than 10 to 15 per 
cent should in general be subtracted from the yield of sugar to express 
the normal i^ercentage of sugar in the beets as originally harvested. 

On account of the great number of samples received it was imprac- 
ticable to determine the content of sugar directly in the beet pulp, 
either by cold instantaneous diffusion or by alcohol extraction. Re- 
course was had to the simpler method of calculating the quantity of 
sugar in the beet from the percentage of sugar found in the juice. This 
quantity was obtained by multiplying the percentag'e of sugar in the 
juice by 95 on the assumption that the beet contained 95 per cent of 
juice and 5 per cent of pulp. It is possible that, for the reasons above 
mentioned, this result is also too high, inasmuch as the beets having 
dried out would probably contain a larger percentage of pulp than that 
mentioned. At any rate the numbers give for all practical purposes 
the percentage of sugar which the beets contained and it was not 
intended that the analyses should be scientifically accurate. The com- 
parisons among the beets received from different parts of the country 
must be considered just, with the exceptions before noted that some of 
them being longer in transit than others would suffer a greater loss of 
water. For this reason it would be expected that beets received from 
Washington ajul Oregon would show an apparently higher content of 
sugar than beets of equal original richness received from Maryland or 
Virginia. 

The work of the Department has certainly resulted in great good in 
interesting people in all parts of the country in the problem of sugar- 
beet culture. The Secretary of Agriculture has, however, decided not 
to make as large a distribution of sugar-beet seed in the manner 
practiced during the past two years, but to concentrate his eftbrts in 
the development of a sugar-beet station, in which practical illustrations 
can be given of the very best methods of sugar-beet culture and the 
selection of mothers for the prodnction of a high grade of seed. 

In arranging the analyses of the samples of beets which have been sent 
in, they have l)een collected together by Statesand in the States by coun- 
ties. I'he counties ha ve been arranged alphabetically and all the samples 
from each county considered together and an average of the data from 
each county has been obtained. The averages for the States are made 
by samides, which gives the mean composition of all the beets in the State. 
In regard to the data by States it must be renunnbered that they can not 
be taken to represent actually the possibilities of each State in the 
growth of sugar beets. In the first place, the results of a single year 



11 

of culture, however carefully it may be conducted, could not be con- 
clusive in regard to tlie possibilities of any one State or locality in the 
production of beets. In the second place, it must be understood that 
the farmers of different States may not have folloAved exactly the same 
method of sampling- beets. In some of the cases, at least, where the 
general average of the State seems to run low it is found that the average 
weight of the beet was far above that which is required of a beet of 
high saccharine strength. 

The results, therefore, must be simply regarded as tentative, showing 
in gener.al where beets of fine quality can be produced, but not in any 
way deciding on the comparative ability of the several States for the 
production of rich beets. 

The results of the analytical work arranged by States and counties 
are given in the following tables : 



12 











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NOTES ON THE ANALYSES OF BEETS FROM THE DIFFERENT STATES 

AND TERRITORIES. • 

Arizona. — Only two samples were received from this Territory. They 
were both very much overgrown, being about three times as large as 
the normal beet should be. As would be expected the content of sugar 
was very low, the average of the two samples being 7.69 per cent. 

ArTcansas. — Only two samples were received from this State. In the 
first one the beets were of a normal size, weighing 18 ounces, neverthe- 
less the content of sugar was very low. In the second the beets were 
very much overgrown, averaging 62 ounces. 

California. — Eight samples were received from this State. The aver- 
age size of the beets was entirely too large, being 48 ounces. The 
average percentage of sugar in the various samples was 11.06. The 
highest percentage of sugar was 13.35, with a beet weighing 23 ounces, 
and the lowest was 8.35 in a beet weighing 62 ounces. The average 
yield per acre as reported was 14.2 tons, showing a theoretical yield of 
sugar of 2,188 pounds. 

Colorado. — The number of samples from this State was forty-seven, 
representing ten counties. The average percentage of sugar as found 
in the samples was 13.08, and the average weight of the beets 26 ounces. 
Some of the samples gave phenomenally high percentages ot sugar; 
especially is that true of the samples from Yuma County, which, how- 
ever, were very much undergrown, averaging only 6 ounces. The 
county making the best showing, all things considered, is Arapahoe, 
where the average content of sugar in the beet was 14.27, and the aver- 
age weight of the beet 21 ounces. 1:^0 better agricultural result than 
this could be desired, in so far as the size of the beet and the content of 
sugar are concerned. 

Connecticut. — Five samples were received from the State of Connect- 
icut. The mean content of sugar was 10.77, and the average weight 
of the beets 27 ounces. 

Georgia. — Two samples were received from the State of Georgia, both 
from Clarke County. The average content of sugar in the two samples 
was 11.03, and the average weight of the beets 12 ounces. 

Idaho. — One sample was received from Idaho; it had a content of 
sugar of 12.73, and a weight of 15 ounces. 

77 



78 

Illinois. — Thirty-six samples were received from the State of Illinois, 

representing fourteen counties. The average content of sugar was 11.73, 
and the average weight of the beet was 32 ounces. The best showing 
among the counties was made by Lee. which showed an average con- 
tent of 13.61 of sugar in the beet, and an average weight of beet of 
34 ounces. This is a remarkably high content of sugar considering the 
size of the beet produced. All the samples from this county showed 
high results. Another county showing excellent results was Cook, 
where the average content of sugar was 13.48 and the average weight 
of beet 44 ounces. It is very rare to see so high a sugar content with 
a beet of such ^ize. 

IndiaiM. — Seventy-one samples were received from the State of In- 
diana, representing eighteen counties. The average content of sugar 
for the samples for the whole of the State was 11.64. and the average 
weight of the beets 27 ounces. Among the counties Wabash has the 
best results, showing 13.45 per cent of sugar in the beet, with an aver- 
age weight of 30 ounces. All the samples except one received from 
that countj* showed good results. The highest sugar was 13.58, obtained 
in Clinton County, from which, however, only two samples were received. 
This would make it rather unfair to compare it with the other counties 
sending a larger number of samples. Kosciusko County also made a 
good showing, with an average percentage of 11.93 of sugar in the beet, 
irom 16 samples, being the largest number received from any one 
county in the State. 

WORK COXDUCTED BY THE AGRlCrLTUKAI, EXPEBIMEXT 5TATIOX OF IXDIAXA. 

Prof. H. A. Huston, chemist of the Experiment Station of Indiana, conducted an 
extensive series of experiments with sugar beets during the season of 1891, the re- 
sults of which are printed in Bulletin No. 39 for April. 1892. 

A large numher of samples of seeds was sent to farmers in different parts of the 
State and 65 samples of beets were sent in for examination. The mean percentage 
of sugar in the juice of the beets and their mean average weight in ounces are as 
follows : 

Sugar in the juice, per cent 12. 8 

Weight of beets, ounces - 20. 7 

Sixty-six samples of beets grown on the experimental farm of the station were 
also examined and found to contain 12.4 per cent of sugar in the juice. The average 
weight of the beets is not given iu these samples, with the exception of six, and so 
no comparison can be made. 

As a result of the experiments it is concluded that the station will be justified in 
making tests in all parts of the State so that all the different characteristics of the 
soil in the State can be thoroughly studied with reference to the character of beets 
which can be grown upon it. 

A table is given of the relative amount of sugar in three typical sizes of beets : 

Fifteen large beets weighing 40 pounds contained 4 pounds and 4 ounces of sugar. 

Thirty-nine beets of medium size weighing 40 pounds contained 4 pounds and 14 
ounces of sugar, 



79 

Ninety-six small beets weighing 40 pounds contained 5 i>ounds and 10 ounces of 
sugar. 

A table is also given showing the influence on the size of the beets and the amount 
of sugar present in them from planting at different seasons. 

In the sumraarj' it is said that the results of the last year certainly justifies the 
station to continue the experiments with sugar beets in Indiana, and are favorable 
to the establishment of a beet-sugar industry in the State. There seems to be little 
doubt that beets with a good percentage of sugar and with sufficiently pure juice 
can be grown. The fertility of Indiana lands is well enough known to insure an 
abundant yield when proper methods of cultivation are followed. The geograph- 
ical location of the State ; its position in the center of a group of large markets ; its 
cheap fuel, gas, petroleum, and coal; its relatively pure waters; its highly efficient 
transportation facilities by land and water, all favor the introduction of the industry. 

A valuable report on diseases affecting the sugar beet is introduced by Prof. J. C. 
Arthur and Miss Katherine E. Golden. 

Iowa. — Three hundred and twenty-two samples were received from 
the State of Iowa, representing' sixty-one counties. The mean content 
of sugar in the samples Mas 11.82 and the mean weight of the beets 30 
ounces. From Marshall County were received thirty-four samples, 
showing an average content of 11.54 of sugar in the beet and an 
average weight of 21 ounces. From Muscatine County were received 
thirty -tliree samples, showing 14.10 ])er cent of sugar in the beet and 
an average weight of 26 ounces. This is a magnificent showing, and 
indicates that iu this couuty the beets must have been cultivated 
in accordance with the directions sent, or that the soil of the county 
is especially suited to the growth of the sugar beet. There is only one 
sample among the whole number that can be considered as poor, while 
many of them are above the average in richness. It can not be that 
among so many samples, good results are due to accident. Thirty- 
one samples were received from Scott County, showing an average of 
sugar in the beet of 12.63 and an average weight of 29 ounces. This is 
also a most encouraging result. Mneteen samples were received from 
Dallas County, showing an average of 11.96 of sugar in the beet and an 
average weight of 23 ounces. This is also an encouraging result. 
Eighteen samples were received from Allamakee County, showing 
an average content of sugar in the beet of 12.64, and an average weight 
of beet of 40 ounces. This must also be regarded as a high content of 
sugar, considering the excessive size of the beets. The above comprises 
all the counties sending a large number of samples. Many of the coun- 
ties sending a smaller number of samples show excellent results, but 
of course the greater reliance must be placed on those counties tvom 
which the larger number of samples was received. 

It will be interesting to compare these results with those obtained at 
the experiment station at Ames. This institution distributed large 
quantities of seed, received chiedy from the Department of Agriculture, 
and had samples sent directly to the laboratory at the station for ex- 
amination, where they were analyzed by Prof. G. E. Patrick. Experi- 



80 

ments were made upon the station grounds with dififerent varieties, 
which yielded the following results : 











.a 


go- 
es CO 




ca 
to 




h 




fco 












« 






3 














1 






% . 


««3 


4.3 

.d 


<M 09 


o 

'B 




S 


•si 


1 






>. 


Soil conditions. 


<D O 




'S 


a a 


o 






a.g 


o 




1 


> 




3 


1- 








O o 


1 


ID 

i 


d 
fii 














oz. 








oz. 






1 


Apr. 15 


German 


Upland sandy loam 


28. 163 


10 


16.7 


14.62 


77.7 


11 


27.5 


11.49 


75.3 


2 


May 25 


French . 


Low rich loam 


21. 28 


12 


20.0 


12. 19 


72.5 


15 


16.0 


12.19 


75.5 


;< 


May 25 


...do .... 


Medium sand loam 


24 


14 


12.5 


13.02 


75.5 


15 


10.0 


12.13 


75.2 


4 


May 9 


...do .... 


Low rich loam .... 


25.76 


10 


36.5 


11.09 


72.1 


8 


37.5 


11. 32 


7.3.5 


5 


May VA 


...do .... 


Timber clay loam . 


17.6 


12 


12.5 


14.47 


80.1 


15 


12.5 


13. 80 


78.3 


fi 


May 13 


German . 


....do 


15. 86 


13 


11.5 


15.73 


78.3 


11 


11.0 


14. 12 


80.1 


7 


May 20 


...do 


Same as No. 1 and 
lime. 


18.5 


11 


20.0 


11.87 


70.4 


12 


12.0 


12.89 


76.9 


8 


May 20 


...do.... 


Same as No. 1 and 
sugar fertilizer. 


18.3 


11 


15.5 


13.15 


76.0 


9 


10.0 


13.02 


73.8 


9 


May 20 


. .do.... 


Same as No. 1 and 
vegetable ferti- 
lizer. 


19.1 


12 


12.0 


14.21 


76.2 


13 


15.5 


11. 72 


70.8 


10 


May 25 


...do-... 


Same as No. 1, sub- 
soiled. 


19.36 


12 


16.0 


13.45 


75.8 


12 


10.5 


13.46 


77.3 


11 


May 13 


French . 


Stitf timber clay . . 


8.5 


12 


9.0 


15.41 


51.0 


11 


9.5 


14.29 


78.2 


12 


May 13 


Desprez 


Timber clay loam . 


12.32 


13 


11.5 


15.71 


82.5 


10 


12.5 


15.05 


85.4 














So 




^ 




o 


O 




a 
■-S 










a o 




•si 


"3 


"Si 


p <0 


6 


Cm 
O 


• 

1 


Soil condi 


tions. 




S 1=1 

2 ^ 


"v 


a. a 


o 




OS 

1 


"^ 


p 


t> 








Izi-" 


^ 


fW 


P4 


<1 


<t 


1 


Apr. 15 
May 25 




Upland sandy loai 
Low rich loam . . . 






10 


OZ. 

20.5 


12.77 


74.3 


12.96 


75.7 


?, 


French . . 






15 


15.5 


12.72 


74.0 


12.36 


74.0 


S 


May 25 
May 9 
May 13 


...do 

...do 

...do 


Medium sand loan 






13 
U 

18 


14.5 

55.0 
11. 


13.44 
12.17 
14. 65 


76.6 

72.8 
76.9 


12.86 
11.52 
14.30 


75.4 


4 






72.8 


5 


Timber clay loam 






78.4 


fi 


May 13 


German . . 


do.... 






17 


14.5 


14.29 


76.7 


14.71 


78.3 


7 


May 20 


...do 


Same as No. 1 and 


lime 




14 


15.5 


13.46 


73. 5 


12.74 


73.6 


8 


May 20 


...do 


Same as No. 1 an 


d sugar 


ferti- 


10 


11.0 


14. 62 


71.9 


13. .59 


73.5 


9 


May 20 


...do 


Same as No. 1 a 
fertilizer. 


ad voge 


table 


13 


12.5 


13.66 


72.1 


13.19 


73.0 


10 


May 25 


...do 


Same as No. 1, sub 


soiled .. 




14 


9.0 


15.92 


7.3.9 


14.27 


77.0 


11 


May 13 


French . . 


Stiff timber clay . 






12 


9.0 


14.84 


79.0 


14.84 


79.4 


12 


May 13 


Desprez . 


Timber clay loam 






14 


14.0 


15 17 


79 1 


15. 31 


82.3 














1 




1 





The experiment station field consisted of 1.3 acres. The cost of culti- 
vation and harvesting was $51.25, or at the rate of $39.42 per acre. 

The beets were grown in rows 23 inches from center to center and 
the plants were thinned to 8 inches apart in the rows. The chief con- 
clusions drawn from the experimental work at the station were as fol- 
lows: 

(1) Early planting gave the greatest tonnage and the most sugar per acre. 

(2) Very large beets did not sugar well. 

(3) Stibsoiling gave the best-shaped beets and the highest per cent of sugar in No- 
vember, needing the least trimming. 

(4) Cutworms destroyed most of our early plantings, but did not affect the later 
plantings. 



81 

(5) Per cent of sngar was affected by second growth in October or by absorbing 
moisture from the rains after long drouth, or both. 

(6) Yiehl per acre has much to do with the profitableness of the crop; and 

(7) While our highest analysis came from beets averaging 13 ounces, trimmed, and 
yielding 12.32 tons per acre, our largest yield of sugar per acre came from beets 
averaging 21 ounces, trimmed, and yielding 28.163 tons per acre. 

(8) Clay soil gave us the highest per cent of sugar and comiiaratively higher purity 
and the lowest tonuage per acre. 

(9) Three plats fertilized with lime, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, gave no 
evident benefit. 

(10) The average per cent of sugar was 14.14, and the average yield about 20 tons 
an acre, and the cost of growing and harvesting $39.42 an acre. The highest sugar 
in beets, per acre, was 7.299 pounds. 

The foregoing comments on the work were taken from the bulletin of 
the station No. 15. From the same bulletin, also, the following extracts 
are taken, relating to the experiments laade by the farmers in the dif- 
ferent parts of the State of Iowa. 

In all 502 samples were received, and fifty-one counties were repre- 
sented. The average percentages of sugar in the beets as analyzed at 
the Iowa Experiment Station laboratory, were as follows : 



County. 



Dickinson . . 
Allamakee.. 
Plj'moulh . . . 
Pocahontas . 

Fayette 

Ida 

Webster 

Hardin 

Black Hawk 

Greene 

Story 

Shelby 

Dallas 

Jasper 

Marion 

Cedar 

Cass 

Mahaska . . . 
Montgomery 

Union .. 

Taylor 



Per- 
cent aj 



County. 



Mitchell .... 
Chickasaw. . 
Buena Vista 

Wright 

Clayton 

Sac 

Hamilton . . . 

Grundy 

Carroll 

Boone 

Linn 

Guthrie 

Polk 

Warren 

Poweshiek. . 

Scott 

Warren 

Keokuk 

Adams 

Page 

Decatur 



Per- 
centage. 



12.10 
13.21 
10. 34 
13.22 
11.80 

9.94 
11.31 
11.76 
12. 08 

9.58 
10.76 

6.91 
11.35 
10.89 
11.89 
13.44 
11.53 

8.87 
12.20 

9.74 

7.51 



On account of the large number of samples received from Muscatine 
County the analyses are divided into three groups. The first group 
contained 53 samples and had a mean percentage of sugar in the beet 
of 11.96. The second group contained 61 samples and had a mean per- 
centage of sugar in the beet of 12.29. The third group contained 96 
samples and contained a mean percentage of 13.64 of sugar in the beet. 
This is also a remarkable showing, and corresponds with the results 
obtained on the beets from this county analyzed in the laboratory of 
the Department of Agriculture, where 31 samples showed an average 
of 14.11 per cent of sugar. Certainly no further evidence than this 
will be needed to convince anyone that the county of Muscatine, in Iowa, 
19864— No, 33 Q 



82 

judging- at least by one season's work, is extremely well adapted to tlie 
prodnction of sugar beets of high quality. 

In regard to the tables the following remarks are found in Bulletin 
15: 

The average results for different counties show in some instances wide differences 
in quality of the beets. But Avide differences are also found between the beets 
grown on different farms in the same county, and even between those of different 
plats or fields of the same farm. Some of these differences may be, probably are, due 
to the soil itself, but without doubt very many are due to the modes of preparing the 
soil and cultivating the crop. Therefore it is not safe to assume that the relative 
adaptability of the different counties to the beet-sugar industry is truly, or even ap- 
proximately, represented by the results of a single year's investigation — and this is 
of course especially true of those counties from which but few samples were received. 

It is true the results of the State as a whole do not indicate as high an average 
quality of beet as is reported fi'om some States in the drier regions further wcot and 
northwest; but on the other hand the average yield of beet per acre is in Iowa very 
much larger than is possible in those States, without iri'igation. Therefore, even 
should this indication regarding quality be in future verified (it is now only an indi- 
cation), that difference Avould probably be more than balanced by the superior yield 
per acre possible with the soil and climate of Iowa. It is generally asserted, and 
doubtless with truth, that for profitable sugar manufacture there is required an aver- 
age quality of beet represented by a sugar content of at least 12 j)er cent (on the 
beet) and a purity coefficient of nearly 80 or upwards. But quality of beet is not 
all. Plainly, the yield of beets per acre is an equally important factor in determining 
jirofit. 

Kansas. — Thirty- six samples were received from the State of Kansas, 
representing seventeen counties. The mean results for the whole State 
were, sugar in the beet, 10.69, and average weight of beet, 33 ounces. 
The counties showing good results were Harvey, two samples averaging 
3.01 of sugar in the beet, with an average weight of 22 ounces; and 
Edwards County, one sample with 14.8 per cent of sugar in the beet 
and with an average weight of 43 ounces. This is a very high result 
considering the size of the beet. 

EXPERIMENTS WITH BEETS AT THE SORGHUM EXPERIMENT STATION, STERLING, 

KANSAS. 

An acre and a half was planted in beets, of the Vilmorin and Kleiuwauzlebener 
varieties. The land was plowed in the fall ; in the spring it was plowed and also 
subsoiled to a depth of 12 inches. The seed was planted April 15, in rows 18 
inches apart, at the rate of 15 pounds per acre. The expense of growing the beets, 
including rent of land at $3.50 per acre, labor at $1.50 per day, seed at 25 cents per 
pound, and the expense of harvesting, not including hauling the beets, was $72. 

The beets yielded 17 tons per acre of clean, topped beets. The average per cent- 
age of sugar in the beets, when harvested, was 11.97. The purity was 80. Assum- 
ing that the beets were worth $3 per ton, the crop was worth, at a factory, $76..50. 
It is believed that by planting in 30-inch rows, using a horse cultivator instead of 
performing all the labor by hand, and having experience in beet growing, the exjiense 
could be lessened and the profit could be increased. On this point the conclusions 
of the AVisconsin Exi)eriment Station appear correct. 

Kentucky. — Three samples were received from the State of Kentucky, 
representing two counties. The average xiercentage of sugar in the 
beets was 9,12 an(J the average weight of the beets 34 ounces. 



83 

Maryland. — Only two vsamples were received from this State, both 
from Prince George County. The mean content of sugar was 7.36 per 
cent and the mean weight of the beets 10 ounces. 

Michigan. — Fifty samples were received from the State of Michigan, 
representing twenty-one counties. The average j)ercentage of sugar in 
the beets was 12.04 and the average weight of beet 32 ounces. The 
results from the State are very encouraging. Allegan County leads the 
list of counties with a percentage of sugar in the beet of 10.34 and an 
average weight of beet of 20 ounces, obtained from three samples. 
Osceola County comes next with an average percentage of sugar in the 
beet of 15.40 and an average weight of beet of 25 ounces. Next comes 
Gratiot with four samples, with an average of 14.30 per cent of sugar 
in the beet and an average weight of beet of 20 ounces. The number 
of samples from any one county is not large, yet on the whole the re- 
sults show that Michigan is particularly well adapted to the growth of 
sugar beets of high cpiality. 

Extensive experiiuents ^yore conducted in Michigan by Dr. R. C. Kedzie, chemist of 
the Agricultural Experiment Station, during the season of 1891. The results are 
published in Bulletin 82 of tlie Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. 

The tabulation of the results is made by districts. The western district, consisting 
of five counties, reported an average of 15 tons of beets per acre, with a sugar 
percentage in the juice of 14.23. The southeastern district, consisting of four 
counties, reported an average of 16.5 tons per acre and an average percentage of 
sugar in the Juice of 13. .52. The central district, consisting of four counties, reported 
an average of 13 tons per acre and 14.33 per ceut of sugar in the juice. The north- 
eastern district, consisting of three counties, reported an average of 15 tons per acre 
and 13.29 per cent of sugar in the juice. 

Dr. Kedzie states that from the standiioiut of the manufacturer the outlook is 
promising. An average of nearly 14 per cent of sugar and a coefficient of imrity of 
above 80 renders the prospect of making sugar at a profit extremely flattering. He 
advises investors to be slow about establishing a sugar factory and to consider all 
the problems connected therewith before investing their money. This is certainly 
very good advice. 

It is announced that tlie station will not undertake further experiments in the dis- 
tribution of beet seed and the investigation of the subject of sugar-making, and this 
is certainly a subject of regret. With such promising results as have been obtained 
by Dr. Kedzie, there are certainly very good reasons for going ahead and making a 
thorough study of the State in regard to its sugar-producing properties. 

The total number of samples examined was 229, and the mean results of the average 
weight, average percentage of sugar in the juice, and average coefficient of purity 
are as follows : 

Grams. Ounces. 

Average weight of beets 992. 25 35 

Per cent sugar in juice 13 79 

Purity coefficient 86. 30 

These results are certainly qf the most encouraging character. The content of 
sugar is ren^arkably high when the overweight of the beets is taken into considera- 
tion. 

Minnesota. — Forty-one samples were received from the State of Min- 
nesota from eighteen counties. The average per cent of sugar in the 
beet was 12,38, average weight of 29 ounces. The county showing th^ 



84 

highest results was Polk, averaging 15.42 per cent of sugar in the 
beet and 30 ounces in weight. Next on the list comes Goodhue County 
with four samples, averaging 15 \)ev cent of sugar and 20 ounces in 
weight. Next Faribault, with four samx^les, averaging 12.4:2 percentage 
of sugar and 27 ounces in weight. 

Missouri. — Sixty-seven samples were received from the State of Mis- 
souri. The average percentage of sugar in the beet for the whole State 
was 10.42, and the average weight of beets 20 ounces. The best result is 
reported from Caldwell County, showing 15.41 percentage of sugar in 
the beet and a weight of 12 ounces. The next best result is from 
Knox County, four sami)les with an average of 13.36 jjer cent of sugar 
in the beet and an average weight of 9 ounces. This must not be 
considered a very high content of sugar for beets so greatly uudergrown. 
The low result in this State as a whole is due to the belated samples 
sent by the State Experiment Station. These samples were not received 
until late in January and some of them were in a very poor condition. 
Especially hard on the State average are the results of Nos. 16670 and 
16671, comprising samples of beets wholly unfit for any use. 

Quite remarkable, however, is the result reported from Livingston 
County. One sample weighing 64 ounces contained 11.90 per cent of 
sugar. On the whole it appears that had the beets grown in Missouri 
been cultivated under proper scientific conditions so as to keep the size 
down to the normal, the content of sugar in them would have compared 
favorably with that of any other State. 

Montana. — Forty-one samples were received from this State, repre- 
senting five counties, of Avhich Gallatin County furnished thirty. The 
average content of sugar for the State was 13.23, and the average weight 
of the beets 25 ounces, Gallatin County, with thirty samples, shows an 
average content of sugar in the beet of 13.75 and an average weiglit of 
beet of 20 ounces. This is certainly a most excellent result. The highest 
percentage in the samples is found in those from Missoula County, 
containing 15.82 per cent of sugar in the beet and having an aver- 
age weight of 28 ounces. There were, however, only two samples 
from this county. The next best result is also from a county which fur- 
nished only two samples, Lewis and Clarke County, showing an average 
content of sugar in the beet of 15.46, and an average weight of beet of 
19 ounces. 

Nebraska. — The number of samples received from Nebraska was sixty- 
two, representing twenty-nine counties. The average content of sugar 
in the beet for the whole State was 11.67 and the average weight of the 
beet 35 ounces. Among the counties showing the highest results may 
be mentioned Richardson, one sample having 15.82 per cent of sugar 
and a weight of 13 ounces. Howard County, two samples, averaging 
14.54 per cent of sugar and 24 ounces in weight. Boxbutte County 
sent two samples showing 16.22 per cent of sugar and an average 
weight of 31 ounces. Saline County, two samples, showing 14.21 per 



85 

cent of sugar and an average weight of 30 ounces. From some of the 
counties in Nebraska very poor samples of beets were received, and 
these tend to lower the average of the whole State. In many of the 
counties the results compare favorably with those from any part of the 
country. 

EXPERIMENTAL WORK CONDUCTEP BY THE EXPERIMEXT STATIOX OF NEBRASKA ON 

SUGAR BEETS. 

Conducted by Profs. Nicholson and Loyd. 

[Abstract of results in Bulletin 21 of the Nebraska Station.] 

The work -was divided into two sections, viz, the first section conducted on the 
experimental farm of the station, and the second section conducted by distributing 
seeds to various localities throughout the State and analyzing the samples received 
from the different growers. 

Phenomenal yields were obtained on the station plats. 

Plat A yielded 34 long tons per acre with a sugar content of 14.8 per cent. 

Plat B yielded 31 long tons per acre with 13.0 per cent of sugar. 

Plat C yielded 31.3 long tons per acre with 13.5 per cent of sugar. 

Plat D yielded 30.5 long tons per acre with 14.2 per cent of sugar. 

Plat E yielded 30.8 long tons per acre with 12.9 per cent of sugar. 

Another series of experiments was made to test the value of agricultural imple- 
ments, and a third series to determine the effect of fertilizers. Bone dust, kaiuit, 
nitrate of soda, guano, and phosphate were used singly and in mixtures without any 
appreciably good effect upon the sugar content or touuage of the beets. The average 
yield in tons -per acre from these various plats was 15.5, and the average content of 
sugar 13.3 per cent. The average cost per acre of the different plats harvested and 
placed in the silo varied from $32.75 to $29.14. 

As a resulc of the whole study it was found that the newer ground not subsoiled 
yielded on the average about 13 tons of tapped beets per acre ; whilst the same 
ground, that had been thoroughly stirred to a depth of 16 inches, gave an averao-e 
yield of nearly 16 tons to tlie acre; while on the older ground, that which for a long 
time had been under thorough cultivation, and had been thoroughly subsoiled, the 
average yield rose to 31.5 tons. 

It was found that in rainy weather in the autumn that by loosening the beets in 
the row and allowing them to remain without harvesting, the sugar was preserved 
better than if they were not so loosened. Comparative experiments showed that 
with beets loosened in the row and left standing the average percentage of sugar 
was 13.9, while in those which liad not been loosened it dropped to 12.8. 

In the second series of experiments, viz, those in which seeds were sent to the 
farmers, eighty-eight samples were received from the fanners, the average weight of 
which was 22.74 ounces, and the average percentage of sugar (presumably in the 
juice) rej>orted from the analyses was 13.09. 

Nevada. — Eighteen sami^les were received from this State, from 
three counties of which one, Washoe, furnished fifteen. The average 
percentage of sugar in the beet for the State was 17.2 and the average 
weight of beet 11 ounces. Washoe County, which practically furnished 
all the samples from the State, also leads in the quality of the beets ob- 
tained. The numbers representing their quality are almost phenomenal 
with the exception of the average weight, which is only about what it 
should be. This doubtless accounts for the fact that the beets were so 
exceptionally rich. The fifteen samples from this county showed an 



86 

average percentage^f sugar in tlie beet of 18.02 and an average weigTit 
of ounces. 

Neio Hampshire. — Only one sample was received from this State, 
which contained 11.(34 per cent of sugar and weighed 19 ounces. 

New Jersey. — Only one sample was received from this State, which 
contained 7.33 per cent of sugar, with a weight of 17 ounces. 

Neio Mexico. — Seventeen samples were received from the Territory of 
New Mexico, showing an average content of sugar of 13.8 and an aver- 
age weight of 28 ounces. Eddy County, which furnished the largest 
number of samples, also leads the list in regard to quality, showing an 
average of 14.45 per cent of sugar and a weight of 27 ounces. This result 
is exceptionally fine and shows that the possibilities of the production 
of beets of high saccharine richness is very flattering. 

New York. — Four samples were received from the State of New 
York, and the average content of sugar was 11.58 and the average 
weight 32 ounces. Three counties sent samples. The best sample 
was received from Genesee Oounty, with 13.02 percentage of sugar and 
a weight of 23 ounces. Erie sent two samples with an average con- 
tent of sugar of 12.25 and an average weight of 33 ounces. 

North BaJcota. — There were received by the Department from North 
Dakota eleven samples from six counties. The mean percentage of 
sugar for the State was 11.84, and the mean weight of the beets 23 
ounces. The best results by counties were from Mcintosh. 

Bulletin No. 5 of the Experiment Station of North Dakota, issued in 
February, 1892, contains an account of the results with sugar beets in 
that State during the season of 1891. 

Seed of the standard varieties of sugar beets was distributed to dif- 
ferent parts of the State and one hundred and forty-four samples., were 
received for analysis. In general it may be said that the samples were 
somewhat overgrown, as will be seen from the average weight. The 
percentage of sugar in the juice and the purity are also rather low; 
lower than would be expected, in fact, for that locality. 

Mr. E. F. Ladd, who conducted the analyses, makes the following 
summary of the results : 

(1) The oue liuudretl and tweuty-nine samples of beets aualyzed gave au average 
sugar coutent (sucrose) of 11.43 percent. 

(2) Many of the samples of beets sent for analysis ^Yere harvested before the sugar 
in the beets was fully formed; in other words, before the beets were ripe. 

(3) In many cases the beets had not received j)roper treatment and much of the 
root grew above ground. 

(4) In many instances the ground was not plowed to sufficient depth, not more 
than 6 inches deep, leaving a hard, impenetrable subsoil below, and the beets grew 
prongy and of ill sh;i^)e — such as would be rejected at the factory. 

(5) To grow sugar beets for the factory the land should be plowed to a depth of 
8 to 10 inches; the beets grow well in the ground, for the part above ground is of 
inferior quality and generally rejected at the factory. 

(6) The large beets are not the best for sugar. Beets weighing above 3 pounds 
have a less per cent of sugar than the smaller beets. 



87 

(7) For the present it is my belief tliat for the most of North Dakota other infliis- 
tries will be found more profitable for both mauufacturer aud farmer than the sugar- 
beet industry. 

It will be seen from the coiicliisious which he reaches and which are 
justly based ui)()U the analyses made, that he is not disposed to favor- 
ably consider that the sugar beet has a j)romising future in North 
Dakota. I am inclined to the opinion, however, that with more sci- 
entific methods of culture the results obtained in North Dakota will 
prove much more encouraging than those secured in the last year. 

From the data given in the bulletin as printed the mean figures of 
the samjjles analyzed are as follows : 

Average weight of beets in grams 822. 90 

Per cent sugar in juice 11. 36 

Purity coefficient 74. 00 

Ohio. — Sixty-six samples were received from the State of Ohio, repre- 
senting twenty counties. The average content of sugar in the beets 
from the whole of the State was 11.33 and the average weight of the 
beets 31 ounces. Morrow County is best on the list with samples, 
showing 16.44 per cent of sugar and an average weight of 22 
ounces. Hancock County furnished rich samples, four in number, aver- 
aging 16.32 ]ier cent of sugar in the beet and 19 ounces in weight. One 
of the samples, No. 26614, received from Ohio, deserves special mention 
on account of its high content of sugar and its high purity. It con- 
tained 20.19 per cent of sugar with a purity of 87.4. Trumbull County 
sent six samples, with an average of sugar in the beet of 13.12 and an 
average weight of 25 ounces. Ashtabula County sent two samples 
with an average content of sugar of 13.19 and an average weight of 25 
ounces. The largest part of the samples were from Erie County, which 
furnished eighteen, with an average content of 11.5 of sugar and having 
an average weight of 32 ounces. Many of the sam])les from Erie County 
were of exceptional richness, but others were as exceptionally poor, 
which pulled down the average to the number given. 

OMahoma. — One sample was received froni the Territory of Oklahoma, 
very much overgrown, showing only 6.37 i^er cent of sugar. 

Oregon. — Thirty-five samples were received from the State of Ore- 
gon, containing an average percentage of 13.8 of sugar and with au 
average weight of 23 ounces. Samples were received from fourteen 
counties. The richest sami^le was received from Jackson County, show- 
ing 17.99 per cent of sugar with a weight of 20 ounces. The next best 
results were from Clackamas County, three samples averaging 14.78 per 
cent of sugar with an average weight of 21 ounces; Columbia County, 
three samples with an average per cent of sugar of 14.56 and au 
average weight of 19 ounces; Coos County, five samples, showing an 
average of 13,83 per cent of sugar with au average weight of 30 
ounces, and Lane ( '<mnty, six samples, showing 13.53 per cent of sugar 
and averaging 20 ounces in weight. The samples from Oregon are 



88 

uniformly rich in quality, and if they truly represent the capabilities of 
the State, there certainly is a bright future for the beet-sugar industry on 
that portion of the Pacific coast. 

SUGAR BEETS AT ORKGOX EXPERIMENTAT, STATION. 

Experiments were conducted by the Experiment- Station of Oregon during the year 
1891 on the culture of sugar beets and the analysis thereof, and the results obtained 
are issued in Bulletin No. 17 of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. 

The standard varieties of sugar-beet seed were obtained and distributed to fiirmers 
in dififerent parts of the State. A circular showing the best methods of cultivation 
was also sent out with the beets for the guidance of the farmers. Accomjiauying the 
report is a valuable contribution to the study of the climate and soil of the State in 
regard to the production of the sugar beet, and that portion of the State which is 
supposed to be most favorable to it is marked on a map. Tables showing the amount 
of rainfall in different parts of the State are also given. It is noticed that, in gen- 
eral, the spring rains lasted until quite late, thereby causing delay in the time ot 
planting. Almost the whole of the planting was done in May, while in ordinary 
seasons a good portion of it could have been accomplished in April. 

The number of samples analyzed was 95. The results are certainly encouraging 
and show that the sugar beet has great possib ilities in the State. The report was 
prepared by G. W. Shaw, chemist, and Dnmont Lotz, assistant chemist. In the con- 
clusions which they draw from the analyses they sta te that the investigations have 
progressed far enough to indicate that there are sections in the State naturally 
adapted to the culture of the sugar beet, and these sections are noticed by shaded 
lines on the map. It is not suggested that the farmers should give up other crops to 
grow sugar beets, but that they should combine beet growing with the regular farm 
work. 

An extended plan for experiments to be made in 1892 is also given. 

The meau data from the analyses reported are as follows: 

Average weight of beets in grams *608. 50 

Per cent sucrose in j nice 13. 75 

Purity coefficient 77.57 

Pennsylvania. — Seven samples, showing an average content of 13.29 
of sugar and an average weight of 22 ounces, were received. Five 
counties were represented. Tlie highest result was obtained from Butler 
County, one sample showing 15.53 jjer cent of sugar and weighing 17 
ounces. Lackawanna County, with two samples, showed a sugar content 
of 15.51 and an average weight of 18 ounces. The results from Penn- 
sylvania are also of a most encouraging nature, although the number of 
samples is entirely too small to enter into a general comparison. 

South Dalcota. — Two hundred and two samples were received from the 
State of South Dalcota, showing an average content of sugar of 12.45 
and an average weight of 22 ounces. Forty-five counties furnished 
samples, of which Brown County famished forty-nine, showing an average 
content of 12.70 of sugar and an average weight of 17 ounces. The 
county furnishing the next largest number of samples was Lake, from 
which twenty-nine samples were received, showing an average content 
of 11.01 of sugar and an average weight of 23 ounces. The richest 

* Excluding one beet weighing 10 pounds. 



89 

beets received from South Dakota were from Faulk County. In gen- 
eral, the character of the beets from South Dakota is of a high order, 
the State showing remarkable facilities for producing beets of great 
saccharine strength. 

Tennessee. — Five samples were received, showing an average content 
of 8.77 of sugar and an average weight of 20 ounces. The richest beet 
received from Tennessee was from Davidson County, and showed 14.82 
per cent of sugar and weighed 11 ounces. The rest of the samples 
from that State were of a poor quahty. 

Texas. — Ten samples were received from the State of Texas, showing 
an average content of sugar of 10.31 and an average weight of 23 
ounces. Samples were received from seven counties. The richest sam- 
ple was received from Mason County, with a content of sugar of 13.92, 
but weighing only 5 ounces. 

Virginia. — Seventy-two samples were received from the State of Vir- 
ginia, of which 33 were from Augusta County and 29 from Frederick 
County. The average for the State is 11.12 per cent of sugar and 21 
ounces the average weight. On the whole, the best results were obtained 
from Frederick County, with 29 samples showing 11.93 percent of sugar 
in the beet and an average weight of 25 ounces. The average for 
Augusta County, with 33 samples, was 11.06 per cent of sugar in the 
beet and an average weight of 18 ounces. 

Washington. — Eleven samples were received from the State of Wash- 
ington, from six counties. The average content of sugar in the beets 
from the State was 14.47 and the average weight 18 ounces. The rich- 
est samples, two in number, were from Stevens County, showing an 
average of 17.51 j)er centof sugar and averaging in weightonly 10 ounces. 
The two sami)les from Whatcom County showed an average content of 
15.70 of sugar and an average weight of 18 ounces. With the exception 
of two, Kos. 15263 and 15264, all the samples received from the State of 
Washington were of a high saccharine strength. 

WisQonsin. — Four hundred aod fiffcy-one samples were received from 
Wisconsin, representing sixty counties. The average content of sugar 
in the beets for the whole State was 11.05 and the weight of the beets 
26 ounces. The richest beets were received from Ozaukee County, five 
samples showing an average of 13.42 per cent of sugar and averag- 
ing 17 ounces in weight. Jeifersou County, with nineteen samples, 
showed an average content of sugar of 13.08 with an average weight 
of 24 ounces. One very poor sample is found in this county, viz. No. 
15443. Marquette County furnished five samples with an average of 
13.06 per cent of sugar and an average weight of 12 ounces. There 
is also one very poor sample from this county, viz, No. 15174. In 
general the results from Wisconsin are more reliable on account of the 
large number of samples which was sent. Where so many causes 
enter to disturb the accuracy of the data obtained, as is the case in 
experimental work of this kind, the greater the number of samples 
which can be obtained the greater the reliability of the results. 



90 

This cxporimontal work in Wisconsin was snppleiiioiitod also by an 
extensive series of experiments carried on by the Agricultural Exj>eri- 
nient Station of the State, under the auspices of the Department of 
Agriculture. The following data give the results of these experiments : 

SUGAR BEET EXPERIMENTS IN WISCONSIN IN 1891. 
By F. W. WOLL. 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 

Madison, Wis., Felruary S, 1SD2. 

Dear Sir: I transmit herewith our report of beet-sugar investigatious for this 
State during the seasou of 1891. 

The report shows that we distributer! a thousand pounds of seed among 850 farmers 
in the spring. In the fall 373 sample lots of beets were received at the station grown 
from the seed distributed in the spring. Had not a drought of almost unknown 
severity prevailed during the growing season, a much larger number of farmers 
would have sent in samples, as we received scores of letters from parties who had 
received seed, stating that they had been unable to grow any beets. The results of 
these analyses show 7.12 as the lowest per cent of sugar, highest 23.52, the average 
for the 373 samples being 12.56, with an average estimated yield of beets of over 15 
tons to the acre. 

At this station 2 acres of beets were grown, with every prospect in the spring of 
marked success, as the soil was well adapted to the roots and the stand of young 
plants remarkably even and uniform. The drought, however, cut the yield down to 
a little more than 14 tons for the 2 acres. Had there been a normal amount of rain- 
fall, the yield would have been not less than 50 tons from the same plat. 

Eleven varieties were planted in the station plat. The report shows the average 
per cent of sucrose in the beets grown by us to have been 15.5 per cent, with 13.27 per 
cent and 17.56 per cent as lowest and highest limit. 

Much interest has been awakened in this State by the study of the sugar-beet 
plant carried on by this station under your direction, and I think it would be veiy 
unfortunate if the work were dropped at this time. While some other States have 
gone ahead faster than Wisconsin in the establishment ot beet-sugar factories, I 
believe we have really lost nothing in the apparent delaj', for we are learning the 
capacity and possibilities of our soil and climate, and our farmers are gaining knowl- 
edge of the requirements essential to successful cultivation of the beet plant. We 
recollect the failure of two sugar-beet factories many years ago and are desirous of 
not repeating such results. This does not mean that the people are indifferent and 
lack confidence in this direction, but rather that they would move cautiously and 
be sure at each step of the ground occupied. 

Trusting that this report may in some measure bear evidence that the confidence 
you have reposed in us was not misj)laced, I am, 
Very resjiectfully, 

W. A. Henry. 
Hon. .J. M. Rusk, 

Secretary of Agriculhire. 



The report of the work done by tliis station during the year of 1891, in regard to 
the culture of sugar beets, a\ ill be discussed under two general headings : (1 ) Report 
of experiments at this statiou; and (2) report of analyses of beets from farmers in 
different parts of the State. 



91 

SUGAR BEETS AT THIS STATION IN 1891, 

A piece of laud of very nearly 2 acres was set apart in tlic spring for sugar beets. 
The plot slopes 8omewli;*.t to the west, and is light clayey loam, Ijccomiug more 
sandy at the east end. As a consequence, the eastern portion is considerably drier 
and would suffer more in case of a drought, which also proved true duriug the past 
season, as the summer of 1891 was exceedingly dry. The meteorological data for 
this place for the luouths May-October, inclusive, are given in the following table. 
For the sake of comparison the total rainfall for the same mouths last j'ear, and also 
the normal rainfall (average for two years) are given in the table. 

Meteorological data May to October, 1891, for Madison, Wis.* 
RAINFALL IN INCHES. 



Date. 


Kaiu- 
fall. 


Date. 


Rain- 
fall. 






Bi. 




In. 


May 


10 


0.07 


June 10 


trace 




15 


trace 


10 


trace 




21 


.10 


17 


.012 




22 


1.00 


18 


.03 




25 


. 25 


19 


.72 




31 


.02 


21 
20 


.04 
04 






1.44 


27 


.04 









28 


1.58 


June 


1 


0.71 
.02 
.33 


30 


.01 




3 




3.69 




5 


.09 








6 


.06 







Date. 


Rain- 
faU. 


July 2 
■ 6 
7 
13 
21 
22 
23 
28 
29 


In. 
0.47 

.39 
.03 
.02 
.01 
.14 
.62 
.01 

2.67 



Date. 



Aus 





Rain- 




fall. 




In. 


] 


.18 


11 


.10 


14 


.03 


20 


.31 


21 


.02 


20 


.28 










29 


.28 


30 


trace 




1.41 



Date. 


Rain- 1 
fall. 1 




Tn. 1 


Sept. 2 


0.01 ! 


6 


trace 


12 


trace 


28 


.37 1 




.38 ! 


Oct. 3 


0.65 


4 


.40 



Date. 



Oct. 



Rain- 
fall. 



In. 

0.11 
.04 
.03 
.07 
.03 
trace 
.16 



1.49 





May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Total. 


Total rainfall. 1S91 


1.44 
3.54 
5.03 


3.69 
4.42 

7.72 


2.67 
■i. 19 

1.81 


1.41 
3.28 
4.23 


.38 
3.35 
2.62 


1.49 

2.87 
4.59 


11.02 
21.65 
25.00 


Rainfall, 1890 





■ From Observations made at Wasbliui'n Ob.servatory. 
TEMPERATURE oF. 





May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct 




78.0 
32.0 
56.0 
57.8 


88.0 
44.0 
67.2 
67.2 


80. 
48.0 
06.6 

72.7 


92.0 
46.0 
68.4 
69.4 


90.0 
35.0 

07.0 
61.0 


83.0 
19.0 
45 4 








48 5 







It will be noticed that the precipitation for 1891 for the summer months was only 
11.02 inches, or about half of normal and less than half of last year's, during the 
same months. Up to July 7 the prospects for a large yield were most promising. Be- 
tween July 7 and August 26 there was not more than one good rain, and as a result 
the beets suffered greatly from the drought from this time on. August, September, 
and October all being very dry, the growth of the beets was checked, and a small 
yield of beets, to some extent abnormally rich in sugar, was the result. May, July, 
August, and October were colder than the normal, while September was considerably 
warmer. With a proper supply of moisture there is, however, little doubt but what 
a good crop of beets would have been harvested. 



92 

VARIETIES PLANTED. 

The following el even varieties were planted on May 26 and 27: Le Maire's Richest, 
Simon LeGrande, Vilmorin, Kleiuwauzleben, Bnlteau Desprez, Desprez B. & R., La 
Plus Riche, F. Kroemer, O. B. S. & Co., French, German. The first nine varieties were 
obtained from Oxliard Beet Sugar Co., Grand Island, Nehr., and the two last varieties 
from the United States Sugar Experiment Station at Schuyler, Nehr. In all, 183 rows 
were planted. The length of each row was 190.6 feet, and the distance between each 
rowSOinches; the seed was planted thickerthau lastyear; after last thinning the beets 
stood 4 to 6 inches apart in the rows. From 14 to 22 rows were planted of each vari- 
ety, these being planted in the order given above, starting from the west end of the 
plot. The plot was cultivated on June 10 and 11 with wheel hoe, June 15 with nar- 
row tooth single cultivator, June 22 to 26 the plants were thinned and hoed and a 
horse cultivator run through the rows. At this time the plants were about 3 inches 
high. The horse cultivator was run through the rows again on July 2, 14, 31, and the 
weeds in the rows were destroyed by hand hoeing July 20 to 23 and August 1. The 
harvesting was done by plowing a furrow close vip to the beets; after thus laying 
them bare they were easily pulled and thrown in a pile. After all beets were thrown 
in piles they were topped and drawn by team to the farm root-cellar, after having 
first been weighed. A basketfiil of each load was taken out to be washed and the 
per cent of dirt adhering to the beets thus obtained. 

The following gives the time spent in growing the crop of beets, and also the cost, 
estimating the wages for a man 10 cents an hour, for man and horse 15 cents, and 
man and team 25 cents per hour : 

Cost of growing a crop of beds from a S-acre field. 

Plowing and preparing the laud (allowed) $2. 00 

Planting and cultivating the crop : 

304 hours' time for one man 30. 40 

22 hours, man and horse 3. 30 

Harvesting and hauling the crop : 

111 hours' time for one man 11. 10 

28 hours for man and team 7. 00 

Total 53.80 

From this field we obtained a little more than 14 tons of washed beets (as we shall 
see presently), which would make the total cost of growing and harvesting a ton of 
beets $3.76, allowing the tops, which yielded more than 4 tons from the plat, to pay 
for rent of land, the cost of seed, and wear of machinery. Last year our beets yielded 
more than 20 tons per acre on an average. This yield may be considered slightly above 
average for good land and cultivator; but if we take 15 tons as an average yield per 
acre we get the cost of raising and harvesting 1 ton of sugar beets $2.46, assuming 
the cost of harvesting and hauling the beets double the amount charged in the above 
table. The average price per k)n of beets during the past season was, in Nebraska, 
$3.50, in California $4, in Utah $4.50. With the average price of $4 paid for the 
beets the net income from one acre would be $23. Doubtless the cost of growing the 
crop could be considerably reduced by growing the beets on a larger scale, and by 
the application of machinery that will successfally j)ull the weeds in the rows be- 
tween the beets. On the other hand, the cost of hauling the beets would be larger 
with a greater distance to the factory — an item that would easily swallow up all profit 
if the distance is too great. 

EXAMINATION OP BEETS GROWN AT UNIVERSITY FARM. 

The beets wore sampled and analyzed September 26, 1891, and also at harvesting 
time, October 26. Three beets were selected for analysis, washed and dried, a 
quarter section of each beet cut and grated together, the pulp put in a bag, and the 



93 

juice pressed out. The specific gravity of this was then observed, and the clarified 
juice polarized. At harvesting time two or three dift'erent samples of each variety 
were taken, and the results averaged. The sugar in the beets was determined in these 
samples by the alcohol method of ToUens-Rapp-Degeuer (Koenig, Unters. landw. 
wicht. Stoife, 1891, p. 436). The results of the analyses are given in the following 
table : 

Suga7- beet season, ISDl. 

SAMPLES TAKEN SEPTEMBER 26. 



Name of variety. 



Le Maire's Richest 
Siraon Lellrande... 

Vilmorin 

KleinwaDzlebener , 
Bultoau Desprez . . . 

Desprez 

La Plus Riche 

E. Kroemer 

O. B. S. &Co 

French 

German 



Averas;e 
weight 
of beets. 



Pounds. 
1.32 
.88 
.77 
.62 
.82 
.50 
.75 
.55 
.48 
.43 
.55 



Solids in 
jnice. 



Per cent. 
19.05 
19. 64 
20.54 
21.82 
22.62 
21.05 
22.40 
23.00 
22.40 
23.05 
24.15 



Sugar in 
j uice. 



Per cent. 
15.71 
16.45 
17.26 
18.75 
19.47 
17.67 
19.37 
19.44 
18.38 
28. 43 
20.59 



Purity 
coefR- 



82.5 

83.8 

84.2 

85.0 

86.1 

84.00 

86.6 

84.5 

82.0 

88.6 

85.3 



Sugar in 
theoeets. 



SAMPLES TAKEN AT HARVESTING TIME, OCTOBER 26. 



Le Maire's Richest 

Siraon LeGrande 

Vilmorin 

Klein wan zlcbener 

Bulteau De.sprez 

Desprez 

La Plus Riche 

F. Kroemer 

O. B. S. & Co 

French 

German 

Average of analyses, October 26 



1.28 


19.72 


16.97 


86.1 


1.08 


18.52 


14.99 


81.0 


.71 


21.07 


17.95 


85.2 


.69 


2L77 


18.78 


86.3 


.61 


20.69 


16.84 


81.4 


.73 


21.38 


17.28 


80.8 


.57 


22.23 


18.24 


82.0 


.49 


22.79 


19.35 


84.9 


.53 


22.25 


17.81 


80.0 


.70 


21.25 


17.37 


81.7 


.37 


23.86 


20.53 


86.1 


.71 


21.41 


17.83 


83.3 



14.54 
13.27 
15. 63 
15.70 
15.67 
14.87 
15. .50 
15. 99 
15.61 
16.17 
17.56 

15.50 



The analyses of the samples taken September 26 agree as well as could be expected 
with those of the samples taken at harvesting time. The latter samples were taken 
from the harvested beets when a good idea could be obtained of the average size of 
each variety. It may be said, in general, that the quality of the beets did not improre 
after September 26, and it is not likely that the yield was increased perceptibly dur- 
ing the month of October, owing to the extreme dryness of the soil. The beets were 
very small, averaging only about 11 ounces for all the varieties. The average per cent 
of sugar (sucrose) in the juice at harvesting time was 17.83 per cent, ranging from 
14.99 to 20.53 per cent. The average sucrose in the beets was 15.50 per cent, with 
13.27 per cent and 17.56 per cent as lowest and highest limit. By dividing 15.50 by 
17.83 we find that the beets contained 86.9 per cent of juice on an average, showing 
that the dry season produced beets with unnaturally high sugar content and with a 
low percentage of juice. 

It will be noticed that the percentages of sugar increase as we go down in the 
table— that is, with the beets growing farther east on the plot. We saw that the soil 
was drier and perhaps also poorer in the eastern part of the field than in the west- 
em, and the beets were smaller in size and richer in sugar the farther east we go in 
the field. As a rule, size and sugar content of the beets stand in inverse ratio to one 
another. 



94 • 



YIELD OF BEETS. 



The following table will give the necessary data with reference to yield of beets 
and of tops from the plat and the estimated yield of beets and of sugar per acre : 

Yield of beefs and of tops. 



No. of 
rows. 



Kame of variety. 



Le Maire's Richest 
Simon LeGrande . . 

Vilmorin 

Klein wauzlebener . . 

Bulteau Desprez 

Desprez 

La I'lus Riche 

F. Kroemer 

O.B. S. & Co 

French 

German 



Total from plat, 1.945 acres 31, 957 

Average per acre - 



Beets 
from plot. 



Pounds. 
4, 828 
4, 204 
2, 994 
2,804 
2,624 
3,534 
2,780 
2, 188 
2, 355 
1,945 
1,701 



Top,s 
from j)lat. 



Povnds. 

1,570 

1,334 

654 

1,008 

772 

768 

632 

504 

568 

466 

460 



8,736 



Dirt on 
beets. 



Per cent. 
8.1 
4.4 
9.7 
13.1 
14.7 
8.9 
13.3 
12.5 
12.4 
12.4 
14.8 




Sugar per 
acre. 



Povnds. 
2,566 

1, 390 
2, 421 
2,506 

2, 298 
2,195 
1,903 
1,755 
1, 833 
1,986 
1, 555 



2,267 



The beets yielded a little more than 7 tons to the acre and a little more than 1 ton 
of sugar to the acre. Last year under favorable conditions of weather the yield 
was 15 to 26 tons per acre, with an estimated yield of 2 to 3| tons of sugar per acre. 
Owing to the extreme di'onght, the like of which according to the testimony of many 
old settlers has not been seen for a generation with us, the beets yielded less than 
a half crop. The yield of 7 tons to the acre may therefore be considered the very 
lowest returns which will be obtained where good cultivation and care are bestowed 
on the beets with us. 

No comparison can be made between the dilferent varieties as regards quality or 
yield, the difference between the different parts of the field being greater than that 
between the different A'arieties. The varieties being under the most favorable con- 
ditions (on the lowest ground, which contained most moisture) gave the largest 
yields per acre of both beets and sugar. 



BEETS FROM FARMERS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE STATE. 

One thousand pounds of imported white imperial sugar-beet seed was bought by 
the station last spring from the Menomonee Falls Sugar Company, and distributed in 
pound packages to 851 farmers, requesting them to keep notes as to the growth and 
cultivation of the beets and to forward samples of the beets grown for analysis to 
this station in the fall. Owing to the drought, the beets did not do well with a large 
number of farmers, and many paid but little attention to them as a cousequence ; in 
all, 373 samples of beets were received and analyzed by the writer. Twenty samples 
were forwarded by mistake to the U. S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, 
D. C, and analyzed by their chemists. Of the farmers receiving sugar-beet seed from 
us, 33 reported failure of the crop, and four wrote they did not plant the seed. Tlio 
samples analyzed were all from the White Imperial seed sent out, except where other- 
wise stated. The 373 samples came from fifty -nine counties in the State, making only 
nine counties that were not represented. 

Most portions of the State suffered greatly from the drought, although not all as 
much as the central part. The following table will give an idea of the distribution 
of rain during the summer months at 17 weather-service stations in different parts 
of the State. The table is condensed from data furnished by Mr. W. L. Moore, fore- 
cast official, Milwaukee, Wis., to wliom credit is due for the favor. 



95 



Rainfall May to October, inclusive, ISDl, in inches. 



Name of station. 


County. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Total. 


Xornial 
piecipi- 
taticui. 




Crawford 


1.C5 

1.42 

2.00 

.44 

L83 

1.52 

.83 

.69 

.29 

L47 

.01 

.21 

1.19 

.11 

.40 

.70 

.37 


2. 95 

3. 08 
5. 40 
2.73 

"4.' 27' 
3.12 
5.62 
3.73 
4.98 
5.20 
5.19 
7.61 
2. 95 
3.54 
3.47 
8.46 


1.76 
2.64 
2.20 
2.94 
2.25 
3.67 
1.85 
2.92 
2.16 
3.57 
5.20 
3.23 
2.73 
1.7U 
2. 27 
2^99 
2.85 


2.32 

i.m. 

1.70 
2.17 
1.47 
1.62 
3.62 
1.48 
2.42 
2.83 
1.45 

'2.' 20' 
2.79 
2.08 
1.36 
3.48 


L73 
.38 
1.70 
.58 
.48 
.72 
1.42 
1.77 
.70 
.18 
.69 
.18 
1.48 
1.13 
2.60 
1.04 
2.28 


1.82 
1.49 
3.10 
1.03 
2.06 

"i.'87' 
1.70 
1.66 
1.43 
2.35 
1.98 
1.23 
3.20 
2.03 
1.52 


12. 23 

11.02 

15.47 

10.49 

*8. 09 

*1L 80 

*10. 84 

14.35 

11.06 

14.69 

13. 98 

*11. 15 

17.19 

9.91 

14.15 

11.59 

13.96 






21.7 


Eau ("laire 


Eiiu Claire 

Fond dn Lac 

Jetler.son 














Kewaunee 

La Crosse 

Manitowoc 

Milwaukee 

Outagamie 

Eock 




La Crosse 


2.3.1 
19.7 




19. 8 












St. Croix 






Shawano 

Taylor 

























* Total for four months. 

We give here the results of the aualysis of sugar beets made by the U. S. Depart- 
ment iu Washington. The beets were forwarded during the first days of October 
and must have been harvested between Sejitember 15 and 25. 

Analyses of sugar heets yroivn in Wisco7isin, 1891. Analyses made by U. S. Department 
of AyricnUure, Washing ton, D. C. 



Serial 
No. 


Name. 


Post-office. 


County. 


Aver- 
age 

weight 
0? 

beets. 


Sugar 

in 
juice. 


Sugar 

in 
beets. 


Puri- 
ty* 


Variety. 


1.52.^>8 
15207 


Aug. Kreamer 

E.T.Mixdorf 

. ..do 


Green Bay 

Dorchester 

..do 


Brown 

Clark 


Ounces. 
33-i 

12 

17? 

21i 

30i 

15 

14f 

16 

32J 

20 
21t 
19 
60f 
14i 
34f 
16i 
31g 


Pr. ct. 
9.44 

12.88 

15.42 
8. 15 
8.7s 
11. 34 
12.61 
12.59 
11.61 

1L32 
13. 26 
15.65 

10.20 
13.37 
11.29 

9.17 
12. 89 

7.38 
12.24 
10.58 


Fv. ct. 
8.97 
12. 22 

14.65 
7.65 
8.27 
10. 77 
11 98 


Coeji- 
cieiit. 
83.5 
74.9 

83.1 
61.7 
(i9. 6 

77.7 
so 


Imperial. 

Kleiinv:mz- 

leb.n. 

Do 


15208 


do 


3.5201 
15260 
15230 
1,5269 


John Michlcr 

Wni. Kube 

Jos. Zeller 

A. Langniorc 

];.K. lloberls 


Doylestown . . . 

Rich wood 

Calumetville.. 

Montfort 

IMonroe 


Columliia 

Dodge 

Pond dii Lac 
Grant 


Do. 

Imperial. 

Do. 

Do 


15206 




11.96 1 77.3 
11 02 ''•> 


French. 
Kleinwanz- 
leben. 

Do. 
German. 
Kleinwanz- 
leben. 

Do. 

Do. 
Imiierial. 

Do 


15209 Henrv Osborn 


do . 


15202 
15271 
15173 


J. C. Loomis 

Jacob Keth 

L. Vaiighan 

Z.G.Taylor 

W. E.Volk 

G. F. Wieseman... 

A. Austin 

E.Hubbell 


Alma Center.. 

Ahnapee 

Unity 


Jackson 

Kewaun<'e 

Marathon 

Marquette 

Oconto 


10.75 
12.60 
14.87 

9.69 
12. 76 

10. 72 
8.71 

12. 29 
7.10 

11. 62 
10. 05 


76.6 

77.5 
82.4 

65.0 
78.6 
72. 
70.1 
72.9 
65.3 
77.3 
71.1 


1.5174 
1.5225 
1.5257 


Packwaukee .. 
Oconto Fall.s . . 
Olivet 


15169 


Janes ville 

do 




15211 


do 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


15253 
15226 


Thos. Match ie 

M. J. Warner 


Elk Creek 

....do 


Trempealeau . 


15213 


Jno. E.Hughes ... 


Wales 


Waukesha.. .. 




22^ 


11.51 


10.93 







* i. «., the ratio of sugar to the other solids in the juice of the beet. 

As will be noticed, nearly all the analyses come very low, only two 
samples analyzing above 15 per cent of sugar iu the juice, and only 
nine out of twenty above 12 per cent. Doubtless the early date at 
>vhich the beets were harvested will largely exj^lain their inferior 



96 

quality. No further data are on hand as regards soil, period of growth, 
or yield of beets from an acre of land. 

We shall now give the analyses of samples of sugar beets made at 
this station during the past fall, along with such additional informa- 
tion as to the culture of the beets as it has been x>ossible to gather. 
The analyses are arranged aliihabetically according to counties and 
according to post-ofBces within each county. The data for each county 
are averaged so as to give the average size of the samj)les received 
from each county, the yields of beets, solids and sugar in the juice, and 
the purity cueflicients. 



97 






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109 

We give below extracts from the remarks ^vitli whicli the different 
farmers accompanied the description of the beets sent in for analysis by 
them. The figures refer to the numbers in the preceding table: 

3. Seed did not come up for a month after planting, June 14. 

13. This variety does not yield as well as No. 12, but seems to mature earlier. 

14. Cutworms ravaged beets badly when they came up first. 

16. No raiu from April 25 to June 14, and none from July 1 to September 30, to 
wet the ground more than about an incli ; in fact it has been the driest season that 
the oldest settler has seen. 

19. Some insects or bugs hard on beets and rutabagas by side of them in the spriug. 

23, 24. Only one row harvested, hence the excessive yield. 

30. I think in a good growing season I could get as many again from the same 
ground. 

35, 64. The seeds lay in the ground for about four weeks before coming up. 

54. Last crop grown on land wheat; the field was not manured for four years. 

58. Harvested a great many l)eets that weighed 9 to 10 pounds. 

62. Not more than two-thirds of a crop. 

79. Cutworms destroyed fully one-half the plants. 

80. Had the season been more favorable and they had received proper care and 
cultivation, the yield would have been three times as great. 

81. The crop was nearly destroyed by cutworms. 
85. This is not more than half a crop. 

89. The like of the drought not seen in the State since 1865. 

90. No rain for about three months to Avet the ground. 

92. I would rather plant potatoes and sell them at 25 cents a bushel and buy my 
sugar than to raise sugar beets. 

97. Time expended planting, cultivating, and harvesting plat (one twenty-fourth 
acre), twenty-eight and one-half hours. (This would equal an expense of $4.56 per 
ton of beets, valuing one hour labor for one man 10 cents, and the yield of beets 15 
tons per acre; see further under No. 247.) 

100. Some of the beets were entirely stripped of leaves by a black bug. 

101. The beets seem to stand drought much better than other roots. Had turnips, 
carrots, etc., on same ground, and they are worthless. My cow relished them and 
gave a good flow of milk. 

120. I think I could raise 40 tons per acre in good season. 

143. I think I can raise 1,200 bushels to the acre. 

154. It was too dry for the seed to sprout until June 15, and then insects gnawed 
the plants off". The plot was only half covered with beets. 

156. Had some beets of 9 pounds weight. 

160. There is not more than half the yield there would be in an ordinary season. 

162. Judging from the very bad season here for this kind of crop, 1 think they 
would be a very profitable crop to raise for any purpose that they can be used for. 

167. Several beets weighed 9 to 10 pounds. 

191. The seed did not germinate for nearly a month after planting, and then so 
unevenly that a careful transplanting could not produce an even stand, 

193. Never had such weather in the last ten years. 

199. Seed came up about June 25. 

225. Beets are better than other roots for cows giving milk. They keep throu"-h 
the winter as good or better than potatoes. 

235. Can be grown as well as potatoes, but, like everything else, the labor beats 
the balance sheet. 

242. I have no doubt but that beets can be profitably grown if the roAvs are put 
far enough apart so the greater part of the Avork can be done with a horse. 

247. It required 22 hours 35 minutes time for one man to plant, hoe, cultivate, 
thin, dig, top, and put in the cellar. Size of plat, 4,620 square feet, (This would 



110 

equal au cxpeii,se of'qU.42 per ton of l)C'ets, assniiiiuy cost of lalior andyiclil as niidcr 
No. 97.) 

261. Obtained lirst i)iuininm at tin; comity i'air for the lieets. 

202. Beets were scarcely up l)y .July 4; growth l)e;j,'an aliout yei)tenil)er 1. 

260. Not more than 10 per cent of seed germinated, on account of season being so 
dry. 

205. ('utworms killed a good share of the beets. 

802. There was 1 pound of tops to 10 ]iouijds of lieets. 

309. The season Avas unfavorable for unjst crops, nearly all summer lieing very dry. 
Corn did not do more than half. 

311. I noticed a black bug an inch hmg from the middle of July to the last of Au- 
gust, which injured the leaves of the beets considerably. I have frequently noticed 
the same bug on potatoes. If you send me seed for next seasou I think I sliall do 
considerably better, having learned some by experience. 

317. During the hot Aveather in August swarms of black bugs, one-half au incli in 
length, went for the tops in places, nuiking a clean sweep as far as they went, eating 
the tender i)art of the leaf, leaving nothing but the linil). The bugs remained about 
three weeks; the damage retarded the growth of the beets for a short tinu^, but tln^y 
recovered entirely from the injury and most of them are (£uite large now. * * * 
Am satisfied sugar lieets would do well in this neighborhood. * * * My expe- 
rience this year shows they are determined to grow in the soil here no matter how 
long the drought or how many bugs they have to contend with. 

330. For growing beets manure year before planting, to Inn e manure well rotted. 

342. The suasou being very dry the seed did not come up until June 25. * * * 
The seed being of good quality made a good stand. Had the seasou been favorable 
the yield could have been at least one-half morc^ Considering the very dry season 
I think sugar beets withstand the drought bettc^r than the Yellow Tankard mangel 
planted along side of them, the beets being deejier rooted. 

351. The seasou has been the driest that 1 ever experienced in Wisconsin. It is 
really wonderful that 1 got as good a crop as I have harvested. 

352. I think a common seasou ought to double the yield. 

353. The seed lay in the ground six weeks before germinating. With the same 
growing weather as in 1890 should have had twice the amount, for mj'land was far 
better thau last year. 

365. It has been an extremely dry season. Consider them almost a total failure. 

From the tables of analyses Ave dediiet the Ibllowiiiin- statements: 

Lowest analysis, 1S91 [);'r cent sugai- In the juice. . 7. 12 

Highest do .... 23. 52 

Average of 373 analyses do 12. 56 

Average estimated yield of beets per acre l)onnds . . 31, 090 

The a\'erage per cent ol' sugar in the juice for this year came at 12. 5(). Tliis may 
be considered a fair average, although there is t\i(lently considerable room for 
improvement. The average for Germany during the past seasou is estimated at 12.55 
jier cent. Last year the beets analyzed at this station (93 in all) averaged 12.46 i)er 
cent of sugar in the juice. Only eleven farnu/rs sent in beets both years ; the average 
of the samples furnished by these Avere, in 1890, 11.85 ]ter cent; in 1891, 14.30 per cent 
of sugar in the juii;e, or 2.45 per cent increase in 1891. This Avould tend to s1k>w 
that the nniln reason for the rather inferior quality of beets grown by nniny farmers 
lies in their umiciiualntaiice with the sugar beet and its culture; excei)ting the eleven 
farmers Avho furnished samples both years, tlirre Avcre oidy a \fiy few Avho had bad 
any previous ex])erlence in growing sugar beets. Another reason lies in the fact 
that the farmers are apt to send in the ]arg(>st beets grown, thinking that tlu? larerg 
beets they can groAV the better; doubtless the analyses given in the above table aro 



Ill 

lower in a large number of cases than truly representative samples would liavo 
shown. 

I''ifteen counties furnished l)eets analyzing on the average above 13 per cent of 
8ugar in the .juice; beets analyzing on the average above 14 per cent were received 
from the following counties: Door, Green, Jelferson, Lincoln (only one analysis), 
Peitin, liaciue, Sauk, Trempealeau, and Washington. These counties do not belong 
to any single section of the State, but are scattered all around, iu the western, south- 
ern, and northeastern portion of the State. This would indicate that successful 
sugar-beet culture with us is more a question of skill in growing than a question of 
soil. In any part t)f the State there is soil well adapted to sugar-beet culture; what 
is wanted is farnnu's who understand the cultivation of the beets, and enough of 
them within a limited area to furnish a sufiicient f|uantity of beets to supply a beet- 
sugar factory witli 200 to 300 tons of beets daily for a campaign of about three 
months. This means the product fronr not less than 1,500 acres of land iu an 
average year. Whem?ver these conditions are present, beet-sugar factories will be 
estaldished in our midst; capital will doubtless be ready to invest as soon as there 
is any i)rospect of successful outcome. But it w^ould be simply throwing away a 
fortune to enter upon the undertaking with no certainty of the supply of beets. 
A modern beet-sugar factory will cost at least .$150,000; before beginning on the en- 
terprise all conditions nmst therefore be carefully studied; the question of supply of 
beets is i»erhaps the most important of these. The results of the work done by this 
station during the past three years indicate that Wisconsin can grow beets in suf- 
ficient quantity and of good jiercentage of sugar; if this is correct, manufacturing 
of beet sugar will be a success with us Avheu enough beets can be obtained to supx)ly 
a beet factory. 

Wijomiju/. — Fifteen samples were received from this State, of which 9 
came from Albany County. The mean results from this county show 
14.32 per cent of sugar in the beet, with an average weight of 7 ounces. 
The best results, all things considered, from the State are from Crook 
County, althongh oidy three samples were sent, showing 13.77 per 
cent of sugar and an average weight of 1(5 ounces. 

In closing these remarks on the data obtained from the different 
States and Territories, it may be well to call attention to the fact of 
the remarkable extent of the area in the United States in which sugar 
beets of fair richness can be grown. In Bulletin 27, from theoretical 
considerations, a map was given showing- practically where in the 
United States beets of exceptional richness could be grown. At the 
time of the pnblication of this map it was distinctly stated that there 
wouhl be doubtless many localities witliout the bonndaries of the pro- 
posed area in which excellent beets could be produced. The experi- 
ments, which have now been carried on for two years, show that the 
limits of beet-culture for sugar making purposes are even wider than 
those intimated l)efore. 

Beets of fair quality have been grown as far south as Texas, and it is 
now believed that on most of the high plateaus of the central western 
portion of the United States beet-culture can be practiced with profit, 
esi)ecially where irrigation is possible. Oil accimnt of the value of 
lands which are reclaimed by irrigation it is highly necessary that 
some croi> should l)e grown which will pay for the intensive culture, and 
nothing better than the sugar beet can be recommended for this pur- 



112 

pose. It has been thorouglily demoustratcd by the experiments carried 
on by this Department, that sugar beet culture is possible in this coun- 
try, and it only remains for the farmers of the country to indicate a 
willingness to grow the beets to secure the rapid development of our 
beet-sugar industry. The education of the farmers in this direction 
will doubtless be slow, but there is no reason to doubt its success. 
There is abundant capital in the country waiting to embark m the 
manufacturing part of the industry whenever it can be assured of a 
sufficient quantity of raw material for its operations. 

BEET SUGAR EXPERIMENT STATION AT SCHUYLER, NEBR. 

Impressed with the necessity of securing in this country experimental 
tests of the most scientific methods of cultivating sugar beets and pro- 
ducing seed therefrom, I was directed by the Secretary of Agriculture 
in autumn of 1890 to visit Nebraska and other States with the inten- 
tion of selecting a site for the establishment of such an experimental 
station. 

The reasons which led to the selection of Nebraska as the State in 
which this station should be established were the fact that already a 
beet-sugar factory had been erected in that State and others were in 
process of erection, and that in its soil and climate it seemed to pre- 
sent a favorable locality in which to try the experiments, Avhich, when 
finished, might prove of the greatest advantage to all parts of the 
country. The location of the station on the Pacific Coast Avould have 
placed it too far away to secure the personal control on the part of the 
Department which seemed to be necessary to success, while, had it been 
established farther east and north, it would not have so weU represented 
all the points of soil and climate of the northern central portion of the 
country, in which the farmers seem to be most interested in beet- culture. 
Many localities were found in the State of Nebraska, and, as a result of 
personal inspection, two sites were favorably recommended for the loca- 
tion of the experiment station. The first of these was near Norfolk, in 
the northeastern part of the State. At this place a beet- sugar factory 
was in course of construction, and the people not only of the town but 
of the whole country were thoroughly aroused to the importance of a 
careful study of the beet-sugar industry. A favorable location was also 
offered for the establishment of the station at a distance of about a mile 
and a quarter from the location of the beet-sugar factory. The second 
place recommended was near the town of Schuyler, where two or three 
different plots of ground were offered, each of which seemed to possess 
some advantages. The Secretary finally selected Schuyler as the site, 
leaving the particular location in the vicinity to be determined after- 
Avard. The work therefore which is carried on at Schuyler must not 
be taken to represent the interests of Nebraska alone. Those interests 
are amply provided for by the excellent investigations of the State 



113 

station at Lincoln. Our work is to be taken for the advancement of 
the beet-sugar industry in general, and it has been carried on in a 
locality as nearly central as possible. 

The plat of land which was tiually selected was, in general, the best 
adapted to the purpose. I^o piece of laud could lie more favorably for an 
experimental station. It has a gentle slope toM^ard the south, and yet 
is practically level, but with a sufficient difference in altitude between 
its southern and northern portions to give excellent natural drainage, 
and yet not sufficient to produce washing during heavy rains. The soil 
is a deep sandy loam, and the only objection to it was that it was prac- 
tically a virgin soil. Part of it had never been plowed, but the whole 
of it had been closely pastured for several years, so it was not exactly 
of the nature of the virgin prairie. The only fear entertained in select- 
tliis piece of land was that the beets would grow to a remarkable size 
and be deficient in sugar content. This, however, as will be found in 
consulting the experimental data, was prevented by close planting, which 
kept the beets down to below normal size and secured in them a normal 
development of saccharine matter. 

Being unable to give my personal supervision to the work of the sta- 
tion, it was placed in charge of Mr. Walter Maxwell, who brought to 
his work a large experience in farming and a thorough comprehension 
of the nature of the problems to be investigated. The scope and extent 
of the work was thoroughly explained to Mr. Maxwell before his de- 
liavture to take charge of the station, and the thoroughness with which 
he carried out the instructions in the conduct of the work will be more 
clearly perceived by a perusal of his report, which follows. 

During the planting season I spent sometime at the station, and also 
during the analytical season. 

Seed of the best European varieties was especially imported for the 
purpose of starting the crop for the first year, and in all cases an ex- 
cellent stand was secured, although the conditions for germination were 
somewhat unfavorable. At the time of planting, the earth was remark- 
ably dry, and continued so until near the end of May, after which time 
a period of exceptional humidity prevailed, accompanied by repeated 
and heavy rainfalls. 

In spite of these unfavorable climatic influences, however, a good 
stan<l was secured in all the plats from planting 15 to 20 pounds of 
seed ]ier acre. The general scope of the work nuiy be outlined as fol- 
lows: 

In the first place, it was proposed to thoroughly prepare the soil in the 
best a])i)roved manner. Fortunately, on account of the land having 
been closely pastured, the sod was plowed withont difficulty. The plow 
was followed by a subsoiler and the soil thus loosened to a depth of 
from 15 to 17 inches. IS'o difficulty whatever was experienced in secur- 
ing a perfect tilth of the surface and an excellent seed bed. Not will- 
ing, however, to trust the first year's experiments to a soil so wholly 
19864— No. 33 8 



114 

virgin inits nature, ail additional plat of laud was rented which had been 
several years in cultivation, and this was prepared iu the same manner 
for the reception of the seed. A beet of uniform size and proper shape, 
with a single tai^ root, can not be secured until the ground is loosened to 
a sufficient depth to allow the normal growth of the plant. If the tap 
root strikes a hard piece of earth at a depth of from 7 to 9 inches, it is 
naturally deflected in its course, or extra roots are formed and the beet 
becomes misshapen and tends to grow above the surface of the soil. 
There is, therefore, in beet culture an absolute necessity of securing a 
soil loosened to a sufdcient depth to allow the taj) root to penetrate 
easily from 15 to 17 inches. 

Attention should also be called to the methods of planting and the 
times of planting. It was decided to illustrate the effect produced by 
planting at different periods, beginning as early in the season as prac- 
ticable and continuing until late in the spring. By reason of the pecu- 
liar climatic conditions, however, which have been mentioned, namely, 
the very dry April and May, the full eftect of this experiment could not 
be determined, as the beets practically all started to grow at the same 
time, near the end of May. It will be necessary, therefore, to repeat 
such experiments as these in regard to time of planting for several 
years in order to determine fully the eiiect of early and late planting on 
the crop as a general rule. It will be found, no doubt, that there are 
many soils Avhere early idanting will prove more advantageous, while, 
on the contrary, many others will be found where the late i)lautiiig wiU 
be the most successful. In the absence, therefore, of any experimental 
data of a reliable nature on this matter it will be best for sugar-beet 
planters who are raising beets for commercial purposes to practice 
early, medium, and late planting in order that they may have at least a 
portion of their crop suited to the season, whatever it may prove to be. 

In such a climate as Schuyler there is, of course, a liability to late 
frosts as well as early freezes, so that all these matters should be taken 
into consideration in regard to the time of planting. 

In regard to the manner of planting, I think it sufficiently demon- 
strated that nothing is superior to the method of drilling which we 
X^racticed. We found that it was an easy matter to determine the num- 
ber of pounds of seed dropped per acre by tying a bag under the nose 
of the drill and running it back and forth over a hard road through a 
distance which would corresi^ond to one-eighth or one quarter of an 
acre. The bag which had secured the seed which was deposited by the 
drill was then removed and the amount of seed weighed. By this 
method we had no difficulty Avhatever in adjusting the drill to plant 
any quantity of seed required. If the exi^erience of one season should 
prove of any value, then the amount of seed which we used during the 
jiast season, namely, about 17 pounds per acre, was entirely suflBcient. 

In regard to the depth of planting also great care should be exer- 
cised. We endeavored to have the seed deposited about 1 inch under 



115 

the surface of the earth. The beet plant, on germinating, is extremely 
delicate and will not force itself through a deep layer of earth ; espe- 
cially is this true if, subsequent to the planting and before the appear- 
ance of the plant above tlie ground, a heavy rain should fall, i>acking 
the earth down firmly on the seed. If one could be assured of the oc- 
currence of very dry weather for a considerable period after planting, 
then depositing the seed at a greater depth would be advisable, but it 
would be extremely dangerous practice to follow in a country where 
rains are likely to occur at any time. In localities where irrigation is 
practiced the amount of seed employed could be easily controlled, and 
in this case the seed could be deposited to a greater or less depth, ac- 
cording to whether the soil might be more or less moist. 

The object of the Avork in cultivation was to show in a practical way 
how to secure a good stand of good, healthy beet plants at as nearly as 
possible even distances in the rows and to illustrate the method of cul- 
ture. With the sugar beet the method of culture is essentially a super- 
ficial one; no deep plowing and stirring of the ground is required. On 
the contrary, the principles of beet culture look to a sufficient stirring 
of the ground to break up the caiiillary connection between the surface 
portions and the parts below to secure the proper tilth and pulveriza- 
tion of the surface and to prevent the growth of weeds and grass. These 
are the points which are to be secured, and any method of cultivation 
which accomiilishes these ends will be sufficient for beet culture. 

When the rows of beets are planted only from 12 to 15 inches ajiart, 
as in the case of some of our experiments, hand-hoe culture is the only 
practicable method. The rows are too near to i)ermit the use of horse- 
I)ower. When the rows are 18 inches apart, and greater distances, cul- 
ture by means of horse hoes and cultivators is, of c(mrse, more econom- 
ical than hand-hoe culture. Any good garden horse hoe which will stir 
the surface of the soil and at the same time protect the young plants 
from being covered up will be found useful in beet culture. In this re- 
spect it is but fair to call attention to the fact that culture of beets 
by steam or electric plowing may perhaps in the future be found to be 
the most economical. By the use of steam plows greater care can be 
exercised and greater or less speed can be imparted to the plow and al)so- 
lute immunity from tramping the beets secured. This, however, is a 
matter for the future; meanwhile we may avail ourselves of the means 
of cultivation which can be procured. Quite a number of hand cultiva- 
tors and horse cultivators and hoes were purchased from difterent imple- 
ment dealers, and all of them, so far as we have been able to try them 
thoroughly, proved to be of a satisfactory nature. 

Connected with the culture work, careful meteorological observations 
were conducted, in order that the climatic intiuences could be as thor- 
oughly studied as possible. This leads to the observation that inter- 
continental areas, subjected as they are to great vicissitudes of climate, 
will perhaps not prove as favorable to beet-culture as the marine lit- 



IIG 

toral portions of the country. The influence of the sea water in modi- 
fying tlie climate of adjacent agricultural regions is too well known to 
need elucidation, and the extraordinarily favorable results reported 
from the Pacific coast with the beets grown by farmers in general are 
illustrations of this fact. So, also, the vicissitudes of climate are well 
known without consulting the meteorological data kept by the station 
at Schuyler during the past season. Prolonged periods of drought in 
such climates are followed by heavy aud repeated rains; cold and hot 
days follow each other in rapid succession, not oidy in the spring and 
autumn, but even in the middle of the summer. It is thus rendered 
important to be able to be in a measure independent of climatic condi- 
tions, and therefore the proper preparation of the soil for the seed bed 
and the careful cultivation of the plants are more imjiortant factors in 
growing beets in intercontinental areas than in localities where the 
climatic conditions are more equable. 

A striking illustration of such changes may be cited by referring to 
the fact that we had scarcely secured the beets selected as mothers in 
the silos at Schuyler, early in ^N^ovember, before the temperature fell 
below 0° F. By reason of these extremes of climatit; conditions, also, it 
would be pre)per to call attention to the ftict that the silos for preserv- 
ing the mother beets during the winter season must be constructed with 
great care. It will be necessary to Avait until the spring in order to 
determine how successful we were in preserving the beets during the 
winter which is just passing. Three different silos were made, varying 
in the principles of construction, in the hope of determining which of 
the methods of preservation Avould prove more successful. The attend- 
ant left in charge of the silos during the winter was also instructed to 
watch carefully the forecasts of the weather aud add extra covering to 
to the silos whenever the temperature was expected to be extremely 
low. In the same way care was directed to be paid to ventilating the 
silos in periods of high temperature, which occiir frequently, even during 
the winter, in that locality. 

The success which attended these efforts at scientific culture were 
well attested by the magnificent appearance of the fields of beets dur- 
ing the latter part of the summer and as they approached maturity. 
The plots were seen to be absolutely free of weeds and grass, and in no 
place, in looking over the field, could the ground be seen. The beet 
leaves formed a complete covering and presented in every respect a 
most satisfactory appearance. 

An outline of the principles underlying the analytical period of the ex- 
periments will indicate tlie general line of work. 

First of all it was x>roposed to determine the yield in cleaned and 
topped beets per acre — that is, beets ready to send to the factory — for 
each period of planting and for each variation in the width between 
the rows, and the number of beets per acre. To secure this a carefully 
measured portion of each plot, under the condition >* above mentioned, 



117 

was liarvested, prepared as if for the factory and carefully weighed. 
At the same time the saccharine richness of each sample was to be 
determined. For this purpose no selection was made in regard to the 
beets, but each one was taken as it grew in the row until a certain 
number was selected, and each of these beets was analyzed separately. 
In the same jdat an additional number of samples was taken in groups 
of ten, and each sample of ten beets was submitted to a separate exami- 
nation. In this way the character not only of the individual beets was 
determined, but also the general character of the whoh' i>lat, being taken 
in grou])S of ten. 0\ er 100 analyses ])er day were made from the time 
of the beginning of tlie harvesting, early in Sei>tember, until the close 
of the analytical work in November. The results of these analyses are 
suhiciently set forth in the tables which accompany the report, and the 
details will not be mentioned here. 

Attention, however, should be called to the fact of the great varia- 
tion Avhicli will be noticed in individual beets, amounting to even as 
much as 2 or 3 per cent, iu the quantity of sugar which they contain. 
It may be stated, therefore, that the results are given upon the compo- 
sition of the expressed juice, as with so large a number of analyses it 
was imi)racticable to determine the sugar in the pul]> of the beet itself. 
Inasmuch as the beets, however, were all submitted to analysis directly 
after they were harvested, so that no opportunity was given for loss by 
evaporation, it may be assumed that the percentage of sugar in the 
iuice multiplied by 95 will give approximately the total quantity of 
sugar present in the beets. 

In addition to the analytical worlv a careful selection was nuide of 
the dilferent varieties of beets to be preserved as mothers. For this 
purpose the whole of the remaining plat, after the analytical data were 
obtained, was harvested and the beets selected for mothers which 
showed a normal size of from 500 to 600 grams and a perfect outline. 
All beets varying from normal size were rejected, as likewise were all 
of irregular surface, multiple roots, or deformed beets of any descrip- 
tion. These beets Avere very carefully harvested and handled, the 
leaves only being cut away without injuring the attaclnnent of the 
leaves to the stems of the beet, and were carefully preserved iu silos. 

In order to determine the character of the beets preserved in the silos, 
representative samples of mothers were taken for analysis and their 
Aveight and content of sugar determined. Another portion of exactly 
similar beets, as nearly as possible, Avas carefully weighed and sepa- 
rately preserved in the silo. The object of this was to determine in the 
spring the loss in weight which the beets might have experienced 
during the winter, and then, by determining the sugar iu the samples 
thus preserved, any changes which the beets might have undergone in 
the silo can be determined. Tliis, then, can be used as a standard in 
judging of the character of the mother beets when analyzed for 
planting. 



118 

It is the purpose of the Department to continue the experimental 
work with beets, should Congress grant money for that purpose, during 
the coming season on the following general principles: 

The entire number of plats (thirty) in the experimental field will be 
so divided as to bring each plat into beets once in four years. The re- 
maining plats will be planted in ordinary crops, so as to secure a trial 
of the principle of rotation. The beginning of this has already been in- 
augurated and a number of the jdats has been i)laiited in ftill wheat and 
rye, while an additional number will be planted in maize, oats, spring 
wheat, and other crops during the coming spring. All of the plats have 
been properly Ml-plowed and prepared for the spring planting, and 
those plats which are to be planted in beets have been thoroughly sub- 
soiled. At the proper time it is proposed to open the silos and examine 
the mothers which they contain, first, in regard to the way iu which 
they have been preserved; second, in regard to the loss of weight 
of the test samples of mothers, and, third, to subject each of the beets 
so preserved to analysis, rejecting all Avhich fall below a given standard 
and planting the remainder for the production of seed of a high grade. 

It is seen from the above outline of the work that it has been or- 
o-anized on the best approved i>riiiciples for the illustration of the most 
scientific methods of producing beets. Not only Avill the work be valu- 
able for the data which we obtain, but especially so for serving as a 
sample of what such work should be, which may be a guide not only to 
the farmers of the country who propose to enter beet culture, but also 
to those who may undertake the production of sugar-beet seed of high 
grade to supply the planters of the country. It is perfectly well under- 
stood that the farmers themselves will not be able to grow high-grade 
beet seed, on account of the great cost of analytical work which it 
involves, and if we produce our own seed in this country it will have 
to be done in the way indicated in the outline above given. 

REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN CHARGE. 

The further details of the experimental work are found in the report 
of the assistant in charge, Mr. Walter Maxwell, which follows: 

Division of Chemistry, 
U. S. Department op Agriculture, 

Washington, D. C, February £6, 1S92. 
Sir : I beg to submit to you a detailed report of the work accomplished by the 
sugar-beet experiment station of the Department of Agriculture at Schuyler, Nebr., 
in the year 1891. 

Very respectfully, 

Walter Maxwell, 

Assistant in charge. 
Prof. H. W. Wiley, 

Director. 



119 

INTRODUCTORY. 

The Department suj^ar beet experiment station, Sclinyler, Colfax County, Nebr., ia 
located near the junction of the narrow Shell Creek Valley with the broad plain 
through which the Platte River runs. The station is located 6 miles in a direct line 
north of the Platte River, and under the south slope of the terminating line of hills 
which separates the Shell Creek and Platte valleys. The situation is thus protected 
against the action of the north, northwest, and northeast winds, and has an amjile 
exposure to the south, west, and east. 

The station farm consists of thirty 1-acre plats and 1 acre of roads and borders. 

Two tracts of land were offered for the use of the experimental station, including 
the one selected and a tract of equal size having a north exposure. In favor of the 
latter tract was the circumstance that it had been under cultivation for three years, 
while the selected tract at the beginning of this year was practically virgin prairie. 
Although the condition of the soil in the licld exposed to the north appeared to be 
in a much more favorable state than the soil of the selected field for the immedi- 
ate culture of beets, the equal richness and physical properties of the soils of the 
two tields .and the climatic advantages of the field with the south exposure caused 
the selection of the latter as the location of the actual experimental station. How- 
ever, as the new .and crude state of tlie soil of the station field gave some doubt con- 
cerning the results of the first year's work, it was decided to grow beets in both tho 
stated fields and pi'ovide against a failure in case the station field was too crude for 
immediate beet culture. To guard against confusion, the two fields will be desig- 
nated: Field A, station field with south exposure ; Field B, field with north ex- 
posure. 

SOIL. 

The soil of the station farm appears to be uniform with the prairie soil of the Platte 
Valley. It is a dark loam to a depth of 2^ feet, resting upon a mixture 1^ feet thick 
of clay and sand, and gradually going down to a pure sand at a depth of 5 feet, which 
meets the normal water level at a distance from the surface of 8^ feet. It is a loose 
easy-working soil, highly sensitive to variations in the temperature of the air, but 
very resistant of the action of the extremes of moisture and drought. 

The chemical .analyses of the soils gave the following results. No. 1 indicates the 
surface Layer, 6 inches, and No. 2 the second 6 inches of the soils : 



Moisture 

Organic matter 

Insoluble residue 

Ferric oxdie (Fe^O,) . . . 
Aluminic oxide (AI2O3) 
Calcuim oxide (CaO) . . . 

Magnesia (MgO) 

Soda (Ka-jO) 

Potash (KjO) 

Phosphoric acid (PjOs) 

Sulphuric acid (S03) 

Chlorine (CI) 

Carbonic acid (Coj) 

Total 

Nitrogen 



Field A. 



Field B. 



No. 1. 


No. 2, 


No. 1. 


No. 2. 


2.01 


1.93 


1.84 


1.73 


6.G4 


G. 13 


5.20 


5.01 


81.14 


82.11 


81.80 


82.19 


3.11 


2.99 


4.16 


4.12 


3.19 


3.26 


3.98 


4.02 


0.72 


0.68 


0.52 


0.44 


0.82 


0.80 


0.73 


0.75 


Trace 


Trace 


Trace 


Trace 


0.59 


0.01 


0.57 


0.58 


0.04 


0.03 


0.03 


0.04 


0.004 


0.006 


0.008 


0.003 


0.020 


0.014 


0.019 


0.012 


1.420 


1. 620 


1.320 


1.270 


99. 794 


100. 180 


100. 177 


100.165 


0.28 


0.25 


0,28 


0.25 



CULTURAL SEASON. 



Tlie work of preparatory cultivation began April 9, in Field B. 
The late d.ate at which it was decided to establish the st.ation where it is now 
located prevented the adoption of the most advisable plan of cultivation, .and the 



120 

work which shouhl have been done in the fall was not entered npon until late in 
the spring. 

April 9. 4 acres in Field B, which in the past year had been planted with corn, 
were i)lowed lightly and harrowed, and the cornstalks and roots, the latter being 
turned out by the plow, were gathered up and hauled off. Rains prevented any 
further operations until April 22, when plowing and subsoiling began. The 
crouud, Avhich had been freed from all cornstalks and roots, and which laid quite 
level, was plowed to a depth of 9|^ inches with an ordinary jilow and the subsoiler 
followed to a further depth of 6 inches, so that the soil was broken up to a depth 
of 15 inches. The width of fiuroAv taken by the plow was not more than 10 inches, 
in order to be sure that the lower soil was perfectly stirred by the subsoiler, the 
share of which was 9 inches broad. The laud plowed each day was harrowed 
and dragged in the evening, to prevent it drying in a lumpy state and to lessen the 
loss of moisture. 

April 26, the temperature of the soil in Field B was still too low for planting the 
seed, and it was left a few days, and 4 acres selected in Field A were plowed and 
subsoiled and treated further in the same way as had been done in Field B. 

April 29, the seed bed of Field B, which had beeu quickly prepared by harrowing 
and dragging twice, and finally rolling after a third harrowing, had a temperature 
of 51'^ F. and the seed was put in. 

Although the ground had plowed well, and each day's way was got down mod- 
erately fine with the harrow and drag, the coualitiou of the seed bed was not satis- 
factory. There were no large clods, but instead of a thoroughly pulverized soil, such 
as can only be produced by the action of frost, the surface was made up of small 
clots or particles, rather than a mass of fine, moist mold. 

The seeds were planted with a horse drill, taking one row. In the first place the 
ground was marked off in rows with a coumiou wooden marker, making five lines at 
a time. The seed drill followed in each of the lines or rows left by the marker. The 
drill was set to deposit the seed 1^ inches deep. The seed was planted at the extreme 
depth ()n account of the extremely drying weather which had set in, with a prospect 
of lasting for some time. After drilling the seed in rows at a distance of 17 inches 
a])art t he ground was again firmly rolled, in order to induce the rising of the moisture 
of the soil to the seed bed. The surface of the soil had become decidedly dry, and 
there was not moisture enough in the seed bed to produce immediate germination. 

Six varieties of seed were planted, including — 

(1) Dippe Bros, Klein wan zlebener. 

(2) Vilmoi-iu White Improved. 

(3) Desprez &, fils and Bulteau Desprez. 

(4) Lemaire pere et soenr. 

(5) Feid. Knauer. 

(6) Klein wanzlebener (Elite). 

The average amount of seed planted per acre was 17.6 pounds, the diill, with the 
same sized distributing wheel, delivering 18 pounds of the Kleinwauzlebener and 
Elite varieties, 17.2 pounds of the Vilmorin and Desprez, and 17.5 pounds of the Le- 
maire and Knauer varieties. 

On May 5 and 6 the ground in Field A was prepared in the same way as in Field B, 
and on those days the seed was put in. The seed bed in Field A was in exactly the 
same state as in Field B — neither rough nor in that state of moist and pulverized 
mold which is essentially desirable. The seed was planted 1^ inches deep, and in 
rows 18 inches apart. The temperature of the seed bed was 49. f^ F. on the first day 
of jjlanting — May 5. The amount of seed planted per acre was 16.5 pounds. The six 
varieties already specified were planted in Field A. 

The special purposes of the planting of the large plats of the varieties of beets 
stated were, in the first place, to observe the results obtained from the soils and 
climate of the situation under the application of the best method of beet culture ; 



121 

further, to note the behavior of the specified and well-estal)lished European vari- 
eties iu new conditions of soil and climate; and finally, to produce and select beets 
of each of the named varieties for pro])a'^ation uses. It may be found that the known 
varieties can not sustain the high standard of their characteristics iu the new con- 
ditions to which they are being submitted, in which case it is considered that it will 
be possible and necessary to bree<l iiom the old varieties, by select crossing, new 
varieties which will be better adapted to the con<liti(uis and able to nuiintain a high 
standard of excelleuce. 

Iu additiou to the work on the large plats alieady described, a more minute plan 
of experimentation was laid out aud couHued to ]dats eacli 4 square rods iu size, upon 
which three series of experiuieuts were ccindiu'ted: 

(1) Distauce experimeuts, or experiments with the purpose of observiug at what 
distauce the plants must be placed from each other to obtaiu the maximum results, 
expressed iu weight of beets aud sugar per acre. Iu the No. 1 plat the rows were 
placed only 12 inches from each other. In the other five plats the distances between 
the rows were respectively 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 inches. 

(2) Fertilizer experimeuts, or experiments in order to observe if any, and what, 
eftects were produced by the application of ranging amounts of superphosphate to 
the beets iu the virgin soil of Field A. The fertilizer was applied- 
Plat 1 1 pound per rod, or 160 pounds jyer acre. 

Plat 2 1..5 pounds per rod, or 240 ]>ounds per acre. 

Plat 3 2.0 pounds per rod, or 320 i>ounds per acre. 

Plat 4 3.0 pounds per rod, or 480 pouuds per acre. 

Plat f) 4.0 pouuds per rod, or 640 pouuds per acre. 

(3) Time experimcats, or experimeuts for the purpose of showing the results of 
e.arly and later planting, and to indicate the most advisable time forplautiug iu such 
soil aud climate. The plautiug of the plats was done as follows: 

Plat 1 l)lanted May 12. 

Plat 2 planted May 19. 

Plat 3 planted May 26. 

Plat 4 planted June 2. 

The preparation of the soil and seed bed of the small exijerimeutal pints was con- 
ducted in the same way as in the example of the larger plats. The seed was put iu 
with a hand drill, the use of the horse drill bel.ig impracticable. The planting of 
the No. 1 series was done on May 11; of the No. 2 series on May 12 and 13; and of 
the No. 3 series as already given. 

May 15, light cultivation was commenced in Field B. A part of the seed of most 
of the varieties had germinated and the plantlets were out of the ground sufficiently 
to mark the rows. Although the ground was still practically free from weeds, flat- 
hoeing was commenced, hoes with 8-inch blades being used, aud the ground between 
the rows was thoroughly hoed up to H inches of the i)lautlets. Most of the laborers 
were green, aud had not seen a beet Held before; but a short time was enough 
to show them the difference between taking long strokes aud merely scrapino- the 
top, and short strokes, by whicli the surface of the soil was thoroughly moved to a 
depth of li to 2 inches. Also the need of keeping so far from the rows as not to 
disturb the plantlets. 

A very notable difference was observable in the six varieties in respect of the ap- 
parent vitality of the seed, as indicated by the per cent of seed which actually germi- 
nated. The "Vilmorin" variety not only came up one to two days before the other 
varieties, but almost the whole of the seed of that variety came up together. Next 
to the "Vilmorin" the " filite" indicated the greatest vitality and soundness. Other 
of the varieties not only required more time to make a first appearance, but the seed 
kept coming up for five weeks even after a heavy rain, which indicated that seed 
of various ages had been put together iu the samples. The actual comparative 



122 

vitality of the seed of the respective varieties is given in the following table, and 

shows the number of seeds out of one hundred which grew — 

Per rent. 

(1) filite, after 9 days 92 

(2) Knauer, after 9 days 85 

(3) Lemaire, after 9 days 87 

(4) Desprez, after 9 days 88 

(5) Vilmorin, after 9 days 95 

(6) Kleinwaiizlebener, after 9 day o 90 

By May 25 the plats in Field B, also in Field A, had been tlioronglily flat-hood, and 
some part of the former field a second time. 

May 26, "thinning out" commenced in Field B. The Vilmorin variety, as already 
stated, had come up almost perfectly and nearly all the plantlets were large enough 
for "thinning." Not more than one-half of the seed of the other varieties had germi- 
nated, and, as a consequence, the "thinning out" had to be done twice, which not 
only increased the expense of that operation, l»ut the plantlets were destined to be 
and remain of two sizes, the early plants from the first gernnnation, and the later 
which germinated after the rains, and the evil of two sizes was to be seen through- 
out the season in the circumstance that the early plants made too large beets and 
the late plants too small. 

From April 22 to June little rain fell, and not only was there no rainfall, but every 
day was warm, and the heat was accompanied by south winds, the velocity of which 
ranged from 15 to 20 miles per hour. The continuous drouth had a bad effect upon 
the early stage of the croj), which was planted in a soil quite unable, in consequence 
of the spring cultivation, to resist such a continuous spell of dry weather. At that 
period the future of the crop appeared threatened. On June 2 2 inches of rain fell, 
and the aspect immediately began to change. 

The temperature of the soil during the germination season, and for the time in- 
cluded between May 1 up to the end of June, appears in the following table : 



Field A. 


Field B. 


Date. 


Seed bed. 


6-in(h 
deep. 


12-inch 
deep. 


Seed bed. 


6-ineh 
deep. 


12-iueh 
deep. 


May. 
Meanof— 


49.5 
,')9. 
69.0 
64.0 

58.0 

66.0 

Not taken 

...do 


50.0 
57.0 
64.0 
03.5 

59.0 
82.0 
74.0 
76.0 


50.0 
55. 
56.0 
64.0 

61.0 
61.0 
69.5 
73.0 


49.5 
57.0 
68.0 
61.0 

55.0 

64.0 

Not taken 

...do 


.52.0 
55. 5 
62,0 
61.0 

57.0 
62.0 
72.0 
73.5 


52.5 




53.5 




55.0 




61.5 


Jiine. 


.55^.5 




60.0 




68. 




72.5 









Before leaving the planting and germination period of the cultural season it will 
be specially in place to include certain particular observations upon the nature of 
the climate and the comparative adaptability of the soil to given climatic conditions. 
It has already been said that from April 22 until June 2 no rain fell. In such re- 
spect this has been an abnormal year. The normal rainfall for the month of May 
would be enough for cultural purposes were other physical conditions favorable. In 
point of fact, the rainfall for the month of May in the State of Nebraska is equal to 
or exceeds the rainfall for the same month in i\w beet-growing districts of Europe, 
And again, the temperature of the State of Nebraska does not vary materially in the 
mean from the temperature of the European countries, although the distribution of 
the temperature of Nebraska is subject to very much greater fluctuations. There is, 



123 

ho-wcver, a factor in the climatics of that part of the Western and Northwestern and 
Southwestern States which appears to be much more potent than the considera- 
tions of temperature and rainfall, and that is the winds of those re<>ions. That 
factor reduces any comparative statements of the temperature and rainfall of the 
State of Nebraska and the beet regions of Europe to a small value. A comparison 
of the Western States with tlie States on the Atlantic border in respect of the 
rainfall and temperature is upset by the same prevailing factor. The mean tem- 
perature for the month of May in Nebraska and the beet districts of Germany does 
not vary more than 1 to 2 degrees, being about 59° F in Nebraska and 58'-' in the 
European country. The actual effect, however, of the temperature of Nebraska, 
borne as it is upon the south Avind at a high daily velocity (it is notable also that the 
wind rises with the sun, attains its maximum velocity in the middiiy, and moderates 
or goes quite down with the setting of the sun), is much greater than in localities 
where the air is generally in ii more stagnant condition. 

Again, the action of those winds upon the evaporation of moisture from the soil 
is very great. The seed bed, which at sunrise is soft and moist, after noon is dried 
out 1 to 2 inches, and the soil is actually hard and remains so until after sundown. 
Tlie evaporation process occurs to such an intense degree that the rainfall of a nmist 
and still atmosphere, of one-half to 1 inch per week in that season, Avould have a 
much smaller effect in the intense conditit)ns of Avhich we have spoken. 

And yet, notwithstanding the conditions of which we have spoken, and which at 
first sight appeared unfavorable, the growth and vigorous appearance of the beet 
plants of the first germination were unmistakable. The plants not only looked 
vigorous, but they grew rapidly. That circumstance directed attention to the nature 
of the soil, for it appeared very evid<^ut that an adapability in a high degree existed 
of the soil to the characteristics of tlie climate. 

Following the observation stated, experiments were conducted with the purpose 
of ascertaining the power of the station soil to absorb moistui'e, both by capilliarity 
ami from the air; and, further, the capability of the soil to retain the moisture 
already absorbed. In order that the results of sucli experiments should be apparent 
they had to be made comparative, and samples of soil were obtained from the ex- 
perimental stations of LaFayette,Ind., and College, Md., whieli samples were sent 
to us through the courtesy of Prof. Huston of the former and Maj. Alvord of 
the latter station. About 30 pounds of soil were contained in each sample sent to us, 
which represented the surface soils of the respective stations to a depth of 9 inches. 
A corresponding samjile was taken of our own station soil. The samples were each 
pulverized, but not sifted, and laid very thinly upon boards exposed to the sun for 
several days until they were thoroughly sun dried. When quite dry, smaller 
samples were taken from each of the original ones and put into zink forms made for 
the purpose. The "forms" or vessels were 9 inches deep by 2 inches square. The 
bottoms were finely perforated, and before putting the soil into them square pieces 
of linen were damped and laid at the bottom inside in order to prevent any particles 
dropping through the perforations made for the capillary passage of water. When 
completed and filled with soil, care being taken that the latter should not be too 
loose or too compressed in the vessels, the latter were placed in a tub containing 
water one-half inch deep for twenty-four hours, or until each sample had taken up 
its maximum quantity of water. The sun-dried soils, with the vessels, were weighed 
before being put into the tub and immediately after being taken out, any drops at- 
taching to tlie vessels being wiped ofi'. The quantity of water taken up, or the 
absorptive power (by capillarity) of each soil, was thus determined. 

Havinsj; thus come at the absorptive power of each soil, the next step was to deter- 
mine the relative power of the soils to retain the water they had taken up under the 
same conditions. 

A double series of vessels and samples of each soil were used, one part of which 
were placed under a normal exposure, i. e., the vessels were put out in the field and 



124 

exposed to every change of weather, day and night, whilst the second part were kept 
in the barn, and thns kejit from the sun and any rainfall. The data observed in the 
experiments are expressed in the following tallies: 

I. — Table showing the kelative ausorptive powers of the soils. 



Sample of soil. 


Dry 

weight 
of soil. 


Weight 
after im- 
mersion. 


Weight 
of water 
absorbed. 


Own 

weiglit 

of dry 

soil. 




Grams. 
1, 344 
1,414 
1,40!) 
1,426 
1,304 
1,330 


Grama. 

1,702 

1,777 
1,795 
1,818 
1 , 735 
1,808 


Grams. 

358 
363 
386 
392 
431 
438 


Per cent. 
26.6 


mai J lana. i^. . . ■;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; :;;;;:;::;;;;; 


25.6 




27.3 


IV 


27.4 


station, V 

VI 


33 
" 32.9 







II. — Tables showing the relative retentive powers of the soils. 
(a) Series of samples placed in the harn. 



Samples of soils. 


Per cent of water, of own weight of the samples, in the soils on- 


- 


July 13. 


July 20. 


July 27. 


Aug. 3. 


Aug. 10. 


Aug. 17. 


Aug. 24. 


Aug. 31. 


Maryland, No. I ... 
Indiana, No. Ill .. - 
Station, No. V 


Per cent. 
26.6 
27.3 
33 


Per cent. 
25.4 
23.4 
26.6 


Per cent. 
17.7 
20 
22.5 


Per cent. 
16.1 
18.5 
20.4 


Per cent. 
13.4 
15.6 
16.8 


Per cent. 
11.3 
13.7 
14.2 


Per cent. 
9.8 
12.2 
12.2 


Per cent. 

8.1 

10.0 

12.5 



(h) Series of samples placed in normal exposure. 



Samples of soil. 


Per cent of water, of own weight of the samples, in the soils on- 


- 


July 13. 


July 20. 


July 27. 


Aug. 3. 


Aug. 10. 


Aug. 17. 


Aug. 24. 


Aug. 31. 


Maryland, No. I . . . 

Indiana, No. IV 

Station, VI 


Per cent. 
25. 6 

27.4 
32.9 


Per cent. 
10.5 
14.3 
10.3 


Per cent. 
14.4 
18.2 
20 


Per cent. 

9.0 

12. 5 

14.9 


Per cent. 
7.2 
9 
10.3 


Per cent. 
7.9 
9.6 

10.8 


Per cent. 

8.9 

12.2 

21.5 


Per cent. 
7.8 
10.4 
20 



If the results of the station samples are talven as expressing 100, the relative capil- 
lary aud retentive powers are as follows, based upon the data observed on August 
31: 



Soils. 



Station soil 

Indiana 

Maryland . . 



Capillary or 

absorptive 

power. 



100.0 

82.7 
78.7 



Retentive 
power (in 
the shatle). 



100.0 
84.2 
64.8 



Ketentive 

power 
(normal ex- 
posure). 



100.0 
52.0 
39.0 



Table I shows the great resorbtive power of the station soil, which means its great 
capillarity, as the moisture was taken up by capillary action. 

Table II, series (a), indicates certain very important lixcts iu the station soil, viz : 
First, that a portion of the very high per cent of water taken mp by absorption is 
very rapidly given off, after which the rate of evaporation continues very gradual 
down to 12.2 per ceut, wheu, ou reaching that minimum, it commences reabsorbing 



125 

ynoistnre from the air, whilst the Indiana and Maryland soils continue to lose in 
weight. 

Series (h), of Table II, where the soils were placed in normal exposure, similar re- 
sults are observed. The per cent of moisture in the station soil is constantly higher 
than in the other soils, and toward the end of August, when the Maryland and In- 
diana soils had become practicably insensible, the station soil was still highly sensi- 
tive in taking up and in retaining the moisture which it had received, as is shown 
by the data tabulated on August 31. 

The data set forth in the tables illustrate the striking adaptability of the Nebraska 
soils to the Nebraska climate. They show the peculiar capability of those soils to 
withstand the usually liad effects of an excess of either rain or drought. They further 
indicate that, should the strong winds exercise an influence disturbing to the balance 
of the other climatic conditions, temperature, and rainfall, that influence appears to 
be effectually neutralized by the signal properties of the soil. 

The " thiuniug out," it was said, commenced May 26. The plants were taken when 
they hail four well-developed leaves. It appears very undesirable to disturb the 
young plantlets until they have reached the size stated. The rootlets have too frail 
a hold of the ground, and premature disturbance maj^ more or less detach the plant- 
let from its soil connection. 

The laborers employed were chiefly men who had never seen a beet field. Occasion- 
ally an old workman came who as a lad had been in the beet fields of Germany or 
Bohemia. The thinning out of the beets is the most particular operation of the cul- 
tural season, and with such laborers the work not only proceeded very slowly, but it 
was only possible at the beginning under constant practical supervision. Each man 
had to be shown, and repeatedly shown, until he could observe all the small points 
in the work. Small hoes with 3-inch blades were used, but the nervousness of the 
men, fearing they would not be able to manage the strokes, caused them at first to rely 
too much upon their hands. 

In the hands of expert workmen the hoe not only enables more work to l)e done but 
the work is done better. Not merely is the ground removed around and between the 
plants which are left, but the actual sepnration of the plants thinned out from the 
plants left is done with less damage to the latter when the hoe is used. A skillful 
workman will separate a bunch of plants better with the hoe than with the hand ex- 
cepting where there are very many small plants together. He will quickly with his 
practiced eye and hand separate the best plant, and by a manipulation of the hoe 
slightly press the soil about it, and in the same act cut out the surplus plants, and in 
such a way that the standing plant remains even more firmly in its place than before. 
Such skillfulness requires much practice to acquire. Thinning out with the hand is 
apt to do more damage to the standing plants unless one hand is used to hold the 
standing plant, while the surplus plants are pulled out with the other hand ; but that 
is an endless method. The ultimate form of the beet, andpossil)ly other conditions are 
directly affected by the act of thinning out. If the plants which are to stand are 
disturbed by the removal of the surplus plants so that the tap-root is severed from 
the soil at the point of the root, by which act the root-cap may also be injured or 
separated from the root, then instead of developing one tap-root with a system of 
very-minute, fine, and fibrous root growth, several prongs will be put out and the 
form of the beet is wholly distorted. For example: Ton plants were drawn out of 
the soil with great care, and without apparently leaving any portion of the root in 
the ground. Those plants were replanted and grew to average sized beets. Each 
one of the ten beets, however, developed no tap-root, but instead several prongs or 
fingers, varying from two to five in number, and the natural form of each beet was 
distorted. 

The " thinning out " of Fields B and A, the first time over, was finished June 11. On 
June 2, a strong rain fell, which brought away the seed still lying in the ground very 



12G 

rapidly on account of the high temperature of the soil. The plants grew very quickly 
aiid the "thinning dilt" Of all the plats; including the small experimental plats, was 
coinpieted June 18. 

The growth of the heets after the rain of June 2 aiid following days ivaS phenom- 
enal. This rapid growth, and the heavy and fre(j[ueut rains, made the further acts 
of cultivation very difficult to do. In Field B the rows wore only 17 inches apart, 
and the plants from the second period of germination being so far behind the early 
plants it was not practicable for the use of the horse hoe. The beets were hoed twice 
over after the final "thinning out," including the whole space between the rows and 
around the plants, and any "double plants" Avere seiiarated. This work continued 
ui) to July 6, when the beets were "rowed up," that operation being done with the 
broad-blade hoes, the soil being hoed up on each side of the beets level with the top 
of the neck of the same. In that form, the beets hidden in soil and a trench made 
between the rows, the work was ended. In Field A, where the rows were 18 inches 
apart, horse labor Avas used in the light cultivation. After the thinning out, the 
horso hoe was Used three times over, at such jieriods when the rains allowed. The 
beets were hoed twice AVlth hand hoe amongst the plants and finally hoed up, the 
same as in Field S. 

The cultivation of the sUiall experiment plats was conducted in a way similar to 
what has been described. On those plats the seed came up thick and evenly. There 
w£ls a full plant. The plants AVere thinned out exactly 6 inches ajjart in the rows, 
the distances being regtilated by a 6-inch measure which the man carried for the 
purpose, the whole t\'ork on those plats being done by one skilled mau. The jilants 
were left about 6 inches apal't In the rows on the large plats, but the same degree of 
exactness was not attained as Upou the small plats. Further hoeing twice over and 
the final hoeing up completed the work on the small plats. 

July 12 the cultural Avork of the season AVas done. The beets covered the Avhole 
ground, and, as far as cultivation could exercise an eft'oct, there was no obstacle in 
the Avay of their progress. 

The crop was now left to the clinuitic conditions, as it Avas advanced beyond reach 
of danger from other sources. And it Avill be in place here to observe the almormal 
conditions of Aveather extending OA'cr tlie cultural season. It has been seen that lit- 
tle rain fell during the Avhole month of May, and normally the latter half of that 
month receives the usual spring rains, which continue into early Jnne, and Avhich are 
in the highest degree faA'orable to the cultural season of that period. On June 2 the 
first good rain fell since early in April. When the rains began they fell in torrents. 
In the month of June 12 inches were recorded, or nearly half an inch daily. On the 
24th and 25th 8 inches fell in thirty -two hours. On the latter date the beets were 
not A'isible, the water standing from 6 to 8 inches deep over the Avhole tract of Field 
A. No immediate damage occurred to the croji, but the continuous dull weather, 
Avith a high atmospheric humidity (78.7 for June), fre<|uent rains, and comparatively 
little sun, which conditions continued through July, caused eventually an unfavora- 
ble api>earance. On July 25 it was observed that in the lower parts of the plats, 
Avhere the deep green of the leaves had gone OAer into a sickly brown-yellow, the 
beets had commenced rotting. The deeay commenced at the neck, on account of the 
moisture which was constantly resting on the foliage, for it was seldom dry. The 
decaying continued until the first Aveek of August, Avheu a period of dry weather, 
Avith hot winds, set in and saved the further damage of the crop. The decayed beets 
were dug up as soon as they were detected, but others which had merely commenced 
rotting recoA'ered and put forth a second growth of foliage. The sugar content of 
those beets, howcA'er, remained abnormally low. 

A table of the rainfall and temperature for May, June, July, August, September; 
and October is given, expressed iu weekly means: 



127 



Date. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Augusts 


Septeitibet; 


Octobet'. 


Raih; 


Teinp. 


Rain. 


Temp. 


Haiti. 


Tfcnip. 


Rain. 


TemJ). 


Raiil. 


Temj). 


Raitl. 


Tfemj). 


Fir.st week... 
Second week. 
Third week . . 
Fourtli Week . 


In. 
0.14 
(I. OS 
0.77 
0.-15 


o 
50.8 

ea. 2 

60.8 
62.4 


tn. 
2.65 
1.D4 
0.21 
7.64 


Bi.s 

69.8 
69.1 
73.6 


in. 
3.16 
0.20 
1.47 

1.88 


6 

137.7 

69.9 

72.7 

69.4 


tn. 

b'.hi)' 

1.54 
0.08 




76.0 
73.1 
08.3 
63.3 


in. 

'6." 27' 

6'57" 




62.4 
64.5 
74.0 
59.7 


In. 

3.25 
0.52 
0.15 




43.6 

48.8 

51.5 

40.4 


Mean rain . . . 
Mean teniper- 


1.38 


59.0 


11.51 


08. 4 


6.71 


09.9 


2.22 


70.2 


0.84 


05.1 


3.92 


47.6 









Total rainfall fol- tlie given six nloliths incites.. 20.01 

Xornial rainCall (for northern Kebraska) six mouths do 12. 49 

Total units of heat for the ^iven six months 11,051 

^Normal units (for northern Kebraska) six months ^ 1 ; . llj 518 

The total heat units for the given six months afe almost Ideiitical with thfe tidrmal 
quantity found for northern Nehlaska. The distlibutlou, hDwevet, as we have 111 
another place shown, Avas very fat from the normal ; May aild Sejitembet being sev- 
eral degrees too waim, alid July, even in a grieatet degree, too cokL 

ANALYtlCAL SEASON. 

The -work of testing the beets analytically, in otdet to learn the results of the cul- 
tural season, opened early in Scptembefi 

The station laboratory Was completeel and ready for use September 10. 

The analytical work of the laboratory Avas conducted by T. C. Trescot, U. S. De- 
partment of Agriculture, assisted by C. B. Edsou and others. 

September 12 a general view of the crop was taken, expressed by the mean of sev- 
eral analyses of beets from each held, with the following results : 





Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


Field A 


Per cent. 

12.8 
14.3 


77.1 
82.0 


Field B 





September 14 and 15 each of the six varieties in Field B was examined, and the 
mean of ten analyses of each variety gave as follows : 



Variety. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


Elite 


Per cent. 
14.6 

15.7 
13. 2 
13.8 
14.3 
14.7 


82.0 
80.2 
77.0 
81.3 






Des])rez 


Vilniorin 

Klein wanzlebener 





It is seen from the polariscope readings that the sugar present in the juice was very 
satisfactory. The juices, however, still appeared " green," and the general appear- 
ance indicated that, if the sucrose Avere approaching its maximum, there was room for 
improvement in the condition of the juices. The beets, moreover, had not fully 
taken on the melloAV, golden-green color of the leaves indicative of maturity. 

Analyses were made with ten beets selected from No. 1, small plat, on September 
15, the mean of which gave 13.8 per cent sucrose in the juice. 

No further work Avas done in the laboratory for another week, it appearing desira- 
ble to leave the beets alone, as they Avere gradually improving. 

September 21 work commenced again in Field B, tmd upon a large scale. The 
beets of certain varieties appeared to have reached a state of maturity Avhich made 
it possible to arrive at conclusions concerning the actual results of those varieties 



128 

expressed in weight per acre, the content of sucrose in the juice, and the total yield 
of sugar per acre, which data form the ultimate purpose and end of the work. 

The work of determining the weight of beets per acre was done by selecting a 
given number of 3 square rods, according to the size of the whole plat, and ascertain- 
ing the weight of each square rod from the several parts of the plat and taking the 
mean as representing the 160-part of an acre. The details of selecting the square 
rods and the weighing of the l)eets were as follows : A wooden square made of light 
wood, was dropped down upon the place selected. That frame inclosed exactly 1 
square rod. Every beet was taken up inside the square and none outside, so that 
each measurement was essentially precise. The beets were thoroughly cleaned ; the 
tops, including the neck, were cut off with any coarse lateral roots, and weighed 
immediately. As already said, the mean of the square rods thus weighed upon each 
plat was taken as the acre unit. 

The method of sampling a plat for determining the per cent of sucrose in tlie juice 
and the yield of sugar per acre was as follows : The length of the plats in Field B 
was between 30 and 40 rods, consequently the breadth of the plats was very small 
and tlie number of rows of beets few. Where the number of rows to a plat was less 
than 20 one average row Avas selected, and Avhere the number exceeded 20 to the 
plat two average rows were selected. The selected rows were taken up in the follow- 
ing order : Either one hundred or two hundred beets, as decided upon, were selected in 
twentiestrom either five or ten different places intlierows, the places being so far apart 
as to give an actual average of the beets in the rows. Those beets were taken imme- 
diately to the laboratory and analyzed. Each one of those two hundred beets was anal- 
yzed individually, in order to afford not only an average, but also to observe the scale 
of variation in weight and sugar content of the single beets. In the next place, the 
whole of the beets remaining in the selected rows were taken up and brought direct 
to the laboratory and analyzed in ''tens," i. e., the juice of ten beets already weighed 
and grmind up, was expressed and one polariscope reading made. From the indi- 
vidual beets the weight and sugar content of each one were found ; and from the 
beets analyzed in tens the average weight, sugar content, and purity were obtained. 
The number of beets analyzed daily Avas from one hundred upwards, oven to nine 
hundred daily, Avhere the work Avas done in tens. 

The weight of beets per acre (the samples being prepared for the scales in the 
manner already described) of the several Aarieties was as follows: 

Field B. 



Variety. 



Elite 

Knauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez 

Vilmorin 

Kleinwanzlelieiier 

*A]1 tons=2,000 pounds. 

Field A. 





Pounds per 






Date. 


Sfiuare rod 
(mean of 


Pounds per 


*Tons per 




3 square 




acre. 


Sept. 21 


rods) . 






257.0 


41, 120 


20.56 


Sept. 23 


266. 


42, 560 


21. 2S 


Sept. 24 


293. 2 


40,912 


23.49 


Oct. 6 


330. 3 


52, S48 


26.42 


Oct. 7 


322. 2 


51, 552 


25.80 


Oct. 8 


307.5 


49, 200 


24.60 



Variety. 



Date. 



Elite Oct. 13 

Knauer Oct. 13 

Lemaire Oct. 15 

Desprez Oct. 1 5 

Vilmorin Oct. 19 

Kleiuwanzlebener i Oct. 19 



Pounds per 

square rod 

(mean of 

3 square 

rods). 



226.3 
220.8 
229.7 
266.3 
263.3 
281.0 



Pounds per 
acre. 



36, 240 

35, 328 

36, 750 
42, 608 
42, 128 
44, 960 



Tons per 
acre. 



18.10 

17.7 

18.4 

21.3 

21.1 

22.5 



129 

The varieties "Elite " and "Knauer," in Fifld B, wliirh were wei<Tlicfl first, and 
which were also the tirst to be tested ou a large scale in the laboratory, ai)iieared to 
have reached their uiaxininm maturity. The Lemaire variety in the same field did 
not appear so thoroughly ripe, and the other varieties were still further off. Conse- 
quently, after September 24 the beets were left alone until October 6, no weighings 
or analyses being made during that interval. 

The varieties in Field A were quite mature at the time the weighings were made. 

The weighings given represent the maximum yield per acre of each of the varie- 
ties in both fields. The utmost precision was observed in each operation, and the 
results are given as being exact. Moreover the weighings were practically con- 
firmed by the number of tons actually hauled from the fields when the whole of the 
beets were gotten up. 

The analytical work, commencing September 21, began in Field B on the variety 
" Elite." The plat of that variety was comparatively small, so that 100 beets were 
analyzed individually and 800 in " tens," making 900 beets totally that were taken 
to represent the sugar value of the variety. The analytical data ot the ''indi- 
viduals" are given in Table T. No selection of the beets was made, each one be- 
ing taken seriatim in the row. The mean of analysis of 100 beets was 15.6 per cent 
of sugar in the juice. The data obtained from the analysis of the 800 beets in "tens" 
are given in Table II. 

The results of the analyses of the "Elite" variety, September 21, were: Mean 
sucrose in juice, 15.7 per cent; mean purity, 84.6 percent. The variety analyzed 
next in order was the"Knauer." From that variety 100 "individuals" and 620 in 
"tens" were analyzed. The mean percentage of sucrose in the juice of the 100 
beets analyzed separately was 15.7. (The full table is omitted to economize space.) 

The analyses of the 620 beets in "tens" are given in Table III. 

The results of the "Knauer" variety, September 22, were: Mean sucrose in juice, 
15.4 per cent; mean purity, 84.9. 

September 25 the "Lemaire" variety was examined; 100 beets were taken for 
individual analysis and 600 for analyzing in " tens." 

The 100 "individuals " gave the following results : The mean percentage of sucrose 
in the juice of the 100 separate beets was 13.9. 

The 600 in "tens" gave the results recorded in Talde IV. 

The average results of the two sets of analyses the "Lemaire" variety on Septem- 
ber 25 and 26 were: Mean sucrose in juice, 13.8 per cent; mean purity, 81.2 ])cr cent. 
The "Lemaire" beets were not so mature as those of the "Elite" and "Knauer" va- 
rieties, and as the condition of the remaining varieties appeared still further from 
maturity no further analytical work was done until October 6. The weather of the 
previous ten or fourteen days had been highly favorable, and the less matured varie- 
ties Avere still improving. 

From the cessation of the analytical work on September 26 up to the recommence- 
ment of the same, heavy rains fell. About 4 inches of rain were registered during 
that interval, an abnormally heavy precipitation for that season. The normal rain- 
fall for October in that part of the State is very little more than 1 inch. Follow- 
ing the period of hot weather (the twelve days from September 13 to 25, the mean of 
the daily maximum temperature was precisely 90°), and falling upon soil whose tem- 
perature was over 70°i the effects were likely to be unfavorable and ]»erhaps disas- 
trous. 

October 6 work was resumed in Field B, and upon the " Desprez " variety ; 200 beets 
were analyzed individually, and the mean result of the analyses was : Sucrose in the 
juice, 13.5 per cent. 

At the time (October 6) stated no beets of the Desprez variety were analyzed in 
"tens." 

October 8 the Vilmorin variety was further examined, 200 beets being analyzed 
individually, showing a mean percentage of sugar of 13.8, 

19864— No, 33 9 



130 



October 10 the Kleinwanzlebener variety was tested. One hundred beets were an- 
alyzed as "individuals," and the mean results showed 14.7 per tent of sugar. 

A notable eft'ect of the heavy rains and previous hot weather is observable in the 
sucrose readings of the last three varieties of beets analyzed. The falling off in the 
sucrose was seen by comparing the readings on the given dates. 



Vkriety. 


Sucrose, 
Se.pt. 15. 


Sucro.se, 
Oct. 10. 




Per cent. 
13.8 
14.3 
14.7 


Per cent. 
13.5 
13.8 
14.7 




Klein wanzlebener 



Analyses of those varieties were not made immediately before the rains, i. e., about 
September 26; otherwise, if a comparison were made with the " Elite" and "Knauer" 
varieties, and it be supposed that the three former had made a similar increase in sucrose 
that the two latter varieties had done between September 15 and 25, then the actual 
falling off in sucrose in consequence of the rains would be much greater, which 
doubtless was the case. 

Field B was left alone after the work already described, a sufficient number of 
beets of each variety being left for further analytical examination at a later period in 
the season, in order to observe whether any of, or all, the varieties recovered the 
loss in sucrose before the season closed. 

October 13 an examination of the varieties upon a large scale commenced in Field 
A. The work was conducted the same as in Field B, and does not require any further 
comment.| 

Variety " Elite/' 100 beets were analyzed as "individuals," and 200 were tested in 
"tens." The mean results of the individual analyses showed 14.8 per cent of sugar. 

The 200 beets analyzed in " tens " gave the results recorded in Table V. 

The mean results of the analyses of the "Elite" variety, October 13, were: Mean 
sucrose injuice, 14.5 per cent; mean purity, 84.6 per cent. 

October 14 the " Knauer" variety was tested. The mean result of the analysis of 
100 individuals gave 14.8 per cent of sucrose in juice. 

The results of the analyses of 200 beets in "tens " are recorded in Table VI. 

The mean results of the two sets of analyses of the " Knauer " variety, October 14, 
were: Mean sucrose in juice, 14.8 per cent; mean purity, 88 per cent. 

October 15 the " Lemaire" variety was examined. 

One hundred " individuals " were analyzed separately, showing mean sucrose in 
juice, 14.2 jier cent. 

Two hundred beets were analyzed in sets of "tens," and the results are shown in 
Table VII. 

The mean results of the two sets of analyses of the " Lemaire " variety, October 
15, were: Mean sucrose in juice, 14.1 per cent; mean purity, 83.5 per cent. 

October 16 the "Desprez " variety was analyzed. 

One hundred beets analyzed "individually" gave the followang mean result: 
Sucrose in juice, 14.8 per cent. 

Two hundred beets analyzed in " tens " gave tbe results recorded in Table VIII. 

The average results of the two sets of analyses of the Desprez variety October 16 
were: Meau sucrowe in juice, 14.4 per cent; mean purity, 84.6 per cent. 

October 17 the Vilmorin variety was examined. One hundred beets analyzed 
separately gave the following mean result: Per cent sucrose in juice, 14.8. 

Two hundred of the same variety analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in 
Table IX. 

The average results of the two sets of analyses of the Vilmorin variety, October 17, 
were: Mean sucrose iu juice, 14.6 per cent; mean purity, 84.9 per cent. 



131 

October 19 the Kleinwanzlebener variety was examined. One hundred " individu- 
als" were analyzed and gave the following mean results : Per cent sucrose m the juice, 
14.8 per cent. 

Two hundred beets of the same variety, analyzed in "tens," gave the results re- 
corded in Table X. 

The average results of the Kleinwanzlebener variety October 19 were : Mean sucrose 
in juice, 14.5 per cent; mean purity, 82.8 })er cent. 

The analysis of each variety in both fields upon a very broad scale set forth the 
condition of the beets and the sxigar value of the crop at the stated periods. The 
analysis, when put in comparison with the examinations made in September, show 
the action of the climatic conditions — the falling otf of the sucrose in consequence of 
the rains, and the comparative capabilities of the varieties to recover their lost 
sucrose value. 

The varieties in each field were gone over again and their condition determined 
after an interval of fourteen days. The examination recommenced in Field B. The 
"Elite" and "Knauer" varieties were not examined further, as they had attained 
full maturity and their maximum values were ascertained before the rains set in. 
The varieties "Lemaire," "Desprez," "Vilmorin," and "Kleinwanzlebener "remained 
in the ground in sufficient number to allow of a further thorough examination of 
their condition. 

The purpose of the repeated analyses of the varieties at the given intervals was, in 
the first place, to observe the approach of each toward maturity and to determine 
the precise i)eriod when each variety had attained its maximiun value, and, further, 
to note the specific effect of the great heat, followed by the rains, by observing the 
degree of the sucrose depreciation consequent on the "second growth " and to what 
extent the beets recovered their loss in sugar. 

October 20 the "Lemaire" variety was reexamined. One hundred "individuals" 
gave the following mean results: Sucrose in juice, 14.1 per cent. Eighty beets, in 
"tens," gave the results recorded in Table XI. 

The average results of the "Lemaire" variety, October 20, were: Mean sucrose in 
juice, 14.6 per cent; mean purity, 88. .5 per cent. 

October 21 the " Desprez " variety was retested. One hundred " individuals " gave 
the following mean result: Sucrose in juice, 14.1 per cent. (See Table XII.) 

Three hundred and eighty beets in "tens" gave results recorded in Table XII bis. 

The average results of the " Desprez " variety, October 21, were : Mean sucrose in 
iuice, 14.1 per cent; mean purity, 87.7 per cent. 

October 22 the Vihnorin variety was reexamined. Fifty "individuals" were 
analyzed and gave the following mean results : Sucrose in juice, 12.8 per cent. 

Six hundred and sixty beets of the same variety, analyzed in "tens," gave the re- 
sults recorded in Table XIII. 

The average results of the Vilmorin variety, October 22, were: mean sucrose in 
juice, 13.4 per cent; mean purity, 85.8 per cent. 

October 23 the Kleinwanzlebener variety was reexamined. Fifty "individuals" 
analyzed gave the following mean results : sucrose in juice, 14.1 per cent. 

Six hundred and twenty beets, analyzed in "tens," gave results recorded in Table 
XIV. 

The average results of the Klein-Wanzlebeu variety, October 23, were: mean 
sucrose in juice, 14.1 per cent; mean purity, 83.8 per cent. 

On completing the reexamination of the varieties in Field B, the work of the 
following week was given to a complete investigation of the condition and results 
of the experiments on the small plats. It will be convenient, however, to bring in 
at this period the data obtained from the reexamination of the varieties in Field A 
in order that the observations upon the large plats in Fields A and B mav be brought 
to a conclusion. 



132 

The rftpxamination of the varieties n FiehT A commencefl October 31, and in the 
following order: 

October 31 the ''Elite " variety was analyzed and gave the following data: 

Two hundred beets were analyzed in " tens," and the results are recorded in Table 
XV. 

The average results of the analyses of the Elite variety, October 31, were : mean 
sucrose in juice, 14.2 per cent; mean purity, 83.9 per cent. 

November 2 the " Knauer " variety was reexamined. Two hundred beets, analyzed 
in '' tens," gave the results recorded in Table XVI. 

The average results of the analyses of the "Kuauer" variety, November 2, were: 
mean sucrose in juice, 13.2 per cent; mean purity, 82.1 per cent. 

November 2, the "Lemaire" variety was reexamined; two hundred beets were 
analysed in "tens," and gave the results recorded in Table XVII. 

Tlie mean results of the analyses of the " Leraaire " variety, November 2, were : mean 
sucrose in juice, 12.6 per ceut; mean purity, 80.0 per cent. 

November 2, the "Desprez" varietj^ was reexamined. Tavo hundred beets were 
analysed in "tens," and gave the results recorded in Table XVIII. 

The average results of the analyses of the "Desprez" variety, November 2, were: 
mean sucrose in juice, 12.6 per cent; mean purity, 80.9 per cent. 

November 2, the Vilmorin variety was reexamined. Two hundred beets, analysed 
in "tens," gave the results recorded in Table XIX. 

The average results of the analyses of the "Vilmorin" variety, November 2, were: 
mean sucrose in juice, 13.1 per ceut; mean purity, 83.6 per cent. 

November 2, the " Klein wanzlebener" variety was reexamined. Two hundred 
beets were analysed in "tens," and gave the results recorded in Table XX. 

The mean results of the analyses of the "Kleinwanzlebener" variety, November 
2, were: mean sucrose in juice, 13.0 per ceut; mean purity, 79.7 per cent. 

The per cent of sucrose in the juice and the purity of the several varieties at the 
different periods are shown in the following r6sum6 : 

Field B. 



Variety. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in j uico. 


Pnrity. 


Elite 


Sept. 15 
Sept. 21 
Sept. 15 
Sept. 22 
Sept. 15 
Sept. 26 
Oct. 20 
Sei)t. 15 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 21 
Sept. 15 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 22 
Sept. 15 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 23 


Per cent. 
14.6 
15.7 
15.7 
15.4 
13. 2 
13.8 
14.6 
13.8 
13.5 
14.1 
14.3 
13.8 
13.4 
14.7 
14.7 
14.1 


82.0 
84.6 
80.2 
84.9 
77.0 
81.2 
88.5 
81.3 










87.7 


Klein wanzlebener 


85.8 




83.8 



133 

Fidd A. 



Variety. 



Elite 

Kuauer 

Leiuairo 

Desprez 

Viliuoriu 

Klein wauzlebener 



Sept. 12 
Oct. 13 
Oct. 31 
Sept. 12 
Oct. 14 
Nov. 2 
Sept. 12 
Oct. 15 
Nov. 2 
Sept. 12 
Oct. 16 
Nov. 2 
Sept. 12 
Oct. 17 
Nov. 2 
Sept. 12 
Oct. 19 
Nov. 2 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Per 



cent. 
12.6 
U.5 
14.2 
11.5 
14.8 
13.2 
11.5 
14.1 
12.6 
13.2 
14.4 
12.6 
13.1 
14.6 
13.1 
13.6 
14.5 
13.0 



Purity. 



75.9 
84.6 
83.9 
75.7 
88.0 
82.1 
77.2 
83.5 
80.0 
76.7 
84.6 
80.9 
76.3 
84.9 
83.6 
77.7 
82.8 
79.7 



The observations attaching to the varieties in Field B show that the " Lemaire" 
and " Desprez " varieties made improvement in October after the bad eftects of the 
rains had abated. The " Vilmorin" and " Kleinwanzlebener" varieties, which were 
nearer maturity than tlie two former varieties at the time that the rains fell, never 
recovered their lost ground, but continued to fixU off in sucrose. The weather, how- 
ever, was very unfavorable to a recovery from the effects of the "second growth" 
consequent on the rains. Although there was very little rain after the first week in 
October, the weather was ungenial. The nights were frosty and the days very change- 
able and raw, and not in any degree fixvorable to a gradual maturity of the beets, if 
considered in comparison with the general tone of the fall weather in the beet dis- 
tricts of Europe. 

In Field A, no analytical data was obtained immediately before nor immediately 
after the rains, but the table indicates clearly the period in October when the varieties 
had reached their maximum value, and that later there was a notable falling oft" both 
in the sugar content and the purity of the juices, or, in other words, the beets were at 
the best for sugar-making purposes in the first half of October, and that by the end 
of the month they had fallen off" in value for the factor not less than 15 per cent con- 
sidering the decreased purity of the juices in connection with the actual loss of sucrose 
in the beets. 

If an analysis of the respective behaviors of the varieties be attempted any vei'v 
conclusive data can hardly be established ; nevertheless it is observed in Field B 
that the " Elite" and " Knauer" varieties came first to maturity. Again, in respect 
of the property to resist and recover from the unfavorable climatic conditions, the 
"Lemaire" and " Desprez " varieties appeared to excel the " Vilmoriu " and " Klein- 
wanzlebener " varieties ; but, as it lias already been said, that difference in favor of the 
two former varieties might be wholly owing to their being farther from maturity at 
the time that the rains fell. In Field A, the behavior of the varieties was so very 
uniform that there is not room for safe comment in favor of any one. 

More exact conclusions may be established of the actual values of the varieties by 
comparing the weight per acre with the sugar contained in the beets of each variety. 
In doing that the highest average sucrose readiug will be used with the weight per 
acre in order that the maximum value expressed in the yield of sugar per acre may 
be given. The follov.'ing tables set forth the comparative values of the varieties : 



134 



Field B. 



Variety. 



Elite 

Knauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez 

Viliiioi-in 

Kleiuwaiizlel)enei' 



Weiaht 


Sucro.se 


per acre. 


in beets. 


Tons. 


Per cent. 


20. 50 


14.9 


21.28 


14.9 


2:!. 49 


13.8 


20. 4U 


13.4 


2.">. SO 


13.6 


24.00 


13.9 




Field A. 



Variety. 



Elite 

Kiiauer , 

Lemaire 

Desprez 

Vilmorin 

KJeinwanzlebener - 



Weight 


Sucrose 


per acre. 


iu beets. 


Tons. 


Per cent. 


18.1 


13.8 


17.7 


14.0 


18.4 


13.4 


21.3 


13.7 


21.1 


13.9 


22.5 


13.8 



Sugar per 
acre. 

Pounds. 
5; 001 
4,945 
4,924 
5,837 
5,855 
6,204 



In order to come at the volume and value of production of the respective varieties 
this season, and to obtain an indication of the comparative value and adaptability of 
the varieties to tlie soil and climate in vt^hich they have been grown, the mean of 
each variety in liehl A and field B will be given, expre.ssed iu the weight of beets 
per acre, the sugar per acre, and the jiurity of the juices, from Avliich collective data 
a precise estimate may be formed of the value of each variety, both to the grower 
of the beets and the manufacturer of the sugar. 



Mean of field A and field B. 



Variety. 



Weight 


Sugar 


per acre. 


per acre. 


Tons. 


Pounds. 


19.33 


5, 564 


19.49 


5,613 


20.94 


5,698 


23.85 


6,459 


23. 45 


6,407 


23.55 


6, 521 



Purity of 
juices. 



Elite 

Knauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez 

Vilmorin 

Klein wanzlebeuer 



84.6 
86.4 
86.0 
86.2 
85.4 
83.3 



The analysis of the varieties does not require further comment. Tlie almost iden- 
tical values of the "Klein wanzlebeuer," "Desprez," and "Vilmorin "varieties are very 
notable. The other varieties form a second class in respect of the actual money 
value per acre. 

It may be of interest to add a comparison of the results obtained by the Department 
beet station with those of a station in Europe, where the work is conducted with 
the same care and accuracy. The Chapelle agricultural station, France, affords the 
data for such a comparison published in the official bulletins of this year. The data 
of the Chapulle station represent the mean condition and results of several experi- 
mental plats at the several periods stated, and the statement of the Department 
station gives tlie mean condition of all the varieties and plats at almost correspond- 
ing periods in the season at Schuyler. 



Stations. 





Weight 


Date. 


of beets 




per acre. 




Tons. 


Sept. 9 


11.35 


Oct. 7 


14.86 


Nov. 18 


16.30 


Sept. 15 


21.77 


Oct. 15 


21.77 


Nov. 2 


21.77 



Sugar per 
acre. 



Chapelle (France) . 
Schuyler (Nebr.).. 



Pounds. 
3, 014 
4,182 
4,919 
5,790 
6,060 
5,393 



135 

The exact weight of each plat on the Schuyler station was not obtained upon all 
the dates given, but certain plats were weighed September 12 and 15 and October 
26, and the weight of beets per acre was found to be constant. The sugar content 
on September 15 indicated that the maximum growth had been attained, although 
there was room for improvement in the state of maturity of the juices. 

A comparison of the data given of the two stations suggests the dissimilar climatic 
conditions attending the maturing season in the respective countries. In France the 
beets mature slowly and late into the fall. lu Nebraska the season is early, prompt, 
and sooner over. 

SMALL PLATS. 

The results of the experiments conducted upon the small plats will now be exam- 
ined. 

It was explained in the early part of the report that those experiments consisted of 
three series, having the following purposes : 

(1) The determination of the distances that the beets should be planted apart from 
each other in order to obtain the maximum production, expressed in weight of beets 
and sugar per acre. 

(2) The observing of the effects (if any) of varying quantities of phosphate fertil- 
izers upon the yield of beets and sucrose. 

(3) To indicate the time when it may be most advisable to plant the beet seed in 
the conditions which obtain in the district where the station is located. 

It must be previously observed that the analytical work upon an exhaustive scale 
was not commenced upon those small plats until a week after the beets were at their 
best. As a consequence the total value of the results of the plats as indicated by the 
content of sucrose present in the juices will appear low, and it is certain that the 
sucrose in the juices of all the plats, excepting Nos. 14 and 15, was lower by 1 per 
cent at the time of analyzing than it was a week before. The plats Nos. 14 and 15 
were very late in maturing, not having been planted until June. 

FIUST SERIES. 

The weight of beets per acre of each plat will first be given. The beets on each 
plat were planted exactly 6 inches apart in the rows. Tlie distance between the rows 
was different upon each plat, thus showing a varying scale of the number of beets to 
the acre. 



Plat. 


Distance 

between 

rows. 


Number 
of beets 
per acre. 


Weight 

per 

square 

rod. 


Weight 
per 
acre. 


No. 1 


Inches. 
12 
14 
16 

18 
20 
22 


87, 137 
74, 674 
65, 340 

58, 080 
52, 272 
47, 520 


Pounds. 
300 
252 
219 
198 
190 
175.5 


Tons. 
24 
20.2 
17.5 
15.8 
15.4 
14 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 





The sugar content of the juices of the plats is given in the following tables : 

Plat No. 1. — Sixty beets were analyzed individually and gave the following mean 
re.sults: Per cent sucrose in juice, 13.8. 

Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXI. 

The average results of the analyses No. 1 Plat were : Mean sucrose in juice, 13.7 per 
cent; mean purity, 80.8 per cent. 

Plat No. 2. — Sixty individuals analyzed the foUowingmean result : Sucrose in juice, 
13.1 per cent. 

Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave results recorded in Table XXII. 



136 

The average results of the analyses of JS'o. 2 I'lat: Mran sneroso in jniro.13.1 per 
cent; luean purity, 82.7 per cent. 

Flat No. S. — Sixty individuals analysed ga^-e tlie following mean results: Sucrose 
in juice, 14 per cent. 

Sixty beets analyzed in " tens" gave results recorded in Table XXIII. 

The mean results of the analyses of No. 3 Plat were: Mean sucrose in juice, 13.5 per 
cent ; mean purity 80.9 per cent. 

Plat No 4. — Sixty individuals analyzed separately gave the following mean result: 
Sucrose in juice, 13 per cent. 

Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXIV. 

The mean results of the analyses of No. 4 Plat were : Mean sucrose in juice, 12.9 per 
cent; mean purity, 80 per cent. 

Plat No. 5. — Sixty individuals analyzed separately gave the following mean result: 
Sucrose in juice, 13.5 per cent. 

Sixty beets analyzed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXV. 

The average results of the analyses of No. 5 Plat were: Mean sucrose in juice, 13.0 
per cent ; mean purity, 77.7 per cent. 

Plat No. 6. — Sixty " individuals" analyzed separately gave the following mean 
result: Sucrose in juice, 12.8 per cent. 

Sixty beets analysed in "tens" gave the results recorded in Table XXVI. 

The average results of the analyses of No. 6 Plat were : Mean sucrose in juice, 12.9 
per cent; mean purity, 80.5 per cent. 

The value per acre of each of the plats, expressed in weight of beets and sugar per 
acre, was as follows : 



Plat. 


Distance 
between 
the rows. 


Weight 
of beets 
per acre. 


.Sugar per 
acre. 


No 1 


Inches. 
12 
14 
16 

18 
21) 


Tons. 
24.0 
20.2 
17.5 
1.5.8 
15.4 
14.0 


Pounds. 
6,240 


9 


5,009 


3 


4,480 


4 


3, 855 


5 


3,788 


6 


3,416 







It must be said, by way of comment upon the comparatively low weights per acre 
of the beets, that the small plats suffered the most excessive effects of the heavy 
rains of June and July because of the ground lying lower than the large plats near 
by. Moreover, the rows ran from east to west instead of from north to south (the 
form of the plats made the other direction impracticable), and that was si)ecially 
disadvantageous in the wet season. 

It w^as observed that the individual beets were very litflc larger on the plats where 
the rows were 22 iuclies apart than on the plats where the rows were only 12 inches 
distant from each other. Tlie beets in the row.s, however, were X)lauted only 6 inches 
apart on all the plats, and that circumstance controlled the comparative uniformity 
of the size of the beets throughout, tin; distance between the plants in the row being 
a more important factor than the distance between the rows in deciding the size of 
the beet. 

SECOND SERIES. 

The five following plats were devoted to observing the effect of phosphorous ferti- 
lizers upon the production of weight of beets and sugar per acre. 

The fertilizer experimented witli was a. slag pliosphate. The application of the 
fertilizer was at the time of planting tlu; seed. The. results may serve to indicate 
that those soils do not require any aid from artificial fertilizing agents. 



137 



The results will be given in brief in the following table: 



Plata. 



No. 7 

8 

9 

10 

11 





Fertilizer 



Pounds. 
IGO 
240 
320 
480 
640 
(*) 



Weight 
of beets 
per acre. 



Tons. 
16. :^ 
16.7 
I.'). 6 
15.4 
14.5 
15.8 



Sugar per 
acre. 



Pounds. 
4,192 
4,141 
3,900 
3,942 
3,699 
3,855 



* Nonfertilized plat. 
THIRD SERIES. 

The follo-\ving four plats "were u.sed for the purpose of observing the results obtained 
from beets planted at different periods. 

The plats Nos. 14 and 15 did not suffer so much from the heavy rains ; otherwise 
the conditions were equal. The results are given in brief in the following table : 



"Plat ^^^'^ °^ 
•^'**- planting. 


Weistht 
of beet 
per acre. 


Sugar 
per acre. 


No. 12 


May 12 
May 19 
May 26 


Tons. 
14.1 
1,3.2 
14.9 
12.5 


Pounds. 
3,750 


i;i .. . 


3 616 


14 


3 093 


15 


3 450 











During tlie analytical season experiments were conducted for the purpose of ascer- 
taining — 

(1) The loss of weight in the beets from evaporation when exposed for varying 
lengths of time. 

(2) The action upon the sucrose contained in the beet when the latter is removed 
from its connection with the soil. 

It has been claimed that wheu beets are taken up out of the soil and stored a 
further increase of sucrose takes place in the organism, and more lately it has been 
stated that if the beets are disturbed by an implement sufficiently to break the root 
connection with the grouud, the beets being left in the soil, an increase of sucrose 
takes place. There does not appear to be anything in the organism of the beet to 
induce such an expectation. 

The evaporation experiments were made in two series : 

(1) With beets fastened up in a bag and kept from the sun and wind. 

(2) With beets under normal exposure to air and sun. 

Table of first series. 























Date. 


mum air 
temper- 
ature. 


(1) 
Weisbt 


Loss. 


(2) 
Weiuht 


Loss. 


(3) 
W.-iiiht 


Loss. 


(4) 
Weight 


Loss. 




of beet. 




ot beet. 




of beet. 




of beet. 









Crram.i. 


Per cent. 


Grams. 


Per cent. 


Oriins. 


Per cent. 


Orains. 


Per cent. 


Oct. 12 


53 
63 


1,283 
1.242 




048 
G20 




753 
725 


3.8" 


426 
404 




Oct. 13 


3.2 


4.4 


5.2 


Oct. 14 


52 


1,188 


7.3 


592 


8.8 


703 


6.7 


381 


10.6 


Oct. 15 


52 


1,166 


9.2 


579 


10.7 


691 


8.3 


370 


13.2 


Oct. 16 


7G 


1, 136 


11.5 


503 


13.2 


676 


10.3 


358 


16 


Oct. 17 


65 


1,111 


13. 4 


550 


15. 2 


660 


12.4 


350 


17.9 


Oct. 18 


59 


1, 085 


1.5.5 


538 


17 


650 


13.7 


329 


22.8 


Oct. 19 


67.5 


1,055 


17.8 


518 


20.1 


631 


16.2 


315 


26.1 



138 



Tahle of second series. 



Bate. 


Maxi- 
mum air 
temper- 
ature. 


(1) 
Weight 


Loss. 


(2) 
Weight 


Loss. 


(3) 
Weight 


Loss. 


(4) 
Weight 


Loss. 




of beet. 




of beet. 




of beet. 




of beet. 






o 


Grams. 


Per cent. 


Grams. 


Per cent. 


Grams. 


Per cant. 


Grams. 


Per cent. 


Oct. 12 


.53 
63 


724 
661 




661 

592 




503 
457 




580 
537 




Oct. 13 


8.8 


10.5 


9.2 


7.5 


Oct. 14 


52 


620 


14.4 


542 


18 


418 


16.9 


501 


13.7 


Oct. 15 


52 


592 


18.3 


516 


22 


401 


20.3 


473 


18.5 


Oct. 16 


7G 


570 


21.3 


493 


25.5 


375 


25.5 


456 


21.4 


Oct. 17 


65 


548 


24.4 


468 


29.2 


366 


27.3 


435 


25 


Oct. 18 


59 


526 


27.4 


447 


32.4 


351 


30.3 


416 


28.3 


Oct. 19 


67.5 


505 


30.3 


426 


35.6 


335 


23.4 


396 


31.8 



If the meau loss of weight be taken of the individual beets each day, as shown by 
the two tables, a ratio of evaporation may be determined, and a standard of correc- 
tion establislied approximately exact, to be applied in the analysis of beets which 
have been some time out of the ground. 



First series, ratio of evaporation. 


Secend series, ratio of evaporation. 


Per cent. 

Loss of weight for one day 4.2 

two (lays 8.5 

three days 10. 4 

four (lays 12. 8 

live day.s . 14 7 


Per cent. 
Loss of weight for one day 9 


three (iiiys 19.8 


four days 23.4 


six days 17.3 

seveu days 20 


six days 29. 6 

seven days 32. 5 



In addition to the observations conducted with individual beets, an experiment 
was made with a square rod of beets in the middle of a large plat. The beets were 
got up and the tops removed exactly as though prepared for the factory and then 
left lying on the ground with a normal exposure to the air and sun. 

Third series. 



Weight of 1 square rod of beets. 


Eatio of evaporation. 


Poimds. 

Original weight 267.5 

Second weiuht 226 

Third weight 209 


Loss of weight for— Per cent. 

Two days 15.6 

Four da'ys 21.9 

Six days 28.3 


Fourth weight 192 



Upon the third day of exposure rain fell, consequently the evaporation was some- 
what retarded. 

It will be understood that the "loss of weight" for the given periods means the 
loss in per cent of the weight of the beet and not the per cent of water evai)orated 
of the original water contained in the beet. The per cent of water lost would be 
greater than the numbers given. 

As the ''loss of weight" implies the loss of weight of the beet, the per cent of loss 
means an equal per cent gain in the reading of the sucrose, and the correction should 
be as follows : 

A beet which reads 15 per cent of sucrose, but which has lost 20 per cent of its 
original weight, should be read: Sucrose in juice, 15 per cent less; loss of weight in 
beet, 20 per cent; actual sucrose in juice, 12 per cent. 

In proceeding to a consideration of the second projiosition, viz, " the action upon 
the sucrose present in the beet consequent upon breaking the connection of the latter 
with the soil," the data obtained in the evaporation experiments are of the first value- 
It may, in the first place, be indicated that any apparent increase of sucrose in a 
beet which has had its taproot broken, or which has been in any way detached or 



139 



loosened in its connection with the soil, is <l)ie wholly to a loss of weight in the heet 
by evaporation, and a proportional relative increase in the per cent of solids in the 
same. If a beet is disturbed sufficiently to break the taproot and the hundreds of 
small fibrous rootlets, even if it is not lifted out of the soil, the leaves rapidly wilt 
and in time the flesh of the beet becomes soft. The simple explanation is that the 
evaporation of water from the surface of the beet, which proceeds without inter- 
mission during the whole period of growth, continues after the breaking of the con- 
nection of the beet with the soil, but the connection with the soil being broken, the 
beet is no longer able to take up fresh water from the earth to replace the amount 
lost by evaporation. Consequently the beet loses weight, and an apparent increase 
of sucrose takes place, the latter being solely due to the decrease of water in the 
organism and a corresponding increase of solid matters. 

There is another phase to the question under consideration. Does a loss of sucrose, 
through decomposition, take place in the beet after it is taken out of the soil and 
stored either under the surface of the ground in pits or silos or in any other way? 
Actual experiment could be the only means of deriving an answer to the proposition. 

At the time that the beets of each of the varieties were gotten up for analysis 
and for the selection of mother beets for propagation use, a certain portion of the 
latter class were placed in small pits in the ground about 9 inches under the surface 
and well protected with moist earth. Apart of the beets was placed in the pits with 
the tops on, and the other part the tops were cut oft' 1 inch from the neck before they 
were stored. The beets were kept in the ground in those pits from October 15-19 to 
November 6, when they were taken out and put in the permanent silos for the winter. 
At the same time a further number of beets was left in the ground till a later date 
and then gotten up and analyzed fresh in order to compare with the beets placed in 
the pits. The results were as follows : 

Field B. 





Fresh beets. 


Stored beets. 


Variety. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
iu juice. 




Oct. 6 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 10 


Per cent. 
13.5 
13.8 
14.7 


Oct. 21 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 23 


Per cent. 
14.1 
13.4 
14.1 


Oct. 6 
Oct. 8 
Oct. 10 


Per cent. 
13.5 
13.8 
14.7 


Nov. 6 
Nov. G 
Nov. 6 


Per cent. 
12.3 




Y> 2 


Kleinwanzlebener . 


13.4 



Field A. 





Fresh beets. 


Stored beets. 


Variety. 


Date. 


Sucrose in 
juice. 


Date. 


Sucrose in 
juice. 


Elite 


Oct. 13 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 17 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 19 


Per cent. 
14.5 
14.8 
14.1 
14.4 
14.6 
14.5 


Nov. 6 
Nov. 6 
Nov. 6 
Nov. 7 
Nov. 7 
Nov. 7 


Per cent. 
12 7 




11 6 


Lemoire 


13 




12 5 


Vilmorin 


12.9 


Kleinwanzlebener 


12 5 







In comparing the results of the "fresh" and "stored" beets it must be remembered 
that the latter had lost some water by evaporation, so that the sucrose should have 
been higher in the j uices of the stored beets than in the j uices of the fresh beets. It is 
thus seen that the actual decrease and loss of sugar in the stored beets was greater 
than is indicated in the table given. 

An experiment was made with individual beets, also with the purpose of observing 
if there were a decrease in sucrose contained in the beets after removal of the latter 
from the soil. The experiment was made as follows: 

Twenty beets were taken fresh from the soil, the tops removed, washed, and dried. 
Each beet was cut into equal halves and the halves marked No. 1 and No. 2. No. 1 



140 



of each of the twenty beets was immediately weighed, the juice expressed and the 
sucrose determined in the hitter. The No. 2 halves of the beets were also weighed 
immediately and afterwards laid upon a board with the cut surfaces upward and re- 
njained thus for live days, when they were rcAveighed, in order to ascertain the loss 
of weight by evaporation. After reweighing, the No. 2 halves were immediately 
analj'zed and the actual sucrose contained in the juice of each half determined. 

Having determined the sucrose contained in the No. 1 half of each of the beets, 
and having further determined the loss of weight in each of the No. 2 halves, it was 
possible to observe whether a decrease of sucrose had taken place or not. The per 
cent increase of sucrose in the jirices of the No. 2 halves should be exactly equal to the 
per cent decrease in the weight of the beets, if no loss of sucrose had taken place. 

Instead of the data belonging to each beet being given, the mean data will be given 
of the No. 1 and No. 2 series. 



Beets. 


Mean of 

first 
■weights. 


Mean of 

second 

weights. 


Mean of 

sucrose in 

juices. 


Loss of 

weight of 

heels. 


Increase of 

sucrose in 

juice. 


Loss of 
sucrose. 


Ko. 1 halves 


Pounds. 
350 
345 


Pounds. 


Per cent. 
14.5 
18.4 


Percent. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


!No. 2 halves 


248 


28.2 


19.2 


9 







If the juices of the No. 2 halves had gone up in sucrose in the exact proportion 
per cent that the beets had decreased in weight, those juices wonld have contained 
20.2 per cent instead of 18.4 per cent which was actually found. The diiference be- 
tween 20.2 per cent and 18.4 per cent gives the loss of 9 per cent of the original con- 
tent of sucrose in the beets. 

The data obtained from the expei-iments with large numbers of beets of six varie- 
ties, and the observations made with the halves of the individual beets, indicate that 
a loss of sucrose takes place when the beets are removed from their normal connec- 
tion with the soil. 

In reviewing geuerallj- the characteristics of the season, and the result of the ex- 
perimental work of the station, we have to observe the following : 

The late date upon which it was decided to establish the station at its present loca- 
tion did not permit of the best advised plan of cultivation, and delayed the con- 
ducting of farm operations till April, which should have been performed in the 
preceding fall. 

The cultural season was marked by the widest extremes of climatic conditions. 
The planting period was a continuance of drought, lasting from April 20 to June 2. 
At the end of the dry period a succession of weeks of rains followed, which were ab- 
normal Avhen compared with the usual precipitation for the months of June and j 
July. The abnormal conditions accompanied the development of the season to its | 
end. The steady and continuous heat common to the months of July and August 
was, in the most part, postponed till the middle of September; and the extreme i 
heat of the latter month was followed again by rains which amounted to more than 
twice the normal precipitation for that period. The results of the work of this sea- 
son have been achieved under the influence of climatic conditions unusually un- ^ 
favorable. 

Experiments conducted comparatively with the soils of Maryland, Indiana, and 
Nebraska indicated the peculiar adaptability of the soil to the climate in the latter 
State, which fact may be found to obtain equally for the other States. 

The general results of the analytical season are found to be satisfactory both in 
respect of the weight of beets and yield of sugar per acre. In such respect the 
results of the Schuyler Station compare satisfactorily with the work of correspond- 
ing stations in Europe. 

The observations made upon the results of the six varieties used in the experi- 
mental work of the station, have resolved those varieties into two classes, in respect 



141 

of the actual money Talue per acre of their products, viz, the first class including 
the " Klein wauzlebener," " Desprez," and " Vilmoiin " varieties, whose values are uni- 
form. The "Lemaire," "Elite," and Knauer" have also an approximately equal 
value, which, however, is much below that of the three former varieties. 

The experiments conducted with the view of observing the results of early and 
late planting indicated that early planting may be expected to give the highest 
pioney value yield per acre. That conclusion, indicated by the experiments upon 
the small plats, is supported by the actual results obtained in Field B in comparison 
with Field A, the beets in the former field having been planted several days earlier 
than the other, and the rate of development continued fourteen days in advance of 
the beets in the latter field. 

The fertilizer experiments indicate that the soil of the station farm contains all 
the constituents of plant food in abundance, and that artificial aid can not be given 
to the growing plant with any apparent advantage. 

In respect of the distances that the beets should be placed from each other, or the 
number of plants given to an acre, the experiments on the No. 1 series of the small 
plats have shown conclusively that the money value of the crop was greatest where 
the greatest number of beets were placed upon the acre. The economic considera- 
tion, viz, the greater cost of raising an acre of beets planted closely together is very 
secondary in comparison with the greater money value of the product. Instead of 
the distances at which beets should be planted between the rows being regulated by 
the consideration of implements which have boen invented for the cheaj) cultivation 
of the crop, the character of the implements should be adapted to the highest value 
and advantage of the crop. 

The means of analyses indicating the condition of the beets at the periods when 
the tests were made show that the crop generally, and particularly in Field B, where 
the beets were planted early, had reached a high condition, in respect of the weight 
of the beets and the sugar content of the juices, on 8eptember 15. Further, that 
certain of the varieties had reached a maximum value by September 25, and that all 
of the varieties were at their best by October 15, and after that date the content of 
sucrose began to fiill away. Those observations indicate the time when, in a normal 
season, the harvesting and handling of the beets by the factories should commence 
in that part of Nebraska. The past season has been an abnormal and late one, and 
it is apparent that with a moderately early planting season (April 20 to May 1), and 
proper cultivation, a crop should be ready for the factory commencing September 1. 
The period of maturity depends upon the beet as well as the time of planting and 
cultivation, and in such respect it is indicated that if the three varieties are used, 
which have been found to be the best this year, it would be advisable to plant them 
in the following order: " Vilmorin," " Kleinwanzlebener," " Desjirez," and they will 
mature most advantageously in that order for the factory. In view of the early date 
in the season that the factories may have to suspend operations on account of frost, 
an "early season" is of the greatest importance. Commencing September 1, a three 
months' factory season is almost assured, and that would enable a factory with a 
capacity of 300 tons per day to work up about 30,000 tons of beets by December 1, or 
the product of 3,000 acres at 10 tons per acre. 

The experiments made in order to determine the loss of weight by evaporation, 
and to ascertain the eifect of evaporation with the removal of the beets from the 
earth upon the sucrose contained in the beet have indicated that no gain occurs in 
the sucrose content of the beet, l)nt that an actual loss of sugar takesplace if any 
length of time is allowed to transpire between the raising of the beets from the soil 
and the handling of them in the factory. It thus appears of advantage to the grower 
and the manufacturer that the beets should not only be harvested at the period of 
their maximum sugar value, but that they should be handled by the factory as nearly 
fis possible as they come fresh from the field. 



142 



Table I. — Analyses of one hundred Kleimvanzlehener Elite suf/nr beets. 
[Date: September 21.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 


Sucrose 


No. 


Average 
weight 


Sucrose 


No. 


Average 
weight 


Sucrose 


No. 


Average 
weight 


Sucrose 




beets. 


injuioe. 




beeta. 


injuice. 




beeta. 


injuic*. 




beets. 


injuice. 




6-rams. 


Per cl. 




Orams. 


Per et. 


Grains. 


Per ct. 


Orams. 


Per ct. 


1 


231 


16.8 


26 


650 


15.9 


51 


602 


15.8 


76 


401 


16.8 


2 


380 


12. 2 


27 


223 


16.0 


52 


484 


15.1 


77 


272 


15.8 


3 


766 


Ills 


28 


288 


15.0 


53 


412 


14.8 


78 


343 


15.5 


4 


738 


14.0 


29 


482 


13.7 


54 


537 


14.0 


79 


342 


18.9 


5 


736 


13.2 


30 


96 


16.4 


55 


814 


10.0 


80 


709 


12.7 


6 


742 


12.6 


31 


409 


16.4 


56 


418 


15.6 


81 


346 


14.0 


7 


341 


13.5 


32 


565 


14.3 


57 


343 


18.4 


82 


350 


16.6 


8 


411 


13.5 


33 


625 


18.0 


58 


377 


17.6 


83 


858 


14.2 


9 


255 


14.6 


34 


770 


13.7 


59 


679 


13.9 


84 


625 


15.7 


10 


564 


12.7 


35 


367 


15.8 ; 


60 


519 


15.5 


85 


250 


17.0 


11 


292 


15.2 


36 


725 


13.9 


61 


931 


13.5 


80 


228 


17.8 


12 


149 


13.0 


37 


189 


13.5 


62 


470 


16.7 


87 


328 


15.8 


13 


145 


15.0 


38 


502 


13.8 


63 


370 


16.7 


88 


432 


15.4 


14 


412 


13.6 


39 


538 


14.5 


64 


439 


16.5 


89 


265 


17.6 


15 


254 


14.6 


40 


636 


16.4 


65 


243 


17.6 


90 


359 


16.0 


16 


224 


16.0 


41 


325 


18.1 


66 


239 


17.0 


91 


296 


14.0 


17 


395 


13.4 


42 


489 


16.9 


67 


278 


16.2 


92 


220 


15.2 


18 


140 


17.0 


43 


473 


16.7 


68 


195 


15.5 


93 


240 


15.2 


19 


212 


13.0 


44 


281 


14.5 


69 


279 


18.2 


94 


510 


17.2 


20 


1,124 


12.2 


45 


241 


17.3 


70 


306 


15.9 


95 


497 


15.3 


21 


171 


16.8 


46 


294 


17.7 


71 


431 


14.4 


96 


522 


13.8 


22 


229 


16.0 


47 


354 


16.8 


72 


565 


15.0 


97 


360 


17.8 


23 


598 


14.0 


48 


379 


14.1 


73 


349 


15.7 


98 


165 


18.7 


24 


227 


17.2 


49 


167 


15.8 


74 


360 


17.2 


99 


120 


18.6 


25 


219 


17.8 


50 


390 


♦ 13.6 


75 


177 


16.7 


1 100 


119 


20.4 



Table II. — Variety Kleimoanzlebener Elite, analyzed in eighty groups of ten ieeta each. 

[Date: September 22.] 



No. 


Average 
weight, 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
injuice. 


Purity. 




Orams. 




Per cent. 






Orams. 




Per cent. 




1 


472 


17.4 


13.5 


78.1 


42 


192 


19.3 


17.0 


88.1 


2 


398 


18.4 


14.9 


81.0 


43 


299 


18.3 


15.4 


84.2 


3 


579 


17.8 


14.1 


79.2 


44 


357 


20.2 


16.9 


83.7 


4 


422 


18.4 


15.1 


82.1 


45 


261 


17.8 


14.4 


80.9 


5 


378 


18.8 


15.3 


81.4 


46 


346 


18.7 


15.9 


85.0 


6 


454 


18.4 


14.5 


78.8 


47 


331 


18.8 


15.8 


84.0 


7 


410 


18.9 


15.1 


80.0 


48 


331 


19.8 


16.9 


85.4 


8 


396 


18.4 


14.9 


81.0 


49 


348 


18.7 


15.4 


82.4 


9 


404 


18.4 


14.4 


78.3 


50 


303 


18.7 


15.4 


82.4 


10 


363 


17.9 


16.3 


91.0 


51 


303 


18.7 


15.5 


82.9 


11 


394 


19.2 


15.5 


80.7 


52 


341 


19.3 


16.9 


87.6 


12 


430 


19.0 


15.6 


82.1 


53 


363 


18.4 


15.5 


84.2 


13 


387 


19.0 


15.3 


80.5 


54 


346 


18.4 


15. 1 


82.0 


14 


344 


19.3 


16.1 


83.4 


55 


274 


18.7 


15.8 


84.5 


15 


406 


18.6 


15.3 


82.3 


56 


335 


18.6 


15.7 


84.4 


16 


359 


19.1 


15.6 


81.7 


57 


342 


18.4 


1,5.6 


84.8 


17 


337 


19.6 


16.6 


84.7 


58 


341 


19.2 


16.8 


87.5 


18 


291 


19.7 


16.7 


84.8 


59 


317 


18.2 


15.2 


83.5 


19 


307 


18.9 


14.6 


78.5 


60 


279 


19.3 


16.3 


84.5 


20 


483 


17.9 


14.4 


80.4 


61 


299 


19.2 


16.2 


84.4 


21 


421 


18.7 


15.8 


84.4 


62 


241 


19.1 


16.1 


84.3 


22 


354 


18.3 


15.3 


83.6 


63 


327 


18.7 


15.3 


81.8 


23 


421 


19.5 


16.1 


82.6 


64 


286 


18.5 


15. 1 


81.6 


24 


331 


19.1 


15.3 


80.0 


65 


271 


17.8 


15.3 


87.1 


25 


467 


18.4 


16.0 


87.0 


66 


217 


19.3 


10.6 


86.0 


26 


298 


19.3 


16.1 


83.4 


67 


238 


18.5 


16.7 


90.3 


27 


330 


19.6 


16.5 


84.2 


68 


262 


19.6 


17.5 


89.2 


28 


292 


18.3 


15.1 


82.5 


69 


332 


18.6 


15.8 


84.9 


29 


252 


18.7 


15.7 


84.0 


70 


296 


18.8 


15. 5 


82.4 


30 


328 


18.6 


15.6 


83.9 


71 


364 


18.7 


1.^).4 


82.4 


31 


319 


18.8 


15.8 


84.0 


72 


341 


18.6 


1.5.0 


80.6 


32 


363 


19.0 


16.0 


84.2 


73 


281 


19.2 


16.1 


83.9 


33 


318 


18.6 


15.4 


82.8 


74 


311 


18.2 


1.5.0 


82.4 


34 


271 


18.7 


15.9 


85.0 


75 


285 


19.5 


16.8 


86.2 


35 


307 


19.1 


16.7 


87.4 


76 


358 


19.3 


16.1 


83.4 


36 


337 


18.2 


15.1 


83.0 


77 


394 


17.9 


14.6 


81.6 


37 


246 


19.0 


16.0 


84.2 


78 


382 


19.3 


16.3 


84.5 


38 


231 


19.6 


17.4 


88.8 


79 


329 


18.1 


15.0 


82.9 


39 


325 


18.5 


15.6 


84.3 


80 


234 


18.9 


16.3 


86.2 


40 
41 


311 

238 


19.8 
19.0 


16.7 
16.9 


84.3 
89.0 












Mean 






15.7 


84.6 






1 



143 



Tablk III.— Showing analysis of sixty-two sets, of fen beets each, of the Ferdinand Knaner 

variety. 

[Date: September 24.] 



No. 


Average 
■weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucro!»8 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
injuice. 


Purity. 




Oiams. 




Per cent. 






&rams. 




Percent. 




1 


471 


18.7 


15.5 


82.9 


33 


262 


19.0 


16.0 


84.2 


2 


372 


18.6 


15.1 


81.2 


34 


272 


18.9 


16.4 


86.8 


3 


360 


18.0 


15.0 


83.3 


35 


379 


18.6 


15.8 


84.9 


4 


451 


18.8 


15.2 


80.8 


36 


264 


18.2 


14.8 


81.3 


5 


469 


17.2 


14.1 


82.0 


37 


256 


19.1 


16.1 


84.3 


6 


372 


18.0 


15.0 


83.3 


38 


323 


18.7 


15.8 


84,5 


7 


503 


16.5 


13.0 


78.8 


39 


308 


18.5 


15. 3 


82.7 


8 


353 


18.4 


15.6 


84.8 


40 


325 


18.0 


15.5 


86.4 


9 


326 


18.2 


15.3 


84.1 


41 


268 


18.3 


14.9 


81.0 


10 


505 


17.2 


13.9 


80.8 


42 


266 


18.8 


15.7 


83.5 


11 


371 


18.1 


15.6 


86.2 


43 


405 


1.3.8 


14.4 


91.1 


12 


503 


17.9 


14.9 


83.2 


44 


393 


17.9 


14.5 


81.0 


13 


400 


17.3 


14.5 


83.8 


45 


314 


18.0 


15.4 


85.6 


14 


412 


17.8 


15.0 


84.3 


46 


255 


18.1 


15.5 


85.7 


15 


393 


18.5 


15.8 


85.4 


47 


360 


18.7 


15.8 


84.5 


16 


419 


17.9 


15.0 


83.8 


48 


347 


18.2 


15.8 


81.8 


17 


499 


17.8 


15.0 


84.3 


49 


314 


17.6 


15.8 


89.8 


18 


328 


17.4 


16.0 


92.0 


50 


333 


18.0 


15.3 


85.0 


19 


284 


17.8 


15.0 


84.3 


51 


332 


17.4 


14.5 


83.3 


20 


392 


18.9 


15.8 


83.6 


52 


489 


16.4 


12.3 


75.0 


21 


313 


18.7 


15.4 


82.4 


53 


319 


17.5 


15.0 


8,5.7 


22 


164 


18.4 


15.8 


85.9 


54 


282 


10.9 


14.3 


8t. 6 


23 


287 


18.1 


14.8 


81.8 


55 


333 


18.5 


14.7 


79.5 


24 


206 


19.7 


16.2 


82.2 


56 


317 


17.3 


13.8 


79.8 


25 


275 


18.1 


14.9 


82.3 


57 


374 


17.8 


14.3 


80. 3 


26 


250 


17.4 


14.3 


82.2 


58 


364 


17.7 


14.0 


79.1 


27 


251 


18.2 


14.4 


79.1 


59 


362 


18.4 


15.6 


84.8 


28 


281 


18.6 


15.5 


83.3 


60 


359 


18.6 


15.2 


81.7 


29 


256 


18.6 


15.5 


83.3 


61 


374 


17.4 


14.0 


80.5 


30 


272 


17.5 


14.4 


82.3 


62 


551 


17.5 


13.8 


78.9 


31 


180 


19 2 


17. 3 


90. 1 












32 


279 


18.5 


15^5 


83.8 


Mean. 


1 


15.1 


84.9 


1 



Table IV. — Showing analyses of beets in sixty sets, of ten beets each, of the Lemaire 

variety. 

[Date: September 26.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in jnice. 


Purity. 


Gratna. 




Per cent. 






Oramg. 




Per cent. 




1 


538 


17.2 


13. 3 


77.3 


32 


034 


17.1 


13.3 


77.8 


2 


415 


17.1 


13.7 


80.1 


33 


320 


17.5 


14.2 


81.1 


3 


343 


17.2 


14.1 


82.0 


.14 


325 


17.5 


14.0 


80.0 


4 


657 


17.1 


13. 3 


77.8 


35 


507 


17.1 


13.9 


81 3 


5 


492 


16.4 


13.0 


79.3 


.■!6 


535 


16.9 


14.2 


84.0 


6 


422 


17.7 


14.5 


81.9 


37 


290 


17.4 


14.4 


82.7 


7 


542 


16.8 


13. 5 


80.4 


38 


488 


17.5 


14.2 


81.1 


8 


461 


10.9 


14.3 


84.6 


39 


514 


16.9 


14.0 


82.8 


9 


465 


16.5 


1.3.4 


81.2 


40 


286 


17.7 


14.9 


84.2 


10 


504 


17.7 


14.1 


79.7 


41 


371 


17.5 


14.0 


80.0 


11 


351 


18.4 


14.7 


80.0 


42 


374 


17.4 


14.4 


82.7 


12 


417 


17.9 


14.5 


81.0 


43 


370 


17.8 


14.5 


81.5 


13 


485 


17.0 


13.7 


80.6 


44 


331 


IS. 4 


1.5.3 


83.2 


14 


438 


17.4 


13.9 


79.9 


45 


287 


17.0 


15.1 


84.4 


15 


486 


16.4 


13.4 


81.7 


46 


278 


15.5 


12.0 


77.4 


16 


527 


17.5 


14.1 


80.6 


47 


377 


17.4 


14.0 


80.5 


17 


338 


16.1 


14.2 


88.2 


48 


388 


16.5 


13.5 


81.8 


18 


499 


17.5 


14.3 


81.7 


49 


375 


17.7 


14.0 


79.1 


19 


493 


16.7 


13.4 


80.2 


50 


387 


17.3 


14.6 


84.4 


20 


422 


17.6 


15.1 


85.8 


51 


338 


17.8 


14.3 


8(1. 3 


21 


.314 


16.3 


13.3 


81.6 


52 


359 


17.6 


14.7 


83.5 


22 


327 


17.3 


14.3 


82.6 


53 


371 


17.4 


13.9 


79.9 


23 


383 


17.8 


14.7 


82.6 


54 


365 


15.9 


14.7 


92.5 


24 


540 


16.7 


13.0 


77.8 


55 


484 


17.1 


14.4 


84.2 


25 


517 


17.8 


14.0 


78.7 


56 


398 


17.0 


13.4 


78.8 


26 


517 


17.6 


14.2 


80.7 


57 


384 


16.9 


13.1 


77.3 


27 


354 


16.7 


13.7 


82.0 


58 


365 


15.9 


13.3 


83.6 


28 


313 


17.3 


13.7 


79.2 


59 


.372 


16.9 


13.3 


78.7 


29 


452 


17.2 


14.1 


82.0 


60 


244 


16.6 


13.9 


83.7 


30 


659 


17.0 


13.8 


81.2 












31 


361 


16.7 


13.1 


78.4 


Moan 






13.8 


81.2 








144 



Table V. — Showing analyses of twenty iets of ten beets each of the Eleinioamlebener 

Elite variety. 

[Date: October 13.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weiglit 
beets. 


Solid.s in 
juice. 


Sucrcse 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


289 
278 
287 
295 
344 
355 
278 
299 
309 
372 
364 


Gravis. 
16.9 
17.1 
16.6 
17.0 
17.0 
16.4 
16.2 
17.0 
16.6 
16.3 
16.5 


Per cent. 
14.7 
14.6 
1.3.2 
12.6 
13.9 
14.5 
1.3.9 
14.0 
13.7 
14.6 
13.8 


87.0 
85.4 
79.5 
74.1 
81.8 
88.4 
8.5.8 
8'>.4 
82. 5 
89.6 
83.6 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


Grams. 
349 
334 
314 
259 
310 
203 
143 
267 
162 


16.8 
10.1 
16.5 
15.7 
16.2 
16.3 
17.2 
16.9 
16.8 


Per cent. 
14.3 
13.8 
14.0 
14.3 
13.4 
13.0 
14.9 
14.5 
15.3 


85.1 
85.7 
84.8 
91.1 
82.7 
79.8 
86.6 
85.8 
91.1 






14. 1 1 84. 6 













Table VI. — Showing analyses of tiventy sets of ten beets each of the Ferdinand Knauer 

variety. 

[Date: October 14.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solifis in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weiglit 
beets. 


Solid.=i in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 




Grams. 




Per cent. 






Grams. 




Per cent. 




1 


323 


16.4 


12.4 


75,6 


12 


231 


17.0 


15.4 


90.6 


2 


382 


16.3 


12. 8 


78.5 


13 


217 


17.5 


15.1 


86.3 


3 


323 


16.6 


14.0 


84. 3 


14 


221 


16.8 


15.5 


92.3 


4 


366 


16.3 


14.3 


87.7 


15 


229 


15.8 


14.5 


91.8 


5 


355 


16.7 


15.1 


90.4 


16 


245 


16.8 


14.2 


84.5 


6 


330 


17.2 


14.7 


85. 5 


17 


188 


16.5 


14.8 


89.7 




267 


17.6 


15.7 


8!). 2 


18 


225 


15.7 


13.9 


88.6 


8 


233 


17.7 


16.1 


91. (t 


19 


278 


17.3 


1,5.6 


90.2 


9 


361 


16.4 


14.5 


88.4 


20 


228 


17.0 


15.0 


88. 2 


10 


251 


16.8 


16.6 


98.8 




















11 


254 


17.0 


15.3 


90.0 








14.8 


88.1 









Table VII. — Shoiving ajialyses of twenty sets of ten beets each of the Lemalre variety. 

[Date; October IS,] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity, 




Grams. 




Per cent. 






Grams. 




Per cent. 




1 


378 


17.2 


15.2 


88.4 


12 


354 


16.4 


13.1 


79.9 


2 


356 


16.9 


13.9 


82.2 


13 


358 


1,5.8 


12,9 


81,6 


3 


358 


17.0 


14,0 


82.3 


14 


364 


16.4 


i:{, 5 


82.3 


4 


374 


17.2 


14,4 


83.7 


15 


333 


16.8 


13,4 


79.8 


5 


351 


17.2 


14.4 


83.7 


16 


447 


16,3 


13,2 


81.0 


6 


392 


17.1 


15.0 


87.7 


17 


286 


16,3 


14,2 


87.1 


7 


471 


16.6 


13,9 


83.7 


18 


294 


16.6 


13,9 


8.3.7 


8 


321 


16.6 


13.7 


82.5 


19 


312 


16.4 


14,3 


87.2 


9 


323 


16.2 


13.4 


82.7 


20 


161 


16,8 


14,0 


83,2 


10 
11 


367 
369 


16.6 
15.5 


13.9 
12.9 


83.7 
83.2 












Mean. 






13,9 


83.5 







145 



Table VIII. — Shnirinri a)iolijsi's of lirrniii .sr/.s of ten heefs each of the Despnz variety, 

[Date : October 16.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 

Grams. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sncroso 
iu juice. 

Per cent. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
bcet.s. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 






Grams. 


Per cent. 




1 


341 


16.3 


13.7 


84.0 


12 


298 


16.4 


13.6 


82.9 


2 


3r)4 


16.1 


12. 9 


80.1 


13 


374 


15.6 


13.5 


86.6 


3 


3li(i 


17.6 


14.7 


8.3.5 


14 


337 


16.1 


14.4 


89.4 


4 


575 


16.6 


13.7 


82.5 


15 


333 


15.7 


13.9 


88.5 


5 


446 


16.3 


13.2 


81.0 


16 


339 


15. 5 


13.4 


86.5 


6 


.315 


16.5 


14.9 


yi). 3 


17 


318 


16.5 


14.0 


84.8 


7 


363 


16.8 


13.3 


70.2 


18 


309 


16.5 


13.8 


83.6 


8 


373 


17.1 


13.4 


78.4 


19 


253 


16.5 


14.8 


89.7 


9 


401 


1.5.8 


13.1 


82.9 


20 


174 


17.9 


16.1 


89.9 


10 
11 


343 
292 


16. 2 
16.8 


13.0 
U 8 


80.2 
88.1 
















13.9 


84.6 









Table IX. — Showing analyses of hventy sets of ten teets each of the Desprez variety. 

[Date: October 17.] 



No. 


Average ! c ,j i„ j„ 
weight S' '^^'i 
beets. J'"*'®- 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


! 

Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weiglit 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in beets. 


Purity. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


Grams. 
521 
457 
339 
324 
425 
370 
314 
312 
270 
507 
366 


15.8 
15.7 
16.7 
16.4 
16.7 
16.6 
16.2 
17. 
16.1 
17.1 
17.3 


Per cent. 
13.0 
13.1 
14.3 
13.7 
14.4 
13. 7 
13.5 
13. 8 
14.3 
14.4 
14.3 


82.3 
83.4 
85.6 
83.5 
86.2 
82.5 
83. 3 
81.2 
88.8 
84.2 
82.6 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

Mean 


Grams. 
321 
348 
565 
299 
317 
309 
330 
283 
205 


17.1 
17.2 
17.2 
16.7 
17.1 
17. 2 
17.7 
16.9 
17.2 


Per cent. 
14.0 
15.2 
14.0 
14.2 
14.7 
15.4 
15.7 
14.9 
14.6 


81.9 

88.4 
81.4 
85.0 
86.0 
89.5 
88.7 
88.2 
84.9 






14.3 


84.9 







Table X. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of fen heets each of the Kleinwanzlebener 

Elite variety. 

[Date: October 19.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucro.se 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
\\-eiglft 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 




Grams. 




Per cent. 






Grams. 




Per cent. 




1 


302 


17.5 


15.5 


88.6 


12 


364 


16.9 


13.2 


78.1 


2 


396 


17.4 


14.3 


82. 2 


13 


468 


17.1 


14.8 


86.5 


3 


392 


16.9 


13.5 


79.9 


14 


381 


18.4 


15.4 


83.7 


4 


5U6 


16.9 


13.0 


76.9 


15 


330 


16.7 


14.2 


85.0 


5 


396 


17.7 


14.7 


83. (1 


16 


357 


18.0 


15.0 


83.3 


6 


523 


l(i.2 


12.8 


79.0 


17 


377 


16.5 


13.9 


84.2 


7 


362 


18.1 


15.1 


83.4 


18 


384 


17.7 


14.5 


81.9 


8 


335 


17.8 


15.0 


84.3 


19 


334 


18.0 


15.0 


83.3 


9 


378 


17.9 


14.9 


83. 2 


20 


403 


18.2 


16.0 


87.9 


10 
11 


396 
379 


16.6 
16.7 


13.2 
13.9 


79.5 
83.2 


Mean 














14.4 


82.8 







lOSGi— No. 33- 



-10 



146 

Table XI. — Shoivinfj anah/ses of eifihtii heels in sets of fens of the Lemaire variety. 

[Date: October 20.] 



No. 


Average 
weiglit 
beots. 


Solids in 
juice 

16.3 
16.7 
16.3 
17.0 
16.5 


Succroso 
in juice. 

Per cent. 
14.9 
U.l 
14.4 
15.0 
15.0 


Purity. 

91.4 
84.4 
88.3 
88.2 
90.9 


No. 


Average 
weioht 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sncrosp 
in juice. 


Purity. 

87.5 
93. 4 
84.4 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 


Grams. 
347 
320 
304 
264 
270 


6 

7 
8 


Orams. 
277 
2.i6 
165 


16.0 
16.6 
16.7 


Per cent. 
14.0 
15.5 
14.1 






14.6 


88.5 









Table XII. — Showing analyses of one hundred heels of the Desprez variety. 
[Date: October 20.] 





Average 


Sucrose 




Average Sucrose 




Averag^ 


Sucrose 




Average 


Sucrose 


No. 


weigbt 


m 


No. 


weight 


m 


No. 


weight 


in 


No. 


weight 


in 




beets. 


juice. 




beets. 


.juice. 




beets. 


juice. 




beets. 


juice. 




Grams. 


Per ct. 




Grams. 


Per ct. 




Grams. 


Per ct. 




Grama. 


Perct. 


1 


566 


15.5 


9 


242 


15.2 


17 


314 


15.8 


25 


383 


15.5 


2 


292 


14.7 


10 


412 


15.5 


18 


346 


12.9 


26 


132 


17.0 


3 


292 


15.2 


11 


519 


14.9 


19 


365 


16.6 


27 


240 


15.5 


4 


394 


16.0 


12 


299 


16.4 


20 


418 


15.0 


28 


213 


13.9 


5 


483 


16.2 


13 


499 


14.9 


21 


718 


14.2 


29 


187 


14.3 


6 


170 


10.9 


14 


287 


13.4 


22 


368 


16.1 


30 


343 


13.2 


7 


275 


14.5 


15 


279 


15.5 


23 


292 


16.0 








8 


347 


12.6 


16 


162 


15.2 


24 


475 


14.2 









[Date: October 21.] 



31 


200 


14.6 


49 


597 


14.0 


67 


447 


13.0 


85 


607 


13.7 


32 


328 


14.2 


50 


499 


14.6 


68 


805 


15.3 


86 


411 


14.9 


33 


426 


14.2 


51 


350 


13.1 


69 


691 


9.9 


87 


272 


14.1 


34 


377 


11.8 


52 


327 


14.7 


70 


489 


12.9 


88 


434 


13.3 


35 


281 


9.6 


53 


270 


13.0 


71 


625 


12.9 


89 


437 


14.9 


36 


730 


12.9 


54 


284 


17.4 


72 


622 


12.8 


90 


289 


14.1 


37 


324 


15.0 


55 


309 


16. 6 


73 


215 


12.7 


91 


396 


11.0 


38 


639 


14.5 


56 


304 


14.8 


74 


183 


18.2 


92 


217 


16.1 


39 


444 


13.2 


57 


376 


12.3 


75 


457 


15.0 


93 


150 


13.0 


40 


400 


13.8 


58 


225 


14.4 


76 


191 


15.8 


94 


627 


11.2 


41 


298 


14.0 


59 


442 


15.1 


77 


320 


14.9 


95 


126 


14.6 


42 


630 


13.0 


60 


200 


13.9 


78 


270 


14.3 


96 


186 


7.5 


43 


496 


15.1 


61 


287 


12.2 


79 


226 


12.2 


97 


359 


11.8 


44 


270 


15.0 


62 


153 


14.2 


80 


265 


12.9 


98 


271 


13.6 


45 


359 


14.8 


63 


211 


14,5 


81 


337 


12.8 


99 


280 


13.9 


46 


495 


11.5 


64 


307 


14.0 


82 


899 


12.2 


100 


529 


16.0 


47 
48 


270 
197 


12.3 
12.9 


65 
66 


1,023 
466 


12 7 


83 

84 


318 


13 








14.6 


427 


13.6 


Mean 




14.1 



147 

Table XII. bis. — Showinfi analyses of thirty-eight sets of ten beets each of the Desprez 

variety. 

[Date: October 21.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


SuHds in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 

beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 




Grams 




Per cent. 






Qrayns. 




Per cent. 




1 


369 


15.7 


12.9 


86.0 


21 


323 


16.4 


14.8 


90.2 


2 


386 


10.6 


1.5.0 


90. 4 


22 


342 


16.4 


14.0 


85. 4 


a 


376 


16.5 


15.7 


95.1 


23 


351 


16.4 


14.0 


85.4 


4 


386 


15.4 


13,2 


85.7 


24 


321 


15.5 


13.3 


85. 8 


5 


386 


15.9 


13. 8 


86.8 


25 


372 


16.1 


14.2 


88.2 


t> 


368 


10. 3 


13.7 


84.0 


26 


343 


15.8 


13. 3 


84.2 


7 


380 


15.4 


13.0 


84.4 


27 


338 


16.2 


15.2 


93.8 


8 


398 


15.6 


1.3.7 


87.8 


28 


353 


15.3 


13.0 


8.5.0 


9 


378 


15.6 


13.9 


89.1 


29 


339 


15.6 


13.9 


89.1 


10 


323 


15.7 


14.9 


94.9 


30 


370 


14.4 


12.5 


86.8 


11 


359 


15.8 


13.5 


85.4 


31 


351 


1.5.8 


13.6 


86.0 


12 


386 


1.5. 9 


14.7 
14.1 


92.5 


32 


3.55 


15.9 


14.6 


91. 8 


13 


271 


16.4 


87.8 


33 


319 


14.9 


13. 3 


89.3 


14 


318 


16.0 


14.5 


90. e 


34 


373 


15.9 


14.4 


90.6 


15 


351 


15.8 


13.7 


86.7 


35 


335 


16.1 


14.0 


87.0 


16 


476 


15.5 


13.7 


88.4 


36 


352 


16.4 


14.6 


82.9 


17 


411 


16.0 


13.8 


86.2 


37 


470 


15.3 


12.4 


81.0 


18 


380 


15.9 


13.7 


86.1 


38 


366 


15.6 


14.5 


93.0 


19 




15 6 


13 


83 3 












2U 


298 


16.2 


14.0 


86.4 


Mean 




14.0 


87.7 





Table XIII. — Showing analyses of sixty-six sets of ten beets each of the Filmorin variety. 

[Date: October 22.] 



No. 


Avei'age 
weiglit 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weiglit 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 




Gravis. 




Per cent. 






Grams. 




Per cent. 




1 


372 


15.4 


12.4 


80.5 


35 


536 


16.0 


13.3 


83.1 


2 


382 


15.5 


13.3 


85.8 


36 


464 


16.3 


13.9 


85.3 


3 


368 


16.7 


13.8 


82.6 


37 


340 


16.3 


13.0 


79.8 


4 


381 


15.6 


13.1 


84.0 


38 


343 


15.4 


13.2 


85.7 


5 


390 


16.1 


13. 2 


82.0 


39 


384 


15.3 


12.9 


84.3 


6 


363 


16.0 


15.0 


93.7 


40 


365 


16.0 


14.2 


88.8 


7 


384 


15.9 


13.6 


85.5 


41 


396 


1.5.5 


13.2 


85.2 


8 


389 


14.7 


12.6 


85.7 


42 


377 


16.1 


13.4 


83.2 


9 


3.56 


16.1 


15.0 


93.2 


43 


384 


15.1 


13.3 


88.1 


10 


368 


16.4 


14.2 


86.5 


44 


386 


16.1 


U.O 


87 


11 


331 


1.5.7 


13.0 


82.8 


45 


385 


15.5 


12.2 


78.7 


12 


758 


16.3 


14.1 


86.5 


46 


317 


16.6 


13.9 


83.7 


13 


351 


16.6 


15.5 


93.4 


47 


359 


14.7 


13.4 


91.2 


14 


355 


16.4 


13.7 


83.5 


48 


359 


1.5.2 


12.0 


78. 9 


15 


366 


15.5 


13.2 


85.2 


49 


296 


1.5.7 


13.2 


84.1 


16 


377 


1.5.5 


13.6 


87.7 


50 


233 


16.0 


14.0 


87.5 


17 


366 


1.5.4 


12.4 


80.5 


51 


353 


16.4 


14.0 


85.4 


18 


352 


16.2 


14.2 


87.7 


52 


292 


16.0 


14.7 


91.0 


19 


341 


16.0 


14.6 


91.3 


53 


335 


15.8 


13.7 


86.7 


20 


362 


1.5.8 


13.8 


87.3 


54 


3.57 


14.5 


13.2 


91.0 


21 


342 


1.5.2 


13.6 


89.5 


55 


353 


16.0 


13.9 


86.9 


22 


315 


15.3 


13.4 


87.6 


56 


328 


15.7 


13. 2 


84.1 


23 


363 


15.9 


12.8 


80.5 


57 


309 


16.2 


14.1 


87.0 


24 


357 


16.2 


14.0 


86.4 


58 


290 


16.5 


13. 9 


84.2 


25 


361 


16.8 


13.8 


82.1 


59 


372 


16.9 


14.8 


87.6 


26 


321 


16.5 


14.0 


84.8 


60 


392 


15.9 


1.3. 2 


83.0 


27 


371 


16.1 


14.8 


91.9 


61 


198 


17.1 


15.2 


88.9 


28 


376 


15.7 


13.4 


85.4 


62 


284 


15.5 


14.3 


92.3 


29 


321 


15.3 


13.0 


8,5.0 


63 


243 


1.5.4 


12.2 


79.2 


30 


291 


15.7 


13. 


82.8 


64 


238 


16. 3 


13.6 


83.4 


31 


410 


15.9 


13.5 


84.9 


65 


243 


16.4 


15.0 


91.5 


32 


350 


16.5 


14.8 


89.7 


66 


185 


17.0 


14.5 


85.3 


33 
34 


495 
366 


15.6 
15.0 


13. 

12.8 


83.3 
85.3 


Mean 












10.0 


13.4 


85.8 





148 

Table XIV. — Shotving analyses of sixtii-tivo sets of ten beets each of the Kleinwanzle 

hener varieti/. 

[Date: October 23.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 




Grams. 




Per cent. 






Grams. 




Per cent. 




1 


861 


15.4 


14.4 


93.5 


26 


452 


11.6 


13.0 


78.3 


2 


396 


15.4 


12.3 


79.9 


27 


459 


16.9 


14.1 


83.4 


3 


397 


16.8 


14.6 


86.9 


28 


443 


15.9 


1.3.4 


84.3 


4 


383 


16.8 


14.8 


88.1 


29 


379 


17.4 


14.9 


85.6 


5 


397 


16.3 


14.7 


90. 2 


30 


397 


17.0 


14.5 


85.3 


6 


386 


17.4 


15.0 


86.2 


31 


387 


16.8 


14.7 


87.5 


7 


390 


16.0 


12.9 


80.6 


32 


589 


17.0 


14.3 


84.1 


8 


394 


16.4 


14.9 


90.9 


33 


390 


17.1 


14.4 


84.2 


9 


379 


16.7 


14.3 


85.6 


34 


361 


16.3 


13.2 


81.0 


10 


394 


16.7 


14.2 


85.0 


35 


369 


16.6 


13.3 


80.1 


11 


387 


17.2 


13.9 


80.8 


36 


373 


16.8 


13.8 


82.1 


12 


371 


16.5 


13.9 


84.2 


37 


394 


16.9 


14.7 


87.0 


13 


374 


16.4 


14.8 


90.2 


38 


384 


16.7 


13.7 


82.0 


14 


664 


17.0 


13.6 


80.0 


39 


396 


16.9 


14.2 


84.0 


15 


439 


16.6 


13.7 


82.5 


40 


386 


17.4 


14.5 


83.3 


16 


441 


15.3 


12.2 


79.7 


41 


383 


17.2 


14.9 


86.6 


17 


459 


14.6 


12.0 


82.2 


42 


378 


17.1 


14.4 


84.2 


18 


360 


16.5 


13.9 


84.2 


43 


.377 


16.0 


14.2 


88.8 


19 


562 


16.1 


13.0 


80.7 


44 


549 


16.8 


13.9 


82.7 


20 


475 


16.3 


13.2 


81.0 


45 


352 


17.4 


14.9 


85.6 


21 


451 


17.2 


14.5 


84.3 


46 


371 


17.0 


14.5 


85.3 


22 


503 


16.0 


13.3 


83.1 


47 


374 


17.9 


15.2 


84.9 


23 


463 


16.3 


13.4 


82.2 


48 


366 


16.5 


13.7 


83.0 


24 


527 


17.3 


14.9 


86.1 


49 


383 


17.6 


14.3 


81.2 


25 


459 


16.5 


13.6 


82.4 


50 


374 


17.6 


14.8 


84.1 



[Date: October 24.] 



356 
340 
324 
379 
355 
349 
360 



17.0 
16.6 
18.0 
16.7 
17.3 
16.7 
16.9 



13.9 
14.0 
14.5 
13.8 
14.0 
13.9 
14.1 



81.8 


58 


84.3 


59 


80.6 


60 


82.6 


61 


80.9 


62 


83.2 
83.4 




Mean 



326 
318 
358 
360 
409 



16.4 
16.9 
16.2 
16.4 
17.1 



13.4 
14.3 
13.0 
13.9 
14.4 



14.1 



81.7 
84.6 
80.2 
84.8 
84.2 



83.8 



Table XV. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of ten beets each of Kleinwanzlebener elite 

variety. 



[Date: October 31.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solid.s in 
juice. 


Sncro.se 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


Orams. 
454 
289 
325 
344 
351 
357 
341 
347 
256 
369 
371 


16.5 
16.9 
17.2 
17.4 
16.9 
16.8 
17.9 
15.9 
16.2 
16.2 
17.1 


Per cent. 
13.4 
13. 9 
14.5 
14.8 
14.0 
13.2 
14.8 
13.7 
14.4 
14.3 
14.0 


81.2 
82.2 
84.3 
85.1 
82.8 
78.6 
82.7 
86.1 
88.9 
88.3 
81.9 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


Grams. 

357 
333 
297 
302 
304 
296 
274 
221 
239 


16.2 
16.6 
17.4 
16.9 
17.1 
17.0 
17.4 
17.3 
17.1 


Per cent. 
13.9 
14.3 
14.4 
14.1 
14.4 
14.3 
14.4 
15.0 
13.7 


85.8 
86.1 
82.7 
83.5 
84.2 
84.1 
82.7 
86.7 
80.1 






14.2 


83.9 









149 

Tablb XVI. — Showing analyses of Uventy sets of ten ieets each of the Ferdinand Knauer 

variety. 

[Date: November 2.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


Chrams. 

386 
386 
375 
363 
370 
394 
416 
355 
315 
317 
360 


15.6 
16.3 
16.1 
14.6 
14.8 
15.1 
16.4 
15.8 
16.5 
17.1 
15.9 


Per cent. 
12.0 
13.2 
13.3 
11.7 
11.6 
11.7 
13.5 
12.9 
13.2 
14.2 
12.5 


76.9 
81.0 
82.6 
80.1 
78.4 
77.4 
82.3 
81.6 
80.0 
83.0 
78.6 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

Meaji 


Grams. 
387 
394 
342 
290 
246 
290 
224 
170 
140 


15.7 
16.3 
16.4 
16.4 
17.5 
17.3 
16.2 
16.6 
15.7 


Per cent. 
13.1 
13.4 
13.5 
13.7 
14.8 
14.4 
13.8 
14.4 
13.9 


83.4 
82.2 
82.3 
83.5 
84.6 
83.3 
85.2 
86.7 
88.5 






13.2 


82.1 







[Date: November 2.] 
Table XVII. — Showing analyses of tiventy sets of ten heets each of the Lemaire variety. 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sacro.ie 
in juice. 


Purity. 

79.1 
80.4 
76.8 
80.3 
82.8 
75.9 
79.1 
84.0 
79.7 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


Grams. 

370 
387 
318 
389 
379 
529 
376 
535 
330 
342 
358 


15.5 
16.0 
16.0 
15.7 
16.9 
15.5 
15.0 
15.3 
15.7 
15.8 
15.9 


Per cent. 
12.9 
12.8 
13.8 
12.6 
13.3 
12.4 
12.0 
11.2 
13.2 
12.6 
12.7 


83.2 
80.0 
86.2 
80.3 
78.7 
80.0 
80.0 
73.2 
84.1 
79.7 
79.8 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

Mean. 


Grams. 
390 
380 
565 
380 
370 
349 
36; 
391 
663 


15.8 
15.8 
15.5 
15.2 
16.3 
15.8 
14.3 
16.3 
15.3 


Per cent. 
12.5 
12.7 
11.9 
12.2 
13.5 
12.0 
11.3 
13.7 
12.2 






12.6 sn ft 1 








1 



Table XVIII. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of ten heets each of the Desproz 

variety. 

[Date : November 2.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
iuice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
.11 


Grams. 
382 
350 
392 
301 
556 
389 
382 
373 
481 
466 
341 


15.5 
15.9 
15.7 
15.9 
14.8 
16.4 
15.3 
15.4 
16.0 
16.2 
15.6 


Per cent. 
12.7 
13.3 
12.0 
13.0 
11.5 
13.8 
12.4 
12.6 
12. S 
13.4 
13.0 


81.9 
83.6 
76.4 
81.8 
77.7 
84.1 
81.0 
81.8 
80.0 
82.7 
83.3 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


Grams. 

502 
339 
371 
391 
559 
383 
379 
395 
3S9 


15.3 
15.4 
15.6 
16.2 
15.1 
1.5.0 
15.8 
14.9 
15.5 


Per cent. 
12.0 
13.1 
12.7 
12.6 
12.2 
11.5 
12.8 
11.9 
13.0 


7^4 
85.1 
81.4 
77.8 
80.8 
76.6 
81.0 
79.9 
83.9 






12.6 


80.9 









150 



'r.\Bi.E XIX. — Shoiving anah/ses of tweiuii sets of ten heets each of the Vilmorin variety. 

[Date: November 2.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 

Weight 

beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 
3 
4 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


Grams. 
405 
329 
361 
326 
446 
382 
382 
298 
347 
286 
236 


]5. 1 
15.7 
1.5.3 
15.2 
15.2 
15.3 
1'..8 
16.0 
15.7 
15.1 
16.3 


Per cent. 
11.8 
13.7 
12.8 
12.5 
12.4 
12.5 
13.2 
13.0 
12.6 
13.3 
13.7 


78.1 
87.3 
83.7 
82. 2 
81.6 
81.7 
83.5 
81.2 
80.3 
88.1 
84.0 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

Mean . 


Grams. 
210 
248 
317 
365 
360 
351 
334 
261 
267 


1.5.5 
16.1 
15.8 
15.3 
15.3 
15.8 
15.7 
15.9 
17.0 


Per cent. 
13.2 
13.7 
13.5 
13.0 
12.4 
13.3 
13.6 
13.5 
14.3 


85.2 
85.1 
85.4 
85.0 
81.0 
84.2 
86.6 
84.9 
?4.1 






13 1 i 83 fi 1 








1 



Table XX. — Showing analyses of twenty sets of ten beets each of the Klelntvanzlebener 

variety. 

[Date, November 2.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

3 

4 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 


354 
366 
5U9 
510 
358 
367 
360 
379 
365 
555 
559 


16.8 
16.3 
15.8 
16.1 
16.8 
16.2 
15. 5 
15.8 
16.6 
15.6 
15.8 


Per cent. 
12.9 
12.5 
11.8 
11.9 
13.9 
12.4 
11.9 
12.3 
13.4 
12.2 
12.9 


76.8 
7G.7 
74.7 
73.9 
82.7 
76.5 
76.8 
77.8 
80.7 
78.2 
81.6 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

Mean . 


Grami. 
3t)9 
546 

393 
575 
374 
367 
302 
385 


17.1 
16.7 
16.1 
16.5 
10.7 
16.8 
16.6 
16.8 
16.5 


Per cent. 
14.1 
13. 3 
13.0 
13.2 
12.9 
13.4 
13.9 
13.8 
13.8 


82.4 
79.6 
SO. 7 
80. U 
77.2 
79.8 
83.7 
82.1 
83.6 


1 


13 


79.7 


1 



Table XXI. — Shonnng analyses of six sets of ten hects each of Plat jVb. 1. 

[Date: October 26.] 



No. 


Average 

Aveight 

beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 
2 

3 
4 


Grams. 
281 
227 
269 
331 


16. 8 
16.3 
17.3 
16.6 


Percent. 
13. C 

13.5 
14.1 
13.2 


80.9 

81.8 
81.4 
79.5 


5 
6 


Grams. 
283 

288 


10.7 
16. 


Per cent. 
13.6 
12.7 


81.4 
79.4 






13.5 


80.8 


1 







Table XXII. — Showing analyses of six sets of ten beds each of Plat Xo. 2. 
[Date: October 26.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


i 

! No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 
3 
4 


Grains. 

222 
226 
248 
241 


16.2 
16.7 
16.2 
15.0 


Per cent. 
13.4 
13.7 
12.8 
12.1 


82.7 
82.0 
79.0 

80.7 


« 


Grams. 
256 
224 


15.7 
15.4 


Per cent. 
13.4 
13.0 


85.4 
84.4 








13.1 


82.7 
1 









151 

Table XXIII. — Showing analyses of six set-t of ien Ivits each of Plat No. S. 

[Date : October 27.] 



No. 


Average 
weigiit 
beets. 


SolitLs iu 
juice. 


Sucrose 
iu juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
wcigbt 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 

3 

4 


Grams. 

243 
303 
250 
273 


15.8 
16 
15.8 
16.3 


Per cent. 
12.3 
12.7 
12.6 
13.7 


77.8 
79.4 
79.7 
84 


5 

6 


Grams. 
253 
210 


16.4 
15.6 


Fer cent. 
13.4 
12.9 


81.7 
82.7 

80.9 






12.9 









Table XXIV. — Showiiu/ anaJijues of six sets of ten beets each in Plat No. 4. 
[Date: October 27.] 



No. 


Average 
weijflit 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 

! 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 

3 

4 


Grams. 

250 
282 
303 
289 


16.4 
16.5 
16.0 
16.0 


Per cent. 
12.9 
13.5 
12.2 
12.8 


78.7 1 
81.8 
76.3 
80.0 


5 

6 


Grams. 

2S5 
221 


15.5 
15.7 


Per cent. 
12.9 
12.6 


83.2 
80.3 






12.8 


80 











Table XXV. — Showing analyses of six sets of ten beets each from Plat No. 5. 

[Date: October 28.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weiglit 
beets. 


Solids in 
.juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 

3 

4 


Grams. 

;i50 

357 
355 
377 


16.0 
16.4 
15.3 
16.6 


Per cent. 
12.8 
12.6 
12.2 
12.8 


77.1 
76.8 
79.7 
77.1 


5 

6 


Grams. 
343 

282 


15.7 
15.9 


Per cent. 
12.4 
12.2 


79 
76.7 




12.5 


77.7 







Table XXVI. — Showing analyses of six sets of ten beets each from Plat No. 6. 

[Date : October 28.] 



No. 


Average 
weight 

beets. 


Solids in 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


No. 


Average 
weight 
beets. 


Solids iu 
juice. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


1 

2 

3 

4 


Grams. 
243 

255 
288 
325 


16.4 
16.5 
16.0 
16.6 


Per cent. 
13.6 
13.3 
12.6 
13.6 


82.9 ; 

80.6 l 

78.8 

81.9 


5 

6 

Mean. 


Grains. 
293 
243 


15.4 
15.7 


Per cent. 
12.2 
12.5 


79.2 
79.6 






12.9 


80.5 









152 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



PROCESS FOE THE PRODUCTION OF SUGAR-BEET SEED BY CUTTINGS. 

Andreas JSTowoczek, of Kaadeii, Bohemia, has patented a process iu 
Germany for the production of improved sugar-beet seed by cuttings 
from the mother beet. The process consists in taking the buds from 
the axis of the leaves and cutting tbem out with as little as possible of 
the Hesh of the beet adhering thereto. These buds are treated with an 
antiseptic to prevent them from decay and to prevent the ground worms 
from eating them. The material chosen for the antiseptic is powdered 
charcoal. These buds are planted in beds and produce beets of average 
size which, it is claimed, have all the properties of the mother beet from 
which they were taken. The beets as produced can be planted for seed 
in the usual way. It is claimed for the process that the excellent quali- 
ties of the inother beet are much better preserved by this method than 
by the usual method of planting it for seed directly. 

letter fllom mk. hknry t. oxnard on the prospects of the beet-sugar in- 
dustry in the united states. 

Grand Island, Nebr., 

November 7, 1891. 
Dear Sir: I esteem it a pleasure aucl an honor to be able to write a few words 
briefly regarding the development of the beet-sugar industry and the condition in 
which it exists in the United States to-day. The btjet-sugar industry has become 
well established in Europe only within the last half century, and has become a great 
factor in the world's sugar supply within th(>, past ftfteeu years, so that to-day more 
sugar is produced from beets than from all the other sugar-producing plants of the 
world combined. This result has been brought about within the last fifty years by 
the Governments of Europe, chiefly Germany and France, subsidizing and encourag- 
ing the production of sugar to such an extent as to diminish the price of that article 
at least one-half whatit was ten years ago. The United States, as you well know, has, 
within the past year, by a wise provision of the McKinley bill, ofl'ered a bounty of 2 
centsperpound for a limited period for all sugar produced in the United States, and by 
following the example of Germany and France can soou hope to become independent 
of the rest of the world for the supply of its sugar, thereby keeping at home some 
hundreds of millions of dollars sent abroad annually to enrich the farmers and manu- 
facturers of foreign countries. The 2 cents given iu the shape of a bounty by the 
United States Government takes the jilace of the 2 cents which formerly existed 
as a tarift' on the importation of sugar. The result of this legislation is, that the 
price of sugar since the law went into eft'ect has fallen 2 cents per pound, the 
consumer paying just 2 cents less than a year ago, and at the same time the de- 
velopment of the home industry has not been sacrificed, but encouraged, and that is 
not the only advantage we shall derive, as each factory, similar to the one we have 
built here, means an outlay of about half a million dollars, and the United States 
will require about a thousand of such factories to supply it with sugar in 1900. The 
building of these factories will start up the coal and iron mines as well as the ma- 



i 



153 

ohine shops all over the United States, giving- employment directly to thousands^ 
and give a far greater impetus to our national prosperity than could be obtained in 
any other channel. We will also give our farmers an opportunity to diversify their 
crops, and we all know the advantage to be derived from that source. Under the 
old tariif the industry never thrived, but with the stimulus of tbe bounty, within 
the past eight mouths, beet-sugar factories have started or are about to be started all 
over the United States. At least twenty States are, in my opinion, well adapted to 
the sugar beet. We have the soil, climate, and capital necessary to become the 
greatest sugar-producing country in tlie world, and as soon as we have acquired the 
knowledge of the industry which will enable us to compete successfully with those 
countries of Europe, with the aid of the stimulus given by our last Congress, we can 
hope to lead the world in the production of sugar in the next iifteen or twenty years. 

But the supply of the home article is not the only advantage to be gained. I refer 
to the eft'ect of the beet crop on the soil. Properly carried on the cultivation of the 
sugar beet is greatly beneficial to all other agriculture. The deep and careful cul- 
tivation which the beet requires greatly improves the land, the soil becoming thereby 
deepened and the disintegration and solution of the mineral constituents greatly 
accelerated. The tap root of the beet descends to a great depth, loosening the soil 
which most other plants fail to reach. The nourishment thus obtained passes partly 
into the leaves and is left with them on the ground at the time of harvest, and to-day 
in Europe the fanners are anxious to plant beets, as they find their next crop grown 
on the same soil is increased 33 per cent. The pulp, after the sugar is removed 
makes an excellent food for fattening cattle, and can be sold to the farmers for little 
or nothing after paying them liberally for the privilege of extracting tbe sugar. 

We have in oi)eration this fall three beet-sugar factories, each with a capacity of 
300 tons of beets daily, besides which each factory uses about 50 tons of coal 
and 40 tons of limestone daily, spending in the immediate neighborhood of the 
factory each and every day upwards of $2,000 amongst the farmers for the beets and 
laborers working in the factory, keeping that amount at home which formerly found 
its way to the pockets of the European fanners and laborers. This large sum is dis- 
tributed in the community immediately surrounding each one of our factories and 
the result has been to build up the towns where our factories are located as well as 
the surrounding farming district ; these towns in turn build up the State. Since the 
establishment of our factories in each community where situated the demand for 
labor has so far exceeded the supply that not a single iudividual wishing to work 
has lacked the opportunity of tiuding remunerative employment either in the field 
or factory. The Oxuard Beet Sugar Company, located at Grand Island, Nebr., was 
built and operated for a short time last year, working very satisfactorily. This vear 
our company has built two new factories, locating them at Norfolk, Nebr. and 
Chino, Cal. Both of these factories commenced operations for the first time this 
year and are now turning out a standard grade of tine white granulated sugar 
which sells readily in competition with the sugars offered by the large refineries. 
We expect to manufacture 9,000,000 pounds of granulated sugar in our three 
factories this year. Besides ours there are three other beet-sugar factories at pres- 
ent in operation, and the number will be largely increased next year, spreading all 
over the northern and central portion of the United States. It is Avith pleasure that 
I can inform you, after a very careful study of the subject and practical trial of same, 
that a most brilliant future and speedy development awaits this new industry. 
I remain, very sincerely and respectfully yours, 

Henky T. Oxnard. 
Hon. J. M. Rusk, 

Secretary of Af/ricuUitre. 



INDEX. 



A. 

Paere. 

Absorptive power of soils, table showing-. 12-4 

Analytical data, arrangement of 10 

methods _ 10 

at the Schuyler Station 116 

Arizona, analyses of beets from 12 

notes on beets from 77 

Arkansas, analyses of beets from 12 

notes on beets from 77 

B. 

Beet analyses, miscellaneous . 150, 151 

notes on 77 

cultural season 119 

Beet-mothers, selection of 117 

Beet seed, production of, by cuttings 152 

Beet-sugar industry, prospects of 152 

Beet-sugar season, length of 141 

Beets analyzed in Wisconsin, remarks on 109 

analyses of various varieties of 129 

experiments with, in Wisconsin, 1891 90 

distances between rows of 115 

grown in Wisconsin 97 

loss of weight of, by evaporation 138 

methods employed in the examination of 10 

thinning out of 125 

variation in individual 117 

Beet seed, depth of planting 114 

methods of planting. 114 

quantity of, required per acre 114 

source of, used in experiments 7 

varieties of, planted at Schuyler Station 120 

C. 

California, analyses of beets from 12 

notes on beets from 77 

Colorado, analyses of beets from 12 

notes on b3ets from 7 

Connecticut, analyses of beets from 14 

notes on beets from 77 

Cultural season for baets 119 

155 



156 

D. 

Page. 

Desprez beets, analj^ses of, in groups of tea 145, 146, 147 

average results of 130 

E. 

Eclson, Mr. C. B., analytical work of 127 

Elite beets, analyses of, in groups of tan 144 

F. 

Fertilizer experiments 121 

G. 

Georgia, analyses of b?ets from 15 

notes on beets from 77 

H. 

Henry, Prof. W. A., letter from 90 

Huston, Prof. H. A., experimants conducted by 78 

I. 

Idaho, analyses of beets from ._ 15 

notes on beets from 77 

Illinois, analyses of beets f I'om 15 

notes on beets f i-om 78 

Indiana, analyses of beets from 17 

notes on beets from 78 

Indian Territory, analyses of beets from 19 

Iowa, abstracts from station bulletin 81 

analyses of beets from 19 

beets from, analyzed in State laboratory 80 

notes on beets from 79 

K. 

Kansas, analyses of beets from 30 

experiments with beats at Sorghum Station, Sterling 82 

notes on bee ' s from ._ 82 

Kedzie, Dr. R. C. , experiments conducted by 83 

Kentucky, analyses of beets from 32 

notes on beets from 82 

Klein wanzlebener beets, average results of 131, 132 

Klein wanzlebener Elite b3eis, analyses of, in groups of tan . 1 12, 144, 145, 148, 150 

one bundled 142 

Knaur baets, analyses of, in groups of ten 143, 144, 149 

Ladd, Mr. E. F., analyses by 86 

Lemaire beets, analyses of, in groups of ten 143, 144, 146, 149 

Letter of transmittal _ 5 

Lloyd, Prof. Rachel, experiments (-onducted by 85 



157 

M. 

Page. 

Maryland, analyses of beets from 32 

notes on beets from 83 

Maxwell, Mr. Walter, report of 118 

Meteorological observations at Schuyler 115 

Michigan, analyses of beets from 32 

Experiment Station , notes on beets analyzed at 83 

notes on beets from 83 

Minnesota, analyses of beets from 37 

notes on beats from 83 

Missouri Ag-ricultural Station, analyses of beets by : 37 

analyses of beets from 37 

notes on beets from 84 

Moisture, absorption of, by soils 123 

Montana, analyses of beets from .. 40 

notes on beets from — 84 

N. 

Nebraska, analyses of beets from 41 

Experiment Station, abstract of results obtained at 85 

notes on beets from 84 

Nevada, analyses of beets from 44 

notes on beets from 85 

New Hampshire, analyses of beets from 45 

notes on beets from 86 

New Jersey, analyses of beets from 45 

notes on beets from 86 

New Mexico, analyses of beets from 45 

notes on beets from 86 

New York, analyses on beets from 46 

notes on beets from 86 

Nicholson. Prof. H. H., experiments conducted by 85 

North Dakota, analyses of beets from 46 

O. 

Ohio analysesof beets from 47 

notes on beets from 87 

Oklahoma, analyses of beets f I'om 49 

notes on beets from 87 

Oregon , analyses of beets from 49 

notes on beets from 87 

Station, experiments by 88 

Oxnai^d, Mr. Henry T., letter from, in regard to beet-sugar industry 152 

P. 

Patrick, Prof. G. E., experiments conducted by 'ii) 

Pennsylvania, analyses of baets from 51 

notes on beets from 88 

S. 

Samples, difficulty in securing compliance with instructions in regard to. 9 

directions for taking 7 

model for description of 8 



158 

Page 

Sampling-, method of 128 

Schuyler Experiment Station, analytical work at 127 

description of 113, 119 

general scope of work at 113 

Nebraska, experiment station for beets at ' 112 

Station, experiments with small plats 135 

results, comparison of, with similar data from 

Chapelle, France 134 

Seed, beet, methods of planting 114 

quantity of, required per acre 114 

Shaw, Mr. G. W., experiments of 88 

Soil of Schuyler Station farm 119 

preparation of , for beet experiments 113 

temperatures 120 

Soils, absorption of moisture by . 123 

table showing the absorptive power of 124 

retentive power of 124 

South Dakota, analyses of beets from " 51 

notes on beets from 88 

Sugar-beet seed, production of, by cuttings 152 

Sugar beets. ( See Beets. ) 

experiments with, in 1891 7 

Summary of results by States and counties 12 

T. 

Taproot, apparent increase in sucrose through the breaking of 139 

Tennessee, analyses of beets from 58 

notes on beets from 89 

Texas, analyses of beets from 59 

notes on beets f i-om . 89 

Trescot, Mr. T. C, analytical work of 127 

V. 

Vilmorin beets, analyses of, in groups of ten-.. 147, 150 

average results of 130, 131 

Virginia, analyses of beets from 59 

notes on beets from 89 

W. 

Washington, analyses of beets from 61 

notes on beets from 89 

Wisconsin, analyses of beets from _- 62 

meteorological conditions in 91 

notes on beets from 89 

remarks on beets grown in 109 

Woll, Mr. P. W., experiments of. in Wisconsin 90 

Wyoming, analyses of beets from 75 

notes on beets from 111 

O 



BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



No. 1. Au Investigation of- the Compositiorf of American Wlieat and Corn. Edited bj^r Clifford 
Ricliardson. 1883. Pp.69. (Out of print.) 

No. 2. Diffusion: Its Application to Sugar Cane, and Reoord of Experiments with Sorghum in 1883. 
Edited by H. W. ^Viley. 1884. Pp. 36. (Out of print.) 

No. 3. The Northern Sugar Industry: A record of its progress during the season of 1883. Edited by 
H.W. Wiley. 1884. Pp.120. (Out of print.) 

No. 4. An Investigation of the Composition of American Wheat and Corn. (Second report.) Edited 
by Clifford Richardson. 1884. Pp.98. (Out of print.) 

No. .5. The Sugar Industry of the United States. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1885. Pp.224. (Oat of 
print.) 

No. 6. Experiments with Difi'usion and Carbonatation at Ottawa, Kans. Campaign of 1885. Edited 
by H. W. Wiley. 1B85. Pp. 20. (Out of print.) 

No. 7. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Association of OflScial 
Agricultural Chemists, September 1 and 2, 1885.) Edited by Charles W. Dabney. 1885. Pp.49. (Out 
of print.) 

No. 8. Methods and Machinery for the Application of Diffusion to the Extraction of Sugar from 
Sugar Cane and Sorghum, and for the use of Lime and Carbonic and Sulphurous Acids in Purifying 
the Diffusion Juices. Edited by H. W. Wilej-. 1886. Pp.85. (Out of print.) 

No. 9. Third Report on the Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of American Cereals, 
Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1886. Pp. 82. (Out of print.) 

No. 10. Principles and Methods of Soil Analysis. Edited by Edgar Richards. 18SG. Pp.66. (Out 
of print.) 

No. 11. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., 
Season of 1885-'86. (Second report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1886. Pp. 26. (Out of print.) 

No. 12. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Third Annual Convent 
tion of the Association of Oflicial Agricultural Chemists, August 26 and 27, 1886. Edited by Clifford- 
Richardson. 1886. Pp.59. (Out of print.) 

No. 13. Food Adulterants. 
Part First. Dairy Products. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp.132. 
Part Second. Spices and Condiments. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1887. Pp. 130. 
Part Third. Fermented Alcoholic Beverages — Malt Liquors, Wine, and Cider. Edited by C. A. 

Crampton. 1887. Pp.140. (Out of print.) 
Part Fourth. Lard and Lard Adulterations. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1889. Pp. 154. 
Part Fifth. Baking Powders. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp. 63. 
Part Sixth. Sugar, Molasses, and Sirup, Confections, Honey, and Beeswax. Edited by H. W. 

Wiley. 1892. Pp. 255. 
Part Seventh. Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa Preparations. Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1892. Pp. 155. 
Part Eighth. Canned Foods. (In preparation.) 
Part Ninth. Bread, Flour, and Meal. (In preparation.) 

No. 14. Record of Experiments at Fort Scott, Kans., in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum and 
Sugar Canes in 1886. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp.64. 

No. 15. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La^ 
Season of 1886-'87. (Tliird report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1887. Pp. 35. 

No. 16. Methodsof Analysisof CommercialFertilizers,FeedingStuffs,andDairyProducts. Adopted 
at the Fourth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, August 16, 17, 
and 18, 1887. Edited by Clifford Ricliardson. 1887. Pp. 80. (Out of print.) 

No. 17. Record of Experiments Conducted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture 
of Sugar from Sorghum and Sugar Canes at Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N. J., and Lawrence, La., 
1887-88. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 18.-8. Pp. 118. 

No. 18. Sugar-producing Plants: Record of Analyses made by Authority of the Commissioner of 
Agriculture under direction of the Chemist, 1887-'88 (Sorghum— Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N. J.; 
Sugar Cane— Lawrence, La.), together with a study of the data collected on Sorghum and Sugar Cane. 
Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1888. Pp 132. 

No. 19. Methodsof Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Cattle Foods, Dairy Products, Sugar, and 
Fermented Liquors. (Adopted at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricul- 
tural Chemists, held at the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture August 9 and 10, 1888.) Edited by Clifford 
Richardson. 1888. Pp. 96. (Out of print.) 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

DIVISION OF CIIEMISTKY 

BULLETIN No. 36 



EXPERIMENTS 



WITH 



SUGAR BEETS 




, 1893 , 




HARVEY V/.'^WILEY 

u 
Chemist of the U. S. Dvpartmext of AurivnllKre and Director of the Department ^iirjar 
Experiment Stations at Sehmjler, Nebraska; Bunnymedc (Nareoossee F. O.), 
Florida, and Sterling and Me<livine Lodge, Kansas 

WITH IHK COLI.AIJOKATION OF 

Dr. WALTER MAXWELL 

Assistant in Charye of the Sehui/lcr Station 



PUBLISHED BT AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICDLTUEE 



WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 



^^ 



^ 



A 



xy 



-'^ 

s^ 



CONTENTS. 



PAOE. 

Sngar-beet seed distributed 7 

Results of analysis of beets received 7 

Arkansas 8 

California 8 

Colorado 8 

Idaho 11 

Illinois 12 

Indiana 12 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 14 

Kentucky 15 

Michigan 15 

Minnesota 16 

Missouri 17 

Montana 18 

Nebraska 18 

Nevada 19 

New Mexico 19 

New York 20 

North Carolina 20 

North Dakota 20 

Ohio 21 

Oregon 22 

Pennsylvania 23 

South Dakota 23 

Tennessee 25 

Virginia 25 

Washington 25 

West Virginia : 26 

Wisconsin 26 

Wyoming 27 

Data obtained from the several States 28 

Remarks on analyses 29 

Work done at the Department Station at Schuyler, Nebr 34 

Experiments in the production of beet seed 35 

Experiments in beet culture 37 

Analytical data 39 

Report of assistant in charge 43 

Cultural season of the beet crop 48 

An insect visitation 51 

Analytical work of the season 54 

Cost of production 67 

Summary 68 

The sugar beet web-worm 68 

3 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division op Chemistry, 
Washiugton, J). C, Decemhcr 31, 1892. 

Sir: I have the honor to trausmit, for your inspection and approval, 
the manuscript of Bulletin No. 36 of the Division of Chemistry, being 
a report on the ex])eriments with sugar beets, ccunlucted by your au- 
thority under my direction, during the season of 1802. 

Pursuant to your directions, in accordance with my request the En- 
tomologist, Dr. C. y. Riley, has supplied me with his report on the 
sugar-beet web worm, as ])rei)ared by him for the Annual Report of the 
U. S. Department of Agriculture for 181)2, which is of special interest 
in connection with the present bulletin. 
Respectfully, 

n. W. Wiley, 

Chemist. 
Hon. J. M. Rusk, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



i 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1892. 

Followiug ill the line of the work of hist year, sugar-beet seed of high 
grade imported from Europe was distributed to persons who had asked 
for samples. The distribution was made in the early spring of 1892. 
Four thousand pounds of seed were distributed in 8,159 packages, which 
were sent to 2,310 addresses, making an average of nearly four pack- 
ages to each address. Each package was accompanied with printed 
instructions for preparing the soil, planting tlie seed, and cultivating 
the beets. Printed directions were also sent for taking samples for 
analysis, accompanied with shipping tags for franking the samples to 
the Department laboratory. Special duplicate shipping tags were sent 
to the persons who received seed iu Nebraska, with the request to send 
duplicate samples to the experiment station at Lincoln for examination. 

SUGAR-BEET SEED DISTRIBUTED. 

The number of packages sent to each State and the number of i)ersons 
to whom sent in each State and Territory are given in the following list: 



state. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkausas 

California 

(Jolorado 

Connecticut 

District of Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian Territory 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massacliusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 



Packages 


Persons 


distrib- 


receiving 


uted. 


seed. 


o 


2 


11 


2 


64 


63 


203 


29 


600 


65 


26 


2 


30 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


28 


9 


467 


212 


713 


168 


1 


1 


598 


204 


261 


141 


5 


5 


1 


1 


4 


4 


6 


6 


6 


3 


579 


178 


614 


232 


3 


3 


60 


23 



State. 



Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico . . . 

New York 

Nortli Carolina . 
North Dakota . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. - 
South Carolina. 
South Dakota . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Wasliiugton 

West Virginia . 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Packages Persons 

distrfi)- receiving 

uted. I seed. 



96 

730 

45 

3 

2 

4 

92 

4 

186 

1, 103 

8 

112 

9 

13 

322 

4 

43 

61 

6 

114 

191 

39 

664 

31 



13 

93 
1 
3 
2 
4 

24 
4 

42 

335 

8 

24 
9 
4 

72 
4 

14 
2 
6 

21 

46 

7 

223 

7 



The samples for analysis began to arrive at the laboratory in the lat- 
ter part of September and continued to be received until the 20th of 
December, when farther work in analysis of samples was suspended 
for the purpose of tabulating and classifying the results. 

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF BEETS RECEIVED. 

In the following tables are given the results of the analyses of the 
samples by counties and States, together with the average composition 
of the samples received from each State : 



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28 

DATA OBTAINED FROM THE SEVERAL STATES. 

Before proceeding to discuss the data in the preceding- tables, atten- 
tion shoiihl be called to the fact that in previous reports of this kind 
some dissatisfaction has been expressed in some States on account of 
the i30or showing of the samples therefrom. In former reports atten- 
tion has been particularly called to the fact that the data obtained by 
this method of experimentation are not wholly reliable and in all cases 
do not truly represent the capabilities of any locality for beet-sugar 
production. It is true that a large number of data received from a 
given State will indicate in a general way whether or not that State is 
capable of producing a good sugar beet, but where the number of data 
is limited it may be that the agricultural conditions under which the 
samples were produced were so poor, or the season so exceptional, as 
to prevent a fair judgment of the capabilities of the soil and climate. 
On the other hand, the culture which the samples received may have 
been so line and the seasonal conditions so favorable as to i^roduce a 
beet far above the average which could be produced in the whole 
State. 

Again, the loss of moisture during transportation, or the failure of 
the farmers to send their beets in as soon as harvested, may tend to 
reduce the amount of water present in the beet and to raise corre- 
spondingly the quantity of sugar therein. Inasmuch as the analyses 
are made on the expressed juice, this would tend to show always an 
increased amount of sugar over that present naturally in the beets. 

All these disturbing influences must be taken into consideration in 
judging the data which have been recorded. This has been said in 
general exiilanation so as to forestall any criticisms which may be made 
of the data obtained. 

To illustrate more particularly what is meant, attention is called to 
the instance, say, of Colorado and Montana. From the State of Col- 
orado one hundred and twenty-three samples were received for analy- 
sis and from the State of Montana only one sample. Any comparison, 
therefore, between the average results of the two States would be 
simply absurd. While one hundred and twenty-three samples from 
Colorado, showing, as they do, line possibilities of sugar beet culture, 
indicate that the State of Colorado is capable of producing beets of 
high quality, the single sample from Montana, whether it proved ex 
ceptionally i)oor or exceptionally fine, could have been no criterion by 
which the capabilities of the State for beet-sugar production could be 
judged. 

In connection with the tentative results which have been obtained 
by this kind of work should be taken the characteristics of the soil 
and climate of each locality, and by putting the two together a fairly 
good idea can be formed of the possibilities of beet- sugar production. 



29 

The reader should carefully bear the above explanation in mind, both 
in looking over the data in the tables and in reading the remarks 
thereon which follow. 

REMARKS ON ANALYSES. 

Arkansas. — Number of sami)les received, 3, The average size of the 
samples was 12 ounces, and the content of sugar in the beet 0.41. 
Although Arkansas is farther south than the general experience indi 
cates as a locality for the successful growth of sugar beets, the fact 
that sugar beets can be grown not only in Arkansas, but in other South- 
ern States, shows the capability of the wide distribution of this plant. 
There is x^robably not a State in the Union where sugar beets can not 
be grown successfully, at least for cattle feeding, and where they can 
not be gro\yu with a fair content of sugar. It is true that with beets of 
the richness indicated above it would not be profitable to manufacture 
sugar. In other words, it would not be profitable in competition with 
beets of higher quality, yet large quantities of sugar could be made, 
even from such beets. 

California. — Although California is the most promising State for the 
manufacture of beet sugar in the United States, in so far as the pres- 
ent determination has extended, yet the number of samples received 
therefrom at the laboratory was very small. Three factories were in 
operation in California dming the past season, viz, the old factory at 
Alvarado and the factories at Watsonville and Chino. The amount of 
sugar made at each one, as indicated by the returns filed in the Office 
of Internal Kevenne, is as follows : 





^892. 


1891. 


Alameda 


Pounds. 
1, 473, 500 
9, 316, 835 
7, 903, 541 


Pounds. 
1,094,900 
4, 340, 556 
'J, 051, 400 


Western * 


Chino Valley. 





*Up to December 18, 1892, at which time there wa8 still two weeks' work, which would bring the 
total up to near 10,000,000 pounds. 

The beets which were received from the State were of fair size and 
showed a high content of sugar. In this connection, however, it must 
be remarked that the beets were long in transit and must have lost a 
considerable quantity of water. They were somewhat wilted and shriv- 
eled in appearance when received. Such beets, of course, would indi- 
cate a higher percentage of sugar than they would really contain in a 
fresh state, and the same remark may be applied to the beets shipped 
any distance by mail or to beets which have been exposed any consid- 
erable time to the air after harvesting, before the determination of the 
sugar. 



30 

Colorado. — Colorado fuvuished a large number of samples, showing a 
great interest, among the farmers of that State in the culture of the 
sugar beet. In regard to the content of sugar shown by these samples, 
the remark made with reference to California must also be made here, 
viz, that the amount of sugar indicated on analysis is higher than that 
actually present at the time of harvesting, on account of the loss of 
water during transportation. Nevertheless, the beets which were re- 
ceived from Colorado must be considered as in every way typical. The 
average size was just about what a tyi»ical sugar beet should have, and 
the content of sugar and the purity of the juice were in every sense 
satisfactory. 

The experience which has been gained in Colorado and other central 
Western States situated in the high plateaus of the Rocky Mountains, 
is such as to lead to the greatest encouragement to the beet-sugar in- 
dustry in those regions. Especially where irrigation can be* practiced, 
and the climate thus be absolutely controlled, the results from all those 
localities are of the highest significance. Irrigated land is of course of 
much higher value, other things being eqiml, than that which is not 
irrigated, and hence would be suited to the growtli of a crop which 
would yield high returns. If irrigated land be worth from $100 to 
1200 per acre it should be planted in a crop which would yield a net 
profit of from $10 to $liO. It is difficult to see how an ordinary cereal 
crop could be made to yield regularly so high an interest on the invest- 
ment. In the case of sugar beets it would be easy to secure a crop 
with an average net profit of the amount mentioned above. The study, 
therefore, of the results from Colorado is of unusual interest for the 
reasons above stated. 

Idaho. — Only one sample was received from this State. This sample 
was very much overgrown, the beets being quite double the size of 
typical beets. Nevertheless the percentage of sugar was very fair 
although the i)urity was very low. The beets came, as might be ex- 
pected, in a badly wilted condition. 

Illinois. — The samples from Illinois, eighteen in number, indicate a 
beet of only fair quality but of very nearly typical size. Evidently, 
if we regard the conditions of culture as about the same in the dif- 
ferent localities, the soil and climate of Illinois are not so well suited 
to the production of a rich sugar beet as the soil and climate of Colo- 
rado. 

Indiana. — The soil and climate of Indiana and Illinois are very simi- 
lar in quality and the number of samples received from each State was 
the same, viz, 18. The Indiana samples, however, are slightly richer 
in sugar than those from Illinois. The samples from both States, how- 
ever, came in a shriveled condition, showing that they had been har- 
vested for some time before being sent in for examination} hence the 
usual corrections must be made for this cause. 



31 

loica. — Eleven samples were received from this State, haviug about 
the composition of those of Illinois and Indiana. 

In jreneral it must be said that such results as are indicated in these 
tables must be taken for what they are worth and not as typical of what 
each State cau do. 

The larger the number of samples, the greater the value which can 
be placed upon the data. For instance, Colorado with one hundred 
and twenty-three samples would give much more reliable data than 
Iowa with eleven samples, especially when we consider that in the re- 
port of last year Iowa showed a much larger number of samples and 
the results were so much better than those indicated by the data of 
the present season. 

Kansas. — Kansas has a peculiarly hot and dry climate, not suited to 
the conditions of typical beet growth. Nevertheless even in Kansas 
sugar l)eets of high sugar content can be produced, as has been indi- 
cated by experiments in former years. Eighteen samples were received 
from this State and these samples were considerably overgrown, being 
almost one-half larger than typical beets. The average percentage of 
sugar in the samples received from the State is fairly good, as indicated 
in the tables. 

Kentuely. — Two samples were received from Kentucky and these 
were of poor quality. It would be extremely unjust to judge of the 
possibilities of beet production in Kentucky from the samples received. 

Michujan. — Thirtj^-seven samples from the State of Michigan showed 
an average of rather full size, but with a fine content of sugar. The 
general results of all the experiments indicate that Michigan is a State 
peculiarly well suited to tlie production of rich sugar beets. 

Minnesota. — Twenty-two samples from the State of Minnesota showed 
that the average size of the beets was very much above the normal, 
while the sugar content was fairly good considering the overgrown con- 
dition of the beets examined. 

Missouri. — Only two samples were received from this State and these 
were double the normal size. It would be wholly unjust to judge of 
the possibilities of Missouri for beet growing by two such samples. 
There is every reason to believe that the northern part of the State es- 
pecially is weU suited to the growth of beets of high grade. 

Montana. — The single sample from Montana (somewhat overgrown) 
is quite insutficient to give any idea of the possibilities of the State. 
Montana, being one of the States of high altitude, would doubtless, in 
proper circumstances, be able to grow beets as rich as those produced 
in Coloiado. 

Nebraslitt. — Two beet-sugar factories have been in operation in ]S^e- 
braska during the year, viz, at Grand Island and Norfolk. The number 



32 

of pounds of siipir made, as indicated by the returns on file in the Office 
of Internal lievenue, is as follows: 





1892. 


1891. 




2, 110, 100 
1,698,400 


1,415,800 
1,318,700 







Fifteen samples only were received for analysis in the laboratory, and 
these were somewhat overgrown, but contained a very high percentage 
of sugar. The experience of four years has now demonstrated the fact 
that beets of high sugar content can be grown in Nebraska, and with 
proper agricultural conditions witli a fair tonnage per acre. The study 
of the data obtained at tlie experimental station of the department in 
Nebraska will be given in another part of this report. 

Nevada. — Nine samples from the State of Nevada indicated a beet of 
rather small size, but with a phenomenally large content of sugar. Ne- 
vada, with proper irrigation, will doubtless be one of those States in 
which the culture of the sugar beet will flourish. 

New 71/(0x/oo.— ^Eleven samples from the Territory of New Mexico 
showed a beet rather above the average size, but with an extremely 
high content of sugar. New Mexico also belongs to the region of high 
plateaus, which under proper agricultural conditions can be made to 
produce a phenomenally rich beet. 

New YorJc. — Only four samples were received from the State of New 
York. These showed a beet rather above the average size, but with a 
very high content of sugar. 

The capabilities of the culture of the sugar beet are well presented by 
comparing the data on the State of New York with those from the high 
plateaus of the Rocky Mountain region. No two climates could be 
more unlike than those of the Rocky Mountain i)lateau8 and the State 
of New York, and yet the character of the beets produced in each 
locality is about the same. Attention has been called in these reports 
to the advantages of the northern part of New York for beet culture, 
and while it would be unfair to judge of the capabilities of the State 
on the analysis of four samples, yet they are sufficient to indicate the 
character of the beets which can be grown. 

North Garolina. — Only two samples were received from this State, 
and therefore no judgment could be formed of a definite nature con- 
cerning it. The samples were very small in size and had a very low 
content of sugar. 

North Dalcota. — Six samples only were received from this State, 
showing beets rather overgrown, but with a fair content of sugar. 

Ohio. — Forty-two samples were received from the State of Ohio, show- 
ing an average beet above the normal size and with a fair content of 
sugar. More interest has been shown in Ohio during the past season 
in regard to the sugar beet than t^.ver before, and attention is called to 



33 

the fact tliat especially in the northern |>art there are vast areas suita- 
ble to the culture of beets, and the climate of northeru Ohio is certainly 
favorable to the production of a high-grade beet. 

Oregon. — Eight samples from the State of Oregon showed a beet of 
average size and fine sugar content, suitable to the economical and 
])rofitable production of sugar. Oregon evidently shares with the rest 
of the I'acitic coast those special advantages for beet culture which 
have already beeu demonstrated ])ractically in the State of California. 

Pennsylvania. — Only two samples were received from this State. 
They were rather small in size and showed only a moderate content of 
sugar. 

South Dakota. — Thirty samples fronj the State of South Dakota 
showed an average beet above the normal size and with a fair content 
of sugar. South Dakota has so nearly the same advantages for the 
production of beets as Nebraska that the remarks applied to one State 
may also be justly ai)plied to the other. The only danger to be feared 
in beet production in South Dakota Avould be the advent of an early 
frost, which would not give sufficient time for the farmer to proi)erly 
harvest and protect his crop. 

TennexHec. —OwQ sample from Tennessee shows a beet below the aver- 
age size and with a low content of sugar. 

Virginia. — Six samples from the State of Virginia showed an average 
beet rather below the normal in size, but with a fair content of sugar. 

Washington. — Fourteen samples from the State of Washington showed 
a beet of full normal size and with a very high content of sugar. 
Washington, in common with the rest of the Pacitic slope, shows es- 
pecial advantages for beet culture. 

West Virginia. — Two samples from the State of West Virginia show 
a beet almost of normal size and with a fair content of sugar. 

Wiseonsin. — The number of samples received from Wisconsin during 
the past season was much less than usual, due to tlie fact that the De- 
partment did not have the valuable cooperation of the W^isconsiu State 
Experiment Station. The State, however, has been so fully exploited 
in previous experiments that a continuation of them is hardly neces- 
sary to shoAv the great capabilities of it for beet sugar production. 
Twelve samples of beets showed an average considerably above the 
normal in weight and with a fair percentage of sugar. 

Wyoming. — From the State of Wyoming thiee samples were received. 
They were only about half normal size, but extremely rich in sugar. 
Wyoming possesses the general advantages which have been indicated 
for Colorado, and on the irrigated lands of the State sugar beets of typ- 
ical size and high sugar content can be easily grown. The elevated 
plateaus of Wyoming, when properly irrigated, would doubtless prove 
more profitable for beet culture than for any other croj*. 

Utah. — The Territory of Utah has high ])lateaus capaltle of irrigation 
which are well suited to ])eet culture. One beet-sugar factory is oper- 
13610— Kg. 36 3 



34 

ated in tlic Territory, located at Lelii. It is the only fiictory which at 
this date (December 31, 1892) has made a full report of its operations 
to the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue. This report follows : 

TJie Utah Sugar Company. 

[Season of 1802-'93.] 

Date of commencing operations (commenced on sirnp of previous year, operating 
five days), September 1, 1892. 

Date of commencing ojjerations on beets of tbis year, September 26, 1892, 

Date of final closing, November 19, 1892. 

Actual time that the whole of the machinery was in op(uation, thirty days and 
four hours. 

Running time, not including the five days first mentioned, thirty-seven days. 

Number of employes at factory proper, 110. 

Quantity of beets consumed, 9,816 tons. 

Acres of beets consnmed, 1,090. 

Yield in tons of beets per acre, 9. 

Average per cent of sugar extracted from beets, 7|. 

Average per cent of sucrose in beets, 11. 

Total amount of sugar made, 1,473,500 pounds. 

Sugar made per ton of beets, 1.50 pounds. 

Sugar made per acre of beets, 1,350 pounds. 

Molasses left over from season of 1892, 70,603.72 gallons. 

Estimated sugar in mohxsses left over for further treatment, 183,958 pounds. 

Residue of molasses from season of 1891 worked over in 1892, held in tanks, 50,063 
gallons. 

In averaging the per centum of sugar extracted from beets, the sugar extracted 
from last year's molasses is included, as the same amount of sugar is left over this 
season in process of manufacture. 

Sugar extracted from last year's molasses, 131,800 pounds. 

WORK DONE AT THE DEPARTMENT STATION AT SCHUYLER, NEBR. 

The work at the Department station at Schuyler during the present 
year was carried on for the purpose of determining the best methods 
for the production of the beets and for a comparative trial of the differ- 
ent standard varieties of beets grown from imported seed. 

The rotation work of the station was also inaugurated by the grow- 
ing of dift'erent crops in such a way as to bring once in four years each 
plat of ground into culture with beets. Wheat and oats were taken as 
the best crops for beginning the rotation, and some very interesting ro- 
tation experiments were made of autumnal-grown wheat, which yielded 
large crops and at remunerative rates. The experiments in growing 
wheat sown in the autumn were of X3articular interest in that locality, 
where the greater part of the wheat is sown in the spring. It is the 
intention to prosecute the rotation experiments not only in such a way 
as to prepare the laud thoroughly for the growth of beets, but also in- 
cidentally to illustrate the best crops fbr the locality and the best 
methods for the culture thereof. 

In special work of this kind there is a tendency to overlook the im- 
portance of this incidental work. In the growth of sugar beets for com- 



35 

mercial purposes there is perhaps no af^ricultural problem of greater 
importance than the proper preparation of the land and the proper ro- 
tation of crops in order to secure a periodic growth of beets, not only of 
high tonnage but rich in sugar. More particular attention in succeed- 
ing years Avill be given to this branch of the work. 

The importance of this work is especially true for an agricultural 
community such as that in which the station is situated. It is ;i com- 
munity in which the fertilization of the soil is a problem which lias en- 
tirely escaped the attention of the farmer. ]51essed with a virgin soil 
of the greatest richness the farmer has contimied heretofore to harvest 
his large crops without concerning himself respecting the continual 
drain which he is making upon his soil. 

It has been said in Europe that a beet-sugar factory in any locality 
is a true agricultural experiment station, and as a result of establish- 
ing these factories every branch of agriculture has been immensely 
benefited. Other crops, such as cereals, potatoes, and grasses, have 
been made to yield far greater retni-ns as the result of the experiment 
lessons taught by the beet fields. It is hoi)ed that some such instruc- 
tion as this may result from the conduct of a beet-sugar experiment 
station organized ui)on the plan of the one at Schuyler. In the organ- 
ization of the station and in the original plan for its operation this 
point was held constantly in view, and as long as the station remains 
under its present management it Avill be the purpose to carry out its 
work on the lines originally laid down, modifying them from time to 
time as the exigencies of the circumstances may require and as the ex- 
perience gained by the work may indicate. 

The work of the station last year was under the personal su]>ervision 
of Mr. Walter Maxwell, who was assisted in the chemical work by Mr. 
T. C. Trescot. The detailed statement of the work at the station will 
be found in the report of Mr. Maxwell, which is made a part of this 
bulletin. 

EXPERIMENTS IN THE PRODUOTION OF BEET SEED. 

The work of the season commenced during the last week of March. 
The weather was so severe up to that time as to preclude any possi- 
bility of successful investigation. The silos, in which the beets designed 
for propagation of seed had been preserved through the winter, were 
opened on the 26th of March. On the 5th of April the work of ana- 
lyzing the mother beets commenced. 

Each of the beets was subjected to separate analysis, a conical piece 
being bored out of each one of them diagonally in such a way as to 
secure a sufticient amount of pulp for chemical examination without in- 
terfering in any way with the vitality of the beet. Each variety of 
beets was examined separately. Tliese beets, as indicated in the last 
report, were selected by physical appearance during the harvest of the 
preceding year. Those beets which had perfect form and were of the 



36 

full weight were selected and preserved. At the time the beets were 
preserved a sufficient number was taken to form an idea of the char- 
acter of the whole lot, and this sample was subjected to analysis. 

Another selected portion, representing- an average sample, was care- 
fully weighed before being deposited in the silo. On the opening of 
the silos these weighed portions were reweighed, thus showing the 
actual gain or loss of weight in the beets during their confinement un- 
der ground. 

Another average sample similar to the one analyzed the preceding 
fall was also subjected to analysis, thus determining the loss of sugar 
during the winter. 

These two sets of data, viz, the loss of sugar and the gain or loss 
of weight, together form the data for the corrections to be applied to 
the analysis of the mother beets so as to express the data arising there- 
from in figures which would have been obtained had the analyses been 
made at the time the mother beets were siloed. The reason for this 
kind of work is at once apparent. 

The object of the analysis of the mother beets is to classify them for 
the production of seed of different grades. It is therefore necessary 
to know just what the original condition of the mother beet Avas in 
order to know its tendency to i)roduce offspring of a given kiiul. It 
would manifestly be unfair to gauge the beets for sugar-producing pur- 
poses from the condition in which they are found in the spring, inas- 
much as the beet would tend to produce the same character of seed as 
would have been indicated by its original analysis at the time of stor- 
ing. Any incidental deterioration during the winter would simply 
effect the content of sugar and not the potency of the parent to re- 
l)roduce a seed of a given strength. 

The dimensions of the silos in which the beets were preserved, the 
methods of their structure, and other data connected with the storage 
of the beets during the winter will be found in the appended report. 

The mother beets were analyzed at the rate of four hundred and fifty 
a day, and only those which were analyzed during the day were taken 
out of the silo and prepared for analysis. 

In regard to the classification of the beets, the following resume may 
be given : Each beet was numbered on analysis, and at the close of the 
day's work they were sorted into classes according to the results of the 
analytical data. Three grades were made of the beets of each variety. 

The poorest grade, nnmbered 2, 'consisted of all those beets which, 
reduced to the condition in which they were at the time of storing, 
contained from 12 to 16 per cent of sugar in the juice. Of the whole 
number of mother beets examined 3,567 were included in this classifica- 
tion. 

The No. 1 grade consisted of those beets which on the same basis 
contained from 16 to 18 per cent of sugar. Of the whole number of 
mothers analyzed 830 fell in this grade. 



37 

The highest grade consisted of those beets of extra quality contain- 
ing 1<S per cent of sugar and above. Of this grade a total of thirty- 
eight was obtained. 

The actual loss of sugar in the mother beets from the time of storing, 
October 15, 1801, to the ojtening of the silos in April, 1892, was 2.85 
jter cent, as determined on the a\'erage of each variety. On the ana- 
lysis, therefore, of the motlier beet 2.85 pei- cent was added to the con- 
tent of sugar actually obtained in order to restore it to its normal 
composition at the time of harvest. In this way the classiflcatioi] above 
made m as obtained. 

The vitality of the mother beets was almost perfect, not more than 20 
out of 1,435 failed to grow and ]>roduce seed. The cultivation received 
was simply keeping the weeds down and the ground loose by hand hoe- 
ing, of which the croj) received three cultivations. 

The harvesting of the seed commenced on August 5 on some parts, 
which were prematurely ripened by the hot weather. The harvesting 
was finished on the 24th of August, and, as a whole, resulted in the 
production of seed of tine appearance, great vitality, and excellent 
yield. The total area under cultivation for seed was 98,.3 square rods. 
The total yield of seed was 595 pounds, or at the rate of 968 pounds 
per acre. At 15 cents per pound the value of the seed per acre would 
therefore be $145.20. 

The interesting part of the seed-i^roduction work will come during 
the next season, when the home-grown seed will be compared directly 
with that of foreign importation. It is contidently believed that the 
seed i)roduced in the locality Avill have superior qualities in respect of 
vitality and prepotency over the imported seeds. 

At the present time no organized eftort has been made in this country 
to grow high-grade beet seed on a large scale to supply the demands 
for home consumption. During the past season about 15,000 acres of 
beets were cultivated in this country. At 15 pounds per acre the 
amount of seed required to plant this area was 225,000 pounds, and, at 
15 cents a pound, the value of this seed was 133,750. Already the 
item of beet seed is one of considerable importance, and in common 
practice it may be said that the expense of beet seed for each acre, 
when properly planted, will be about |2. A great increase in the acre- 
age, therefore, sown to beets would soon create a demand for high-grade 
seed of home production, which would justify a reasonable amount of 
capital in entering into the business on a large scale. 

EXPERIMENTS IN BEET CULTITEE. 

The preparation for the cropof 1892 was commenced in October, 1891. 
The land which was to be planted in beets on the following sjiring was 
at that time carefully plowed, and subsoiled to a depth of IC to 18 
inches. The surface of the soil was thus exposed to weathering dur- 
ing the winter. The preparation of the seed bed was commenced on 
the 24th of April. 



38 

The plats designed for tlie reception of the beet seed were pulverized 
with a disk harrow to a dej^th of 4 to 5 inches, and afterwards an ordi- 
nary 2-horse harrow was drawn twice over them. After hoeing, the 
plats were rolled and the seed was then put in with a drill to a depth 
of from one-half to one inch, and the ground rolled a second time. 

The varieties of beets planted were Vilmorin's Improved, Dippe's 
Kleinwanzlebener, Desprez, Lemaire, Kleinwanzlebener Elite, and 
Original Kleinwanzlebener. The Knauer variety of seed which was 
planted in 1890 was not planted in the season of 1892 because tlie beet 
seeds ordered from Europe did not reach the station in time. Before 
planting the seed a test was made of its vitality in a germinating frame. 
The vitality of the different varieties of seed ranged from 3(j to 90 per 
cent. Some of the seeds had become moist in transportation across 
the ocean, and the low vitality is perhaps due to this cause. 

The first planting was made on the 30th of April and the i)lanting 
was continued until the 4th of June at various intervals. Details of 
the planting and cultural w(>rlv of the season will be found in the report 
following. 

One of the most interesting parts of the work carried on, from a 
practical point of view, was the determination of the actual expense of 
growing, harvesting, and delivering to a distance of 3 miles one acre 
of beets. Accurate account was taken of every hour's work done on 
this i)lat, which was charged for at full rates for labor and team. No 
charge, however, was made for the general sui)ervision. 

The ravages of the caterinllar, which will be referred to in detail 
later on, unfortunately cut the yield of this test acre down to a very 
low point, and, as will be seen by the details of the work, the actual 
exjiense incurred was a little greater than the actual cash received for 
the beets. This, however, would not have turned out in this way except 
for the damage done to the crop by the caterpillar mentioned. 

The yield of this acre, which was taken for the experiment, was con- 
siderably lower than that of any other plat, but had it been only equal 
to that of the other plats, there would have been a handsome profit. 

Specimens of the injurious insect were submitted to the Entomolo- 
gist for identification. The methods of treatment suggested by him for 
destroying the insects were also tried. 

In general, it may be said that the agricultural work for the season 
of 1892 was fairly satisfactory in spite of the many adverse conditions 
which were encountered. The j)roduction of a crop averaging nearly 
16 tons per acre is certainly satisfactory, especially when, as shown by 
the details of the Avork, tlie production of each ton of beets above 13 
per acre is almost clear profit. Tliere is no reason to doubt tlie ability 
of good farmers to produce a crop of equal tonnage when growing beets 
for the factory. 

It is true that farmers in some cases may have been misled liy state- 
ments concerning the profitableness of beet growing. Extreme care 



39 

is exercised in tlie piiblislied reports of tliis Department to avoid mis- 
takes of this kind. On the otlier hand, discouraging data are not reported 
by the Dex)artment, as has been alleged in some quarters, for the sake 
of discouraging the industry, but simply for the purpose of presenting 
to the farmer the actual facts in the case. There is no business, agri- 
cultural or otherwise, which can be conducted with uniform success. 
Failures are always possible and always probable, and the fact that 
some people fail in a business is no argument whatever against the pos- 
sibility of others being successful therein. 

It is the object of the Department in publishing these cultural data 
to lay before the farmer who desires such information accurate data on 
which to base the estimates of his work. It is therefore the purpose 
of the report not only to be scientifically accurate, but also to present 
practical information which can be at once utilized by the farmer who 
does not have the time or the means to make such experiments for him- 
self. 

ANALYTICAL DATA. 

The work of analyzing the beets grown during the season of 1892 
was commenced on the 1st of September. The condition of tlie crop 
on September 1 was hardly such as to warrant the beginning of the 
analytical work. It was far from maturity and in many cases had not 
recovered from the insect ravages of the summer. 

In the publication of the analytical data a departure has been made 
from the course pursued the last year, in omitting altogether the indi- 
vidual analyses and all analyses by groups of tens or otlierwise. The 
analytical data which are of value are those which are the means of 
the analyses of any given variety at any given time. Inasmucih as the 
tabular statements of individual analyses take up an immense amount 
of space, without subserving any further practical result than to secure 
a permanent record of the analyses, it has been thought best in the in- 
terest of the economy of space to suppress them. Each individual 
analysis made, however, remains on record on the books of the Depart- 
ment, so that it will not be lost in case it is desired to consult any par- 
ticular series of results. 

The method of examination was based essentially upon that used 
last year. At each period of examination each plat of beets was gone 
over in regular order and a definite number selected for analysis. 
These selections were made in sucli a way as to represent accurately 
the average condition of the crop. The whole number of plats was 
thus gone over and the results tabulated before a second examination 
was commenced. An efibrt was made to go over the whole of the plats 
each week, so as to get a complete weekly record of the progress of the 
crop toward maturity, and also of the period at which it reached its 
maximum content of sugar, both in the juice and per acre, and finally 
toward the end of the season to determine the deterioration to which 
the crop woukl be subjected on being left too long in the ground or being 
sent too tardily to the factory. 



40 

Twice during" the analytical examinations a measured area of eacb 
plat was liarvested, so that the average weight of tlie beets could be 
determined and the average yield per acre at tliat time be calculated. 
The results show that upon the whole there was little variation in the 
actual content of sugar per acre. In other words, that as the content 
of sugar in the juice increased the weight of the beet diminished, and 
vice versa. 

The beets of last year, as well as of this, were uniformly smaller than 
the average best sugar beet should be, being only a little over half the 
size which should be expected of the normal beet. In other words, the 
beets averaged only a little over 225 grams in weight, whereas a beet 
averaging 500 grams in weight would, from an agricultural point of 
view, be far more desirable, while as respects its content of sugar it 
might show a little less in the juice, but still it would be sufficiently 
rich for all practical purposes. 

A glance at the weights of the beets in the different seasons should 
be supplemented by a study of the meteorological data, because the 
varying weight of the average beet was largely a factor of warm and 
moist weather and dry and cold weather; the dry and cold weather 
tending to diminish the weight of the beet, and the warm, moist weather 
tending to increase it. 

It is seen, therefore, that there was a minimum in the weight of the 
beet at the beginning of the season, and that the first maximum was 
reached along about the end of September, followed by a second mini- 
mum near the middle of October and a second maximum near the 1st 
of November. 

In regard to the sugar content of the juice, we find that it was lowest 
at the middle of November and reached a maximum about the middle 
of October, showing a gradual decrease in richness until the 18th of 
November, when the analytical work ceased. 

In respect of the purity of the juice, we find it following closely the 
sucrose content of the juice, showing a minimum purity about the 15th 
of September and a maximum near the middle of October. 

The practical result of this is that the most profitable time for the 
farmer to harvest his beets in the locality in which these experiments 
were made, and the most profitable time for the factory to purchase 
them is about the middle of October. Practically, of course, it is im- 
possible for all of the beets to be delivered at a factory at this time, and 
there must be some loss both from too early harvesting and too late 
harvesting, and from keeping the beets in silo until they can be manu- 
factured. 

The analytical data gave also some valuable information in regard to 
the maximum yield of sugar per acre; in other words, tlie actual sugar 
produced i)er acre by eacli variety at the ]»eriod of its maximum sugar 
content. 

The Vilmorin Improved variety produced 3,000 pounds per acre. 



41 

The Desprez variety produced 4,368 pounds per acre. 

The Leniaire variety produced 4,614 pounds per acre. 

Dipi)e's Kleiuwauzlebener variety produced 4,800 ijounds per acre. 

The Kleinwaiizlebeuer Elite variety produced 5,120 pounds per acre. 

The Original Kleinwanzlebener variety produced 5,989 pounds per 
acre. 

The difference in the amount of sugar per acre coiisists chiefly in the 
tonnage yielded by each variety and not so much in the varying con- 
tent of sugar. Nevertheless the Original Kleinwanzlebener not only 
had the largest tonnage per acre, viz, 18,6, but also the highest content 
of sugar in the juice, viz, 16.1. 

The means for all six varieties were as follows : 

Mean tonnage per acre 15. 8 

Mean percentage of sugar in juice 15. 1 

Mean yield of sugar per acre pounds . . 4, 800 

The mistake should not be made of supposing that the amount of 
sugar per acre mentioned above is what would be obtained in merchant- 
able form. This represents the actual yield of sugar per acre as grown 
in the field. 

The mean purity of the juice for all the varieties was 79.6. 

Had the beets been manufactured by the best approved methods the 
yield of sugar per acre would have been, approximately, 3,200 pounds. 

The comparison of the analytical data obtained during the seasons 
of 1891 and 1892 shows that in 1891 the mean yield of all the varieties 
per acre was 21.7 tons, containing 6,060 pounds of sugar; and for 1892 
the mean yield of all varieties was 15.8 tons per acre, containing 4,800 
pounds of sugar. 

Interesting observations were also made on the effect of different 
methods of preserving beets as respecting their content of sugar. The 
loss in weight which beets undergo, when transmitted through the 
mails, has already been noticed. In a special experiment of this kind 
it was found in a case of a certain number of beets sent from the station 
at Schuyler to the Department laboratory in Washington, that the loss 
in weight was accom])anied by a corresponding increase in the per- 
centage of sugar in the juice. In other words, when beets are care- 
fully wrapped as indicated in the directions for transmitting to the 
Department and sent through the mails they suffer no appreciable loss 
of sugar within the three or four days necessary for their transmission. 
On the other hand, it has been shown that when beets were harvested 
and exposed to the sunlight at a time of rather high temperature not 
only was there a greater loss in weight in four days amounting to as 
much as 37 per cent, but that also there was an actual loss in the 
amount of sugar contained in the beets. This loss amounted to about 
29 per cent in the time mentioned. When the beets were kept in a 
shed, the loss in weight was also considerable, due to evaporation, but 
the loss in sugar was considerably less. When, however, beets were 



42 

kept in cold storage or in moist earth the temperatnre of which was 
below 40<^, it was fonnd that there was practically no loss of sngardnr- 
ing a ijeriod of over twenty days. There was a slight loss of nioistnre 
in the beets kept in cold storage and a corresponding increase in the 
amount of sngar in the juice. 

In the beets kept in the moist, cold earth at a temperatnre below 40o 
bnt not low enough to freeze them, there was neither loss of weight nor 
sugar. 

The conclusion to be drawn from these interesting experiments is of 
a practical nature, namely, that in the preservation of beets an attempt 
should be made to keep them covered with moist earth and at a tem- 
perature which should not be allowed, if possible, to rise above 40°. 

The idea j)resents itself here in a very forcible way whether or not 
it would be profitable for beet-sugar factories to provide cold-storage 
cellars for the preservation of their beets, in which the temperature 
could be so regulated as not to be allowed to rise above 40° or fall be- 
low 32°. In such a cold-storage cellar the beets could be kept proba- 
bly for two or three months without any appreciable loss of sugar. 

The loss of sngar in beets after they are harvested is doubtless due 
to the vital processes going on in the organism of the beet. In other 
words the beet is living off of itself, no longer being connected with 
the earth and air in such a way as to draw any nourishment from either 
source. This vitality of the beet is almost completely checked when 
it is kept at a low temperature and in a dark place, but it is stimulated 
to the highest extent when it is exposed to a high temperature and a 
bright light. In other words, the exclusion of heat and light from the 
organism of the beet will tend to arrest almost completely all the vital 
action and thus i)reserve the sugar which nature has stored in the beet 
as a source of food supply in secondary growth. 

The general result of the season's work has shown, first, the effect of 
the season on the crop, showing as the work has done this year that ii] 
the seasonal condition of 1892, even with more favorable culture than 
was received in 1891, the crop was much less per acre. In the second 
place, the season's work has shown the danger which may be encoun- 
tered in this country from an entirely new pest in the form of a cater- 
pillar which is liable to attack the crop in the middle of summer. In 
the third place, the work has shown practically the best method of 
storing the beets in order to preserve their sugar content at its maxi- 
mum. In the fourth place, the method of producing a high-grade beet 
seed has been thoroughly worked out and the seed produced in this 
way preserved for future propagation. In the fifth place, the actual 
cost of i)roducing an acre of beets, when labor is paid for by the day, 
has been worked out in its minutest detail and the numbers given 
representing the expense in dollars and cents, maybe taken to indicate 
the maximum cost of the i)roduction of an acre of sugar beets by the 
method indicated. Although the experiments showed, in the given 



43 -^ 

case, that the actual cost of the beets in mouey was greater than the 
actual cash received therefor, yet it was shown that upon the whole 
station, had it been cultivated in the same way, there would have been 
a net profit of over $10 per acre. 

These reliable data can not fail to be of the utmost interest to the 
farmer, enabling him to thoroughly foresee the probable cost of the 
production and the probable income which he will receive from a crop 
of sugar beets. 

REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN CHARGE. 

The details of the experimental work at this station are given in the 
report of Mr. Walter Maxwell, assistant in charge, which is as follows: 

U. S. Department of Agricui.ture, 

Division of Chemistry, 

Washington, V. C. 

Sir : I beg to submit to you the second annual report of tlie work of the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture sugar beet experiment station at Schuyler, Nebr., in the 
year 1892. 

Very respectfully, 

Walter Maxwell, 

Assistant in charge. 
Prof. H. W. Wiley, 

Director of Station. 



The work of the season of 1892, at the sugar beet experiment station, began the 
last week of March. 

On March 26 the silos, in which the beets intended for propagation uses had been 
preserved through the winter, were examined. 

April 5, the work of analyzing the beets which had been preserved in the silos was 
begun. Mr. T. C. Trescot assisted in the analytical work. 

The mode of selection for the mother beets was by examining all of each variety 
grown at the time of harvesting and taking out from the whole evei'y individual 
beet whose properties came within the standard of conditions requii'ed. 

The standard conditions were that the beet should be of the form typical of each 
variety and of the size approved for propagation purposes. The beet should have a 
more or less tapering and elongated form, according to the type of the variety, and 
one leading tap root, which is a graduation of the body of the beet to a point, and 
and the body of the beet should be free from coarse side roots and inequalities of 
surface. The foliage system should rest closely upon the body of the beet and 
without a long and coarse-fleshed neck. In respect of the size, no beet was selected 
which weighed less than 500 grams or more than 800 grams. 

The silos in which the mother beets were preserved were constructed upon a plan 
embracing precautions against the great fluctuations and lowness of temperature 
which prevail in this part of Nebraska, and also provision for sufficient ventilation 
and air replacement in the silos. Each silo was 18 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 6 feet 
broad at the surface, the breadth tapering to 4 feet at the floor. Over the whole a 
solid frame roof was placed, which supports a covering of soil 2i feet thick. Venti- 
lation is secured by six ventilators which are placed tliree feet from each other, and 
which rest with lower ends upon the floor of the silo, the upper end protruding one 
foot above tlie covering of soil upon the roof. Along, and underneath the floor of the 
silo an air channel runs, of about a cubic foot in space, which is connected at each 
end of the silo with air shafts, which, as the ventilators carry ofl:' through the roof 



44 

the imwholesome and heated air from the interior of the silo, replace the had air 
with fresh air from outside. The six ventilators are let into the air channel rimniug 
under the Hoor of the silo; consequently as the hot and foul air jiasses oft" the re- 
placement with fresh air is immediate and complete. The ventilators are opened 
and closed as the degree of temperature of the air requires. The heets in the silo 
were packed In moist sand, each layer of heets heing interlaid with au inch layer 
of sand and not heing allowed to touch each other. The use of moist sand was 
made in compliance with the principle of siloing which includes the securing of a 
low temperature, in order that growth shall not proceed, and a moist atmosiihere, 
which prevents a loss of moisture from the heet hy evaporation ; in hrief, that the 
normal conditions of the organism may remain unchanged during the period of 
storage. The heets were laid up to within 6 inches of the gi'ouud surface, the space 
hetween the last layer and the roof of the silo heing left vacant, the air space acting 
as a protection against low temperature and also for ventilation. 

In order to oltserve the operation of the mode of siloing with respect to the loss of 
weight, and incident changes in the organism of the heet, as a consequence of its 
vitality and of evaporation, a given numher of heets, whose weights had heen taken, 
were placed in the middle of the silos and tags attached to each heet hearing the 
weight. In the spring those heets were reweighed and ihe change In weight ascer- 
tained. Out often heets i^laced thus in the silo only three could he relied upon, the 
tags upon the others having hecome so saturated hy the moisture that the numhers 
were no longer legihle. The results ohtaiued Avith the three heets were as follows : 



Date. 


No. 1 beet. 


No. 2 beet. 


No. 3 beet. 


Total 
weiglit. 




Grams. 
800 
797 


Grams. 

758 
780 


Grams. 

781 
768 


Gram*. 
2 it39 


April 8 




2,345 



There is a diftereuce of hehavior ohserved hy the individual heets, hut the total 
result shows a gain of 6 grams in weight, which indicates that no change had taken 
place, practically, in the water contents of the heets. 

The 1)eets had already commenced to shoot at the time that the silos were opened, 
small, yellow leaves appearing on most of those which were exposed to the faint 
light admitted through the ventilators. A small loss of sugar was, without douht, 
caused hy the premature growth which would have heen prevented hy removing the 
heets three weeks earlier Irom the silos and placing them in the earth, the tempera- 
ture of which was little ahove the freezing point. The only modification that could 
have heen made Avlth advantage in the control of the silos and mode of preservation 
was the removal of the heets from the silos in the early part of March instead of the 
second week in April. The moving of the dense mass in which they were packed 
and placing the roots in single layer in the cold earth 1 foot from the surface would 
have deferred even the initial degree of growth which had occurred until the period 
of "planting out," which is the latter part of April and early May. 

In the work of analysis just so many heets as were required for one day (the mean 
day's work was 450 heets) were taken out of the silo in the morniug, the silo heing 
at once closed up and the light shut out. The sample was taken out of each heet 
with an auger-like sampling machine, the sample consisting of a cone of the size of 
a man's fore-finger. The pulp Is ohtaiued in a finely comminuted condition. The 
cone or sample is taken from the heet in a diiigoual line, the horer entering the heet 
at its lower end and passing diag(mally through towards the top, care heing taken 
that the outer rind of the heet is not punctured and hroken through hy the instru- 
ment. The latter precaution was ohserved in order that the beet, when planted out 
in the ground, shall present an intact surface to the weather conditions, and iui)ar- 
ticular that rain water shall not he ahle to run into the root. 



45 

The sample, is bronolif, into a hand-press and the juice completely expressed. la 
the extracted juice the sugar coutent is deterniiucd hy means of the polariscope. 

Each beet is sampled and its richness in sugar determined according to the 
method given, and the sugar content is made the basis of a division and classifica- 
tion of the beets into grades, which are distinguished from each other by their less or 
greater richness in sugar. The actual method of classification which was followed is 
seen from the following details. Each beet is numbered. The juice expressed was 
placed iu a beaker, marked with the same number. The number of the juice was re- 
tained through each process of the aualysis, and until it was recorded in the book of 
analyses, with ihe per cent of sugar that it contained. The beets were then classified 
acording to the data obtained. 

After the classification of the beets, which had made up the work of the day, they 
w^ere immediately placed in the earth, in pits 1 foot deep, and covered with soil to a 
height of H feet. Each grade of each variety was carefully placed to itself, and 
the beets were laid in the pits with the heads downwards, in order that they should 
rest upon the floor of the pit, whose temjterature was still nearly at freezing point, 
and protected from the increasing heat of the mid-day April sun. In those pits the 
beets remained until taken out for immediate ]>lautiug. 

In stating the analytical results, iu the first place, a table will be given showing 
the actual sugar content of the beets of each variety as they came out of the silos 
and the mode of variation of the sugar content between the minimum and maxi- 
mum. Afterwards, the sugar content of the beets at the time of removal from the 
eilos will be compared with the amount of sugar present in the beets at the time 
that they were taken out of the soil in the previous autumn (October) and at the 
time when they were placed in the silos for the winter (November). 

TaiJe giving the sugar content of the heets of each, variety, and the mode of variation of 
the sugar content l)ctwccn the minimum and maximum. 



Variety. 


9 per 

cent. 


10 per 
cent. 


11 per 
cent. 


12 per 
cent. 


13 per 
cent. 


14 per 
cent. 


15 per 
cent. 


16 per 
cent. 


17 per 
cent. 


Total 
beets. 


Vilmorin's Improved 


38 
37 
144 
44 
58 
32 

1 as 001 


IGl 
115 
337 

93 
160 

72 

tained 


268 
196 
331 
127 
169 
93 

ess tba 


295 

245 
243 

99 
128 

76 

n 9 per 


170 
211 
78 
59 
79 
50 

cent of 


50 
53 
10 
8 
32 
30 

siifrar.. 


4 
8 
3 
3 
4 
8 






986 


Dippe'.s Kleinwanzlebei.er . 
Desprez 


1 




866 
1 146 




1 
2 
3 


i' 


434 
638 
365 

4,435 
i«5 




Kleinwauzlebener Elite . . . 
Rejected beets, or sue] 






















4,880 



The data contained in the al)ove table give the content of sugar in the beets at 
the time of their removal from the silos iu April. The normal and real sugar con- 
tent and standard of quality of those beets was the per cent of sucrose found in 
them by analysis in the jirevious autumn, and when the crop was at its period of 
maximum value. But the data in the table given, placed in comparison with the 
known sugar content of those beets last October, show the loss of sugar which had 
taken place between the date of harvesting the beets in the autumn and removal 
from the silos in the spring. And these data are of the first valus in studying the 
results obtained by different modes of autumn and winter preservation, and of ob- 
serving the period when the greatest loss of sugar takes place. 

The mother beets were not placed in the silos at the time of harvesting the crop; 
they were put into small pits in the field as soon as they were removed from the soil, 
and they remained in those pits three weeks, after which they were transferred to 



46 

the silos for the winter. The following table shows the content of sugar in the beets 
of each vaiiety as indicated by analysis on the given dates: 



Variety. 



Vilmorin's Improved 

Pippe's Klein-wanzlebener 

Dosprez 

T>emaire 

Knaiier 

Kleinwanzlebener Elite . . . 

Means 



October 15. November 6. 



Per cent. 
14.6 
14.5 
14.4 
14.1 
14.8 
14.5 



14.5 



Per cent. 
12.9 
12.5 
12. 5 
13 
11.6 
12.7 



12.5 



1892. 



April 10. 



Per cent. 
11.90 
12.12 
11.12 
11.44 
11.37 
11. 86 



11.65 



The above table shows that the sugar content of the mother beets had fallen, be- 
tween the dates of October 15, 1891, and April 10, 1892, 2.8.5 per cent. It is likewise 
observed that the chief loss of sugar took place between October 1.5 and November 6, 
the reason of which circumstance will be discussed on a later occasion and in rela- 
tion with certain other data on the subject. 

It has been shown by the latter table that practically a loss of 3 per cent (2.85 per 
cent) of sugar had taken place in the mother beets between the time of harvest in 
the autumn and the dates of their removal from the silos in the spring. That amount 
requires to be added to the sugar content of each beet analyzed in the spring, in 
order that the normal and real quality shall be understood, and that the actual qtial- 
ity of the several grades, which were planted for the production of seed, shall be 
clearly established upon the normal sugar content of the beets at the period of ma- 
turity in the i)revious autumn. It is very evident that the sugar content of the beet 
at the time of full development and ripeness is tlie actual expression of its standard 
of quality, since the content of sugar found in the beet in the spring is wholly de- 
pendent upon the mode of preservation which has been adopted, and it is possible to 
treat the beets in a way which would cause a loss of more than one-half of the sugar 
contained. 

The beets of each variety were resolved into three grades of quality, distinguished 
from each other by the sugar content. The following table gives the normal sugar 
content of the beets of each grade, with the number of beets of each grade planted: 



Variety. 



Extra quality 
beets con- ' 

taining from 

18 to 20 per 

cent. 



No. 1 grade 
beets con- 
taining from 
16 to 18 per 
cent. 



No. 2 grade 
beets con- 
taining from 
12 to 16 per 
cent. 



Vilmorin's Improved 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener 

Desprez 

Lemaire 

Knauer 

Kleinwanzlebener Elite . . . 

Total 



38 



220 
264 
88 
67 
111 
80 



830 



763 
593 
1, 055 
•363 
521 
273 



3,567 



The setting out of the mother beets was done on May 4, 5, and 6. The varieties 
were planted at points on the station field of extreme distance from each other in 
order to prevent the action of insects in hybridizing. The beets were planted in 
rows 3 feet apart, with a distance of 2 feet between the beets in the row. The 
planting was done by hand, the beets being set into the ground at a depth which 
left the head of the beet level with the surface. The soil was pressed moderately 
around the beet as it was placed in the hole, care being taken not to damage or 
break off the young shoots which were making an appearance. 



47 

Extremely favorable weatLer for the mother beets succeeded tlie time of setting 
out, and the roots took an almost immediate hold of the ground. In ten days the 
foliage was 6 inches high, and there were not more than twenty beets out of the 
4,435 planted which did not grow and produce seed. 

The ground around the beets was kept clean and loose by hand-hoeing, the opera- 
tion being repeated three times during the season of growth. 

The progress of growth was steady and strong up to July 15, at which date the 
A'^igor of the crop and the " seed-stand" were magnificent. After that date a period 
of extremely high temperature set in, which continued almost without a respite up 
to the end of August, and, with the high temperature, a minimum rainfall was re- 
corded, which combined conditions of weather produced a premature and somewliat 
irregular ripening of the seed. It was estimated that the seed would be ready for 
gathering about August 15; but, in consetjuence of the conditions of the weather 
described, a first portion of the prematurely ripened was collected on August 6. 
The first collection was small and somewhat dried up, but had an abundant vitality. 
The second collection, made from August 12 to 16, was seed of excellent size, weight, 
and quality. The third and last collection, made from August 20 to 24, was good 
and of perfect maturity, but hardly so bright in appearance as the second collection. 

The seed was gathered by hand, being stripped from the branches of the stand. 
By making three several collections all the seed was obtained in a perfect condition 
of maturity. AVheu gathered, the seed was laid out in the sun upon boards and 
pieces of burlap and thoroughly dried, after which it was separated from particles 
of leaf and branch by use of a winnowing machine. The winnowing or cleaning 
process not only blew out all dust, leaves, and shreds of branches, but the seeds 
of undersize, underweight, and imperfect maturity Avere also separated, thus pro- 
ducing a sample of seed of excellent appearance, and sound and high quality. The 
seed from each grade of mother beets of each variety was collected, cleaned, weighed, 
and preserved separately. The extra quality grade will be used exclusively upcm 
the experiment station in further high-class experimentation. No. 1 grade will 
also be used, in some portion, by the station for experimental purposes. No. 2 grade, 
which may be considered as seed of an ordinary commercial quality, will be dis- 
tributed or sold for the production of beets for factory use. 

The actual results obtained with the six varieties used in the production of seed 
are shown in the following table, in which the area of ground planted and the 
weight of seed collected are given : 



Variety. 


Area. 


Weight. 


Yield per 
acre. 




Bods. 
20 
20 
24 
10.3 
15.0 
9 


Pounds. 
117 
128 
92 
66 
126 
66 


Pounds. 
936 




1 024 




613 




1 056 


Knauer 


1 344 


Kleinwanzlebener Elite 


1 173 






Total 


98.3 


595 


1 025 







The actual yield from ! 
Yield per acre 



?.3 rods of collected, cleaned, and weighed seed was pounds.. 



Value of 595 pounds, at 20 cents per pound $119. 00 

Value per acre 193. go 

A record of the cost of production of the seed was not made. Such an estimate or 
record would be of an extremely complicated character; including the cost of the 
production of the mother beets in the previous year, the expenses of siloing, ana- 
lyzing, and classifying the mother beets, in addition to the cost of cultivating and 
harvesting the seed. Neverthsless, such an estimation of the cost of seed production 
will be made in the immediate future. 



48 

These experiments, which rcjirescnt the tii'st eiutoavor to produce sugar-heet seed 
by the strict metliods of selection aud culture which are practiced iu P^urope, and 
which hav(5 brought the European varieties to their jiresent standard of excellence 
and value, are a trustworthy, although an initial, indication of what it may be pos- 
sible to accomplish iu the soil and climatic conditions of the region in which the 
station is located. However, nothing more can ])e stated with assurance uutil the 
home-f/i'oivn seed h.as produced at least one generation of progeny, and it is found 
that the beets grown from the seed are equal in size and content of sugar, and the 
seed produced from those beets eijual iu (luality to the seed imported from Europe 
and the beets growu therefrom. So far, the indications are full of promise of suc- 
cess. 

CUI/rURAI. SEASON OF THE BEET CROP. 

The cultural season of the beet crop of 1892 was begun in October of 1891. The 
plowing and subsoiiing of the land intended for planting in beets were done iu the 
third week of October, and (comprised the autunmal preparation for the next year's 
crop. 

With the exception of three acres which had produced beets in 1891, the whole of 
the remaining portion of the station field had been laid to fallow in the summer of 
that year. The ground was virgin prairie, which had not produced a crop, and it 
was essential, in the lirst place, that a mode of treatment of the soil should l»e 
adopted by which the excess of undecayed organic matter would be most rapidly 
changed aiul reduced to the measure not inimical to sugar-beet production. 

Breaking up the ground to a depth of 9 inches, in May, 1891, and a method of fal- 
lowing which kept the vsoil iu motion and ex^iosed to the action of the air and sun 
during the course of the summer, was a means of causing the most rapid oxidation 
and decay of the vegetable matter, and of converting the superabundance of organic 
nitrogen into inorganic forms, capable of l)eing utilized for plant nutrition. An 
analysis of the soil had shown that the nitrogen present iu t he soil at a depth of 12 
inches was as great as the amount found iu the upper 6 inches, and for that reason 
the fallowing was conducted to a depth of 9 inches, in order that the largest possible 
mass of soil should be exposed to the action of the air. 

In October the land of nearly the whole of the station was in the condition ])ro- 
duced by such a course of fallowing. The plats selected for bearing beets in the fol- 
lowing season were again plowed and to a depth of 10 inches, and subsoiled to a 
depth of 6 inches, thus securing the stirring of the soil to a depth of 16 inches. The 
width of furrow taken by the plow was 10 inches, or a width no greater than could 
be moved by the share of the subsoiler. In such a way the land was laid up for the 
winter, and was not touched again until the season of preparation in the following 
spring. 

The work of prei)aring the soil for the recei»tion of the seed was commenced in 
the spring on April 24. The act of preparation of the seed bed was delayed later 
than was desirable by the wet condition and low temperature of the soil. It is, 
however, more advantageous and better practice to delay the operations if the con- 
dition of the ground is not satisfactory. 

The labor in the spring preparation of the seed bed was reduced to a minimum by 
the work of heavy cultivation which had been done in the autumn, and the fine 
state of pulverization of the soil which had been wrought by the action of frost 
during the winter. The actual preparation for planting was made in the first place 
by moving the ground to a depth of 5 inches with a disk harrow; afterwards a two- 
horse harrow was put twice over, when the ground was rolled down and the seed 
put in. After drilling in the seed with a one row horse drill, the ground was rolled 
a second time. Tire details in the work of preparation and light cultivation of the 
ground were in the most part identical with the same in 1891, the latter being 
described in full in the report of that season. 



49 

The varieties of beets j^rown upon tlu- station in 1892 wove the Vilmoiin Improved, 
Dippe's Kleiiiwaiizlebeuer, Desprez, Le Maire Pore et Soiier, Kloiiiwaiizlcbeu Elite, 
aufl the Original Kleiuwanzlobener. The variety Ferd Knauer, which was one of 
the six varieties grown ia 1891, was replaced in 1892 by the original Kleinwan/le- 
bener, owing to the circumstance that seed of the former variety could not be pro- 
cured in time for planting. 

Before planting, the quality of the seed of the six varieties was tested by special 
germinations, which were conducted in the station laboratory, and the degree of 
vitality observed is given in the following table, which states the rate as well as the 
measure accomplished by each variety. 

ViiaUty of seed. 
[One hundred seeds of each variety were planted; date of i)lanting, April 27.] 



Varieties . 

Visible on 
May 1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 



Vihnoriu's 
Improved. 



Plantlets. 
8 
20 
54 
78 
89 
93 
94 
96 
96 



Dippe's 

Kleinwanz- 

lebener. 



Plantlets. 

2 
31 
50 
59 
60 
70 
70 
70 



Desprcz. 



Plantlets. 







8 

20 

26 

29 

33 

36 



Lemaire. 



Plantlets. 
3 

7 
30 
56 
66 
81 
85 
85 
85 



Kleinwanz- 
lebener 
Elite. 



Plantlets. 



Original 

Kleiuwanz- 

lebener. 



Plantlets. 



84 
89 



The notable features in the germination are the high vitality of the Vilmorin va- 
riety and the extremely low germinating power of the Desjirez. 

April 30 the first seed was planted. One acre was drilled with seed of the Vilmo- 
rin Improved variety. The ground was in the finest condition of tilth, the seedbed 
being a mass of fine moist mold, and the temperature of the soil was 54° F. 

Heavy rains immediately followed the first planting, and all further planting was 
delayed until May 20. The rains were accompanied with extremely low temperature, 
which caiised a lowering of the temperature of the soil of 12° from the date of 
planting the first seed on April 30. The coldness of the ground delayed the germina- 
tion of the seed, and the plantlets of the seeds sown on the last day of April were 
not visible along the rows until May 18, which was nearly twice tlie length of time 
occupied by normal germination. From May 20 the temperature of the air rose rap- 
idly, and an equally rapid response was seen in the state of warmth of the soil. 

The action of temperature upon germination was well illustrated during the 
period of planting, and some observations of interest are given in the following 
table : 



Variety. 



Date of 
planting. 



VUmorin's Improved 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener. 

Desprez 

Lemaire 

Kleinwanzlebener Elite 

Original Kleinwanzlebener 



Apr. 30 

May 20 
25 
26 
26 
31 



Mean tem- 
perature of 
soil. 



Days. 

18 

10 

9 

7 



46 

56 

60 

60 

61.5 

64 



Date of 
appear- 
ance of 
plants. 



May 18 

May 29 

June 3 

June 2 

June 1 

June 4 



Flat-hoeing was begun May 27, upon the plat planted on A])ril 30. The ground 
was extremely soddened and caked by the heavy rains that had fallen during May 
and the hot sun at the latter part of the month. By hoeing, the plants were re- 
13610— No. 36 4 



50 

leased from the encrusted condition of the surface, and they made a rapid growth, 
so that on June 8 thoy were large enough for thinning out. 

The hiter-plauted plats made a rapid growth; and, with the exception of the plat 
planted with the Desprez variety, all w ere a full and regular stand. In such respect, 
the season of 1892 was much more advantageous than the season of 1891. In 1891 
the period of germination was extremely dry, and the plants came up at two differ- 
ent times. The planting season of 1892 was very moist, and all the seed germinated 
simultaneously. 

The work of thinning out commenced June 8. Several of the workmen who had 
been employed upon the station in 1891 applied for turther service, and they were 
reemployed. Those men were alrendy fairly well acquainted with the nature of the 
operation, and not only was the difficulty of training green hands very much les- 
sened, but the amount of labor accomplished daily by each man was very greatly 
increased and the cost of the operation proportionally reduced. 

The saving in time and expense which was effected by the greater skill of the 
workmen in the oiieratiou of thinning out the beets was the least important indica. 
tion of increased expertness. The work was done in a precise, clean, and effective 
manner, and with a minimum of damage to the standing plants. Special experi- 
ments conducted last year showed that an unskillful handling of the plantlets in 
the process of thinning out may produce results of a disastrous character. It was 
seen that when the plants which are left standing are unduly disturbed in their con- 
nection with the soil, by the act of removing the surplus plants, not only the growth 
but the form and sugar content are later most materially affected. Those experi- 
ments were repeated in the season of 1892, and with results of a still more emphatic 
character. Plantlets which had been roughly handled were afterwards taken out of 
the ground and examined under the microscope. It was observed in each of thirty 
examples that the end of the taproot of the plantlet was ruptured and the rootcap 
was displaced. Further, a given number of such plantlets were replanted in a row 
parallel with auother row of plants which had been thinned out with particular 
care, and the two rows were allowed to grow, under conditions in every other re- 
spect analogous, until the period of maturity, when the plants of each row were 
taken up, examined, weighed, and the sugar contents determined. In the first 
place, the beets from the row which was manipulated with great care at the time of 
thinning onfc, were jjerfect in form, without exception. The beets, however, from 
the transplanted, and more or less iujured, plantlets exhibited an extreme degree of 
deformity. Amongst ten of those beets eight had failed to develop a taproot, and 
in place thereof three to five coarse prongs or fingers had grown out. The beets 
were utterly deformed, and without any points of resemblance to the other beets 
grown by the side of them. The weights and sugar contents of the respective beets 
were as follows: 



Deformefl beets 

Correctly formed beets. 



Number 
of beets. 



"Weight 
of beets 
(mean of 
10 beets), 



Orams. 
358 
324 



Sugar 
content. 



Per cent. 
11.6 
15.0 



Purity 
of juice. 



Per cent. 
74.4 
79.7 



It is seen that while the well-formed beets were of an excellent quality, the de- 
formed beets were below the standard (in sugar content and purity of the juice) 
required for manufacturing purposes. And the results of those experiments urge a 
still more emphatic insistence upon care and a correct mode of manipulation being 
practiced in the operation of thinning out the beets. If the success of a crop can 
not be wholly assured by care and expertness in the work of thinning out, its pros- 
pect and value will be decidedly ruined by ignorance and neglect at that particular 
period in the history of the ])laut. 



51 

Thiuning out of nil tlie plat* was coin])le<(Ml on June 18. The work was accom- 
plislied, ill all ies[)t'ct.s, in an almost perfectly satisfactory way. The distance be- 
tween the rows, ujton all the plats, was uniforuily 18 inches. The distance between 
tiiei)lants in the row was, in the early-planted plats, 8 inches, and in the late-planted 
plats, 9 inches. Tlie plants appeared to lie of one uniform size, and the distribution 
over the ground showed the utmost attainable regularity. 

About live days after the operation of thinning out the horse hoe was passed over 
all the plats. The ground, however, was particularly free from weeds, which was, 
in part, owing to the fallowing of the jirevious summer, and likewise to the circum- 
stance that the ground was thoroughlj- moved by the hand and horse hoes as soon 
as the plautlets Avere visible in the rows. One day's labor, employed before the 
weeds have gotten a stronghold of the ground, Avill save the labor of several days 
later in the season. After the first time horse-hoeing, the hand hoe followed amongst 
the plants, every stray weed being cut out, the ground thoroughly removed, and the 
"double plants" drawn out which had been overlooked in the operation of thinning 
out. The hand-hoeing was again followed by the horse hoe, the operation being 
twice repeated at intervals of one week. The ground at the end of those operations 
was not only free from weeds, the surface, to a. depth of 3 inches, was in a state of 
great fineness, looseness, and porosity, which condition favored a ready circulation 
of air in the upper layer, and prevented the rapid escape of moisture from the lower 
soil. 

The operation required to complete the work of cultivation was ihe "soiling up." 
The foliage of the beets, as well as the root development, were too far advanced to 
allow of further work being done either with the horse or hand hoes, excepting the 
act of drawing up the loose soil from between the rows around the plants in the 
rows. That operation was performed between July 7 and 13. Upon the latter date 
the cultural period of the season closed (with the exception of some detail work con- 
ducted on certain very small plants, which will be spoken of later and in relation 
with the results obtained). 

AN INSECT VISITATION. 

The high condition of promise which the plats of all varieties exhibited in the 
middle of July, when the cultural work closed, was not maintained very lono-. On 
July 20 it was observed that a caterpillar had appeared upon the foliage of the 
beets, and in very threatening numbers. Although the visitation of those insects 
was extremely localized, and the sphere of their operations confined to patches of 
small area, yet the total damage was very great. Efforts were much: to destroy the 
caterpillars before they could get into the ground to jireparc for the production of a 
second generation. Preparations of Paris green were applied with sprinkling cans, 
the Avhole of the attacked portions of the plats being treated. Also Persian insect 
]»owder and white hellebore were tried, but the difficulty of applying insecticides 
in the form of a dry powder, and particularly in the presence of the winds which 
are usually blowing in Nebraska, rendered the application of substances in solution 
or sus])ension a more convenient and likewise a more effective operation. Paris 
green in suspension (one teaspoonful to one gallon of water) was applied to all the 
plats which were attacked, and evidently with a very considerable efltect. Twenty- 
four hours after the ajiplication of the insecticide great numbers of the caterpillars 
were lying dead upon the ground. Unfortunately, however, the a]ipli(ation of the 
Paris green was not made until a great number of the insects had left the leaves 
and gone into the ground, there to go through the stages of metamorphosis previous 
to their reappearance in the winged form as moths. 

In the meantime communications were being conducted with the Division of 
Entomology at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, concern- 
ing the character of the visitation, the natural history of the species, and the 
mode of lessening the ravages or destroying the insect. On August 5 a communica- 



52 

tion was received from Mr. L. O. Howard, acting Entomologist, in which he said : 
"The matter is a very interesting one, and the insect is new to ns. It seems to he a 
near relative to the so-called garden webworm {Eurycreon rantilia) which did great 
damage to cotton, corn, and many garden vegetables in Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, 
Indian Territory, and northern Texas in 1885. It is a different species, however, and 
I find no account of it in the literature of economic entomology. It is quite likely 
that another generation will appear this summer unless your remedial measures have 
been extremely effective. The record of your experiments is very interesting, and 
there is no question but that the Paris green treatment is the best, everything con- 
sidered. It would be desirable for you to determine the amount of Paris green which 
can be applied in solution without burning the foliage of the sugar beet, as this 
point has not heretofore been definitely ascertained." 

Certain experimental data had already been obtained upon the question of the 
strength of solution of Paris green required to effectually destroy the insects in great 
numbers ; and certain general, biit no specific, observations had been made in order to 
determine the strength of solution that could be applied without damage to the beets. 
It was found that a solution containing one teaspoonful of Paris green to 1 gallon 
of water was effective in destroying all insects that were upon the upper surface of 
the leaves, and which ate of the sprinkled material. Many of the caterpillars, how- 
ever, were tipon the underside of the leaves, where they were protected from the 
insecticide applied, and, moreover, continued to feed upon the epidermis of the 
under leaf with complete immunity from its action. For the reasons indicated in 
the above remarks the application of insecticides can be only partially effective. 

There is further the consideration of damage done to the crop by the application 
of insect-destroying substances. Where a solution of Paris green of the strength 
already given was applied and an overdose fell upon certain leaves those leaves were 
burnt through into holes, or turned brown in the places where the arsenical mixture 
lodged. However, a solution of the strength stated did not do an appreciable 
amount of damage, either to the foliage or the roots. 

The intimation made by Mr. Howard, that a second generation of the insect might 
be expected to appear during the summer, caused a most careful daily attention to 
be given to the matter. The caterpillars of the first generation had wholly left the 
beets on August 1. On August 8 a number of gray-colored moths was observed. By 
the following day the number of those moths appeared to have increased a thousand- 
fold. If the foliage of the beets was disturbed they rose in cloud-form, and they 
were generally distributed over the greater portion of the plats. 

About 100 of those moths were caught, inclosed in a box, and sent to the Depart- 
ment at Washington. In speaking of them, Mr. Howard said: 

" In my last letter I hazarded the guess that the insect would prove to belong to 
the genus Eurycreon, and that it would be closely allied to the common garden web 
worm of Kansas, Nebraska, and other Western States — Eurycreon rautalis. The 
moth you sent is Eurycreon stictalis. Please watch the eggs which it is depositing 
upon the beet leaves, and send us larva? which may hatch from them." 

The leaves of some beets were examined under the microscope and the eggs of 
the moths observed. The eggs were deposited in minute groups, and exclusively 
upon the underside of the leaves. On August 20 the eggs were noticed to be hatch- 
ing out, and numerous caterpillars of a very minute size were already upon the 
leaves. On the following day it appeared as though the whole crop were infested 
and doomed to utter destruction. Upon some plants 1.50 insects were deposited and 
were consuming the foliage at an extreme rate. No time was lost In the effort to 
destroy the second generation before it got a complete hold of the crop. Arseuicals 
were applied by sprinkling, the solution containing one teaspoonful of Paris green 
to a gallon of water. All the plats were treated with the insecticide, and at the rate 
of three pounds per acre. W^hen the Paris green solution had been upon the crop 
only about eight hours a heavy rain began falling, which washed every trace of the 



53 

material from the leaves down into tlie neck of the beets or into the ground, and the 
application was without effect. The crop had already beeu treated twice with the 
arsenical, and where it had become deposited in considerable quantities in the necks 
of the beets the indications were that a further application could not be made with- 
out direct damage to the crop, and rendering it possildy unfit for manufacturing 
purposes. Consofiuently, no further attemiit at destroying the insects was made 
with Paris green. Powdered ({uicklime and also soot were scattered over the 
patches which were the worst affected, but without any i)erceptil>]e effect. It was 
likewise attempted to cross the rows with a light roller, and thus crnsh the cater- 
pillars, but the latter appeared able to bear the operation with less destruction than 
the beets. Nothing could be done to stop the ravage of the insects. Had the rain 
not fallen so soon after the treatment with Paris green the application would very 
l)robably have been in a great measure effectual. As it was, no good was done, and 
nothing was considered of any possible value in the situation. 

The caterpillars followed their natural course, and until the greater portion of 
the foliage of the ci-op was eaten down to the ground, only the northern ends of cer- 
tain plats, bearing four different varieties, escaping the attack. But the ends of 
those plats were fortunately not in the least attacked by the second generation of 
the insect, although they suffered somewhat lightly from the ravage of the first gen- 
eration, and they aftord the data required to form a comjiarative estimate of the dam- 
age wrought by the visitation. Those data are shown in the following table, which 
is the record of the weights of the varieties upon a given date, and likewise of the 
weights of the portions of the plats which sufl'ered from and those whiph escaped 
the attack. 



Variety. 



Date. 



Desprez Oct. 15 

Lemaire 15 

Kleinwanzlebener Elite 15 

Original Kleinwanzlebener 15 



Mean. 



Yield per I Tielrt per 

acre of I acre of 
insect-dam- undaniaaed 



aged beets. 



Tom. 
10.9 
10.9 



beets. 



Tons. 
16.8 
15.8 
16.0 
18.6 



10.5 



16.8 



The difference shown in the two columns of the table indicates the actual loss in 
weight per acre of the beets of those varieties, caused by the insect visitation upon 
the station crop. 

The visitation was observed in portions of the beet districts of the Grand Island 
and Norfolk beet-sugar factories. I was instructed to visit and inspect the beet 
fields of those districts, and to report upon the condition of the crop and the ex- 
tent and ravages of the insect attack. Frequent inspections of the attacked fields 
in the districts specified were made, obtaining further data upon the nature of the 
visitation, and making such suggestions to the growers as had any appearance of 
value. The work of inspection was extremely facilitated through the active aid and 
courtesy extended by the Oxnard Beet-Sugar Company and the enterprising gentle- 
men in its service. 

The climatic conditions prevailing at the time of the first visitation, and extend- 
ing through the whole period, embracing likewise the appearance and duration of 
the second generation, were of an extreme character. An abnormally high temper- 
ature marked all that part of the season of which we have spoken, and the rainfall 
for .June and July was unusually small. These data require to be considered in con- 
nection with the appearance of the insects and with the question of a probable re- 
currence of the visitation in the coming season. (By direction of Secretary Rusk, 
that portion of the Entomologist's annual report referring to this insect pest ia 
appended to the present report.) 



54 

The climatic conditions prevailing during tbe cultural season of 1892 are given in 
comparison with the data for 1891, and with the normals for the district of the ex- 
periment station : 

RainfaJl. 



Year. 


May. 

Tncheg. 
6.62 
1.38 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Totals. 


1892 . 


Tnehes. 
0.50 
11.59 


Tnehes. 
2. .50 
G.71 


Tnehes. 
3.36 
2.22 


Tnehes. 

0.28 
0.84 


Tnehes. 
1.00 
3.92 


Tnehes. 
14.26 


1891 


26.1)1 







The mean rainfall of the northern and southern districts of Nebraska for the same 
months: May, 3.50 inches; June, 3.68 inches; July, 3.09 inches ; August, 2.96 inches; 
September, 1.57 inches; October, 1.50 inches; total, 16.30 inches. 

Temperalnre. 



Year. 


May. 


Jinie. 

60.6 
68.4 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Get. 


1892 


55.3 
59.0 


75.00 
69.90 


72.85 
70.20 


66.56 
65.10 


56.3 


1891 


47.6 







Total units of heat for the given six months in — 

1892 12,036 

1891 11, 651 

Normal for same period 11, 548 

The climatic conditions of the cultural season of 1892 were characterized by a 
temperature considerably above the normal, and a rainfall not only little more than 
one-half of the rainfall of th^ cultural season of 1891, but very considerably below the 
normal precipitation. It is further observed thatduring the months of June and July, 
when the chief precipitation of the year takes place, the rainfall was phenomen.illy 
small. The rains of June and July are a chief factor in the development of a normal 
vegetation, and when that factor is irregular the measure of vegetable growth will 
vary in a similar way. 

ANALYTICAL WORK OF THE SEASON. 

The work of analyzing the beets was begun on September 1, with the assistance 
of C. B. Edsou, of the station laboratory. On September 5, T. C.Trescot took 
charge of the polariscope and conducted the analytical woi'k until the close of the 
Season . 

The condition of the crop on September 1 was in no measure wliat it should have 
been at that jieriod in the season. In the jilace of the old foliage, which had been 
almost wholly consumed by the caterpillars, an absolutely new growth was in the 
stage of half development, so that the plats more nearly resembled their appearance 
on the last day of June than what they should have been on the date sjioken of. 
The destruction of the old foliage not only caused a check in the growth of the roots ; 
the sugar content of the beets was kept abnormally low, and by the production of 
the new set of leaves the sugar content was reduced to a still lower point. It was 
in the midst of the conditions of that period that the work of analysis was begun. 

The mode of determining the results and value of the plats of each variety was 
by ascertaining the weiglit of beets per acre, and the content of sugar in the beet, 
iand calculating from these factors the yield of sugar per acre. 

The determination of (he weight of beets per acre was condutted strictly accord- 
ing to the method adopted last year, and which is given in full detail in the report 



55 

of 1891, containoil in Bulletiu 33, Division of Clionii.stry, U. S. Department of Agri- 
cnlture. In the season of 1892, however, tlie weight of the crop was taken twice, 
on September 15 and October 15, the latter date representing the period when the 
weight was at the maximnm and growth had ceased. Eacli time when the weight 
was ascertained, the method consisted of taking np precisely 1 sqnare rod of beets, 
which measnre was determined by the nse of a wooden frame 1 sqnare rod in dimen- 
sion. When the frame was laid down on the place selected, all the beets inside the 
square were gotten up, thoroughly cleaned, topped, and weighed, and the weight 
of the square rod taken as the unit of the acre. 
The weights per acre of the six varieties grown are given in the following table : 



Variety. 



Vilmnrin's Improved 

Dipjie's Klein wanzlebener. 

JJesprez 

Lemaire 

Klein wan zlebeuer Elite . . . 
Original Kleinwanzlebeiier 



Mean 



September 15. 


Oclober 15. 


Tons (per 


Tons {per 


acre) . 


acre) . 


10.3 


12.5 


12.3 


13.3 


16.5 


16.8 


15. 1 


15.8 


15.7 


16.0 


15.6 


18.6 


14.25 


15.8 



The weights given in the column under date of October 15 indicate the max- 
imum weight per acre of each variety, and in that portion of the plats which suf- 
fered the least from the insect ravage. The attack of the cateri)illars upon the 
ground planted with the Vilmorin's Improved and Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener varie- 
ties extended over the whole of those plats, and such is the precise explanation of 
the lower yield in comparison with the other four varieties. It is seen that an in- 
crease of weight was made between the middle of September and October 15, which 
observation is confirmed by the increased weight of the individual beets which grad- 
ually took place during that period. 

As it has already been said, the work of testing the beets in the laboratory was 
begun on September 1. The mode of conducting the examination of the varieties 
was somewhat different from the procedure in the analytical season of 1891. There 
were six varieties grown. Commencing with the Vilmorin's Improved on September 
1, the other varieties followed in the order in which they are recorded in the table 
of the weight determination. By giving one day to the examination of a variety the 
whole week was required for the testing of the six varieties. In such order, each 
variety was examined upon the same day every week, the work being continued 
without intermission from the first week of September until the second week in No- 
vember. By such a mode of examination, and chemical control of the crop, the rela- 
tive conditions of the varieties at the time of beginning the analytical work, the 
behavior of each variety under the fluctnating climatic cimditions, and the rise of 
each toward its maximum value, with the gradual decline from the maximum, as 
the season approached the close, Avere clearly established. 

In preparing the samples for analysis the method adopted last year was strictly 
followed. In order to obtain a reading or test of a variety never less than 100 beets 
were taken, and the usual number was 200 beets. Those beets were taken in " twen- 
ties" from five different parts of the selected row in the plat. Each "twenty" was 
taken consecutively, large and small, as the beets were standing, and in no case was 
a sample taken by selecting individual beets from different places in the row or se- 
lected parts of the plat. When taken up the beets were immediately taken to the 
laboratory and washed, dried, and weighed without any delay. The 200 beets were 
not all taken up in the morning, but only r)ne half of that number, and the second 
hundred was gotten up after the first part was analyzed and recorded. The ob- 



56 

ject of those procantions was to allow no time for loss of weight in the beets before 
the juice was expressed, and thus avoid obtaining too high polariscope readings. 
All beets and samples of beets were analyzed in their normal condition, or in the 
exact state in which they left the soil, consequently the analyses of the station 
laboratory are correct readings of the actual sugar contained in the crop upon given 
dates. The errors proceeding from analyses which are made with beets that are 
more or less dried out will he considered in a later part of the report. 

The beets, which had already been washed, dried, and weighed, were at once 
ground up, and the juice expressed from the pulp. The first hundred beets each 
day were analyzed individually, and the juice from each one was expressed with 
a small hand-press and the use of small filtering bags. The beets of the second hun- 
dred were always ground up in "tens," and the juice from each "ten" obtained in 
one sample, the expression of the juice being accomplished by the use of a high- 
power screw-press. 

The question concerning the relative richness in sugar of the first and second por- 
tions of the juice expressed from a sample of beets is not yet generally decided. An 
experiment was made by the station laboratory, 100 beets being used for the pur- 
pose, and the pulp of 10 beets going to one analysis. The relative sugar content of the 
first and second expressions are given in the following table. The first half of the 
juice was obtained by expressing with the hand, and the second half by the heavy 
screw press, each portion being, as it is designated, an exact half of the total juice 
capable of being expressed. 



Number of beets. 


First half of .i nice. 


Second half of juice. 


Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


Biix. 


Sucrose. 


Purity. 


10 


Degrees. 
18.8 
19.4 
17.3 
18.1 
16.8 
19.0 
18.4 
18.9 


Per cent. 
14.6 
15.6 


Per cent. 
77.6 
80.4 


Degrees. 
18.7 
18.9 
17.4 
17.2 
16.7 
19.0 
18.4 
18.7 
18.7 
19.4 


Per cent. 
14.8 
15.5 
14.1 


Per cent. 
79.1 


10 


82.0 


10 


14.0 1 80.9 
13. 7 75. 7 
13. 4 79. 8 
14. 9 78. 4 
14.6 1 79.3 
14.4 1 76.2 


81.0 


ic 


13.8 


80.2 


10 


13. i 77. 8 


10 


15.0 1 78.9 


10 


14.9! 81.0 


10 


14.8 i 79.1 


10 


18.5 i 14. 1 j 76.2 
19.9 i 15.8 1 79.4 


14.7 i 78.6 


10 


15.5 1 79.9 




1 




18.5 


14.5 


78.4 


18.3 


14.6 1 79.8 









The table shows that the juice of the second expression was not only slightly 
richer in sucrose but notably higher in purity than the juice of the first half. 

It has been stated that of the 200 beets analyzed each day, 100 were tested indi- 
vidually, and the second 100 by grinding 10 beets together, expressing the jnice 
from the whole pulp, and taking one sugar reading of the whole. The object of 
handling a given number singly was to observe the degree of variation in the 
weight and sugar content of the individual beets. But the reasons for analyzing in 
bulk, as it may be termed, where a number of beets are analyzed collectively, are 
several and important. It is known that small beets are usually richer in sugar 
than large ones. When 100 beets are analyzed individually the sugar content of eacli 
is recorded. In obtaining the mean sugar content of the 100 beets, the small beets 
not only count for as much as the larger ones, they bear somewhat more towards 
the result because of the greater richness in sugar. The proportion, by weight, of 
the small beets to the aggregate weight of the crop, however, is in the opposite di- 
rection. A crop composed at the rate of 100 beets weighing 200 grams and 100 
beets weighing 400 grams indicates that the larger beets compose two parts in three 
of the whole crop, and the smaller beets only one part in three of the same. It will 
thus be observed that if the yield of sugar per acre be calculated from the weight 
of beets per acre and the mean sugar content of the individual beets, the result 



57 

will be too high. That error is corrected by analyzing in bulk, or taking the mean 
sugar rcadiug of ten or twenty beets which have all been ground up together. If 
the smaller beets are richer in sugar they yield a less quantity of pulp and juice, 
and only influence the actual sugar reading in the exact relative proportion. Con- 
sequently, the sugar readings of beets which have been analyzed in bulk furnish 
the actual sugar content of the crop; and when the mean of those readings is taken 
in calculation with the weight of beets per acre the exact yield of sugar per acre is 
given. The only exception to the statement that "the smaller beets are richer in 
sugar than the larger '" occurs in the early part of the season, and before the crop 
has reached maturity. The larger beets mature somewhat earlier than the smaller 
ones, and in the first period of the ripening season it is found that the larger beets 
give a higher sugar reading in the mean than the small beets; but that difference 
is quite reversed in the end. 

Having explained the mode of obtaining the samples of beets in the field, the prep- 
aration of the beets for grinding, and the method of securing a juice whose sugar 
content is, as nearly as possible, a true reading of the richness in sugar of the ci'op, 
the analytical data relating to each variety will be given, extending from September 
1 to the close of the analytical season. The development, history, and results of each 
variety will be recorded in a separate table, in which the mean weight of the beets, 
the mean sugar content, and the mean purity of the juice will be given for each week 
from the opening to the close of the work. The means found in the tables, and 
which are accepted as showing the actual condition of the variety upon the given 
dates, are based upon the data obtained from the analysis of 200 beets. 

Vilmorin^s Improved Variety. 



Number of becta. 



Sept. 1 Mean of 50 beets 

8 j JiFean of 200 beets . . . 

15 1 Mean of 200 beefs . . . 

22 1 Mean of 200 beets . . . 

29 1 Mean of 200 beets ... 

6 ! Mean of 200 beets ... 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Mean of 200 beets 
Mean of 200 beets . . . 
Mean of 200 beets . . . 
Mean of 100 beets . . . 
Mean of 100 beets . . . 



Weight 
of beet. 



Grams. 
216 
222 
225 
252 
241 
230 
222 
242 
240 
256 
243 



Brix. 



15.3 
35.0 
14.1 
15.3 
16.9 
17.8 
18.2 
17.8 
17.7 
16.0 
16.7 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
12.4 
12.2 
11.7 
11.6 
13.5 
15.1 
15.2 
14.6 
14.8 
13.0 
13.2 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
80.2 
81.0 
77. 5 
74.5 
80.8 
83.0 
83.2 
80.2 
80.5 
81.2 
80.4 



The behavior of the Vilmorin's Improved variety was peculiar. The peculiarities, 
however, are more apparent than real, and are wholly traceable to the action of the 
insect attack. It is seen that on September 1 the sugar content in the juice was 12.4 
per cent. From that date until September 22 the sugar in the juice went down. 
With the apparent loss of sugar a very noticeable increase took place in the weight 
of the l)eet, which rose from 216 grams to 252 grams. 

From the time that the caterpillars disappeared from the plat, which was about 
the first three days of September, the beets developed a new crop of foliage, and 
very rapidly. With the appearance of the fresh foliage a new period of assimilation 
and growth began, which gradually added weight to the beets. The new growth 
and the increment of weight of the beet appeared to have been made, in some meas- 
ure, at the expense of the suger contaiued in the beet. That result, however, was 
only in appearance. As a matter of fact an increase had occui-red in the actual 
quantity of sugar present in the organism^ although the sugar content of the juice 
had decreased. That result may be determined by a comparison of the weights and 
sugar contents of the beets on September 1 and 22, respectively. On September 1 
the mean weight of the beets of the plat was 216 grams. The sugar content of the 
juice upon that date was 12.4 per cent, which shows that the beet at that time con- 



58 

tained 26.78 grams of sugar. On September 22 the mean weight of the beets of the 
same plat or crop was 252 grams. The sugar tonteat of the juice was 11.6 per cent, 
or 29.0 grams of sugar, which is a gain of 2.2 grams of sugar during the interval of 
time considered. The increase of the total weight of the beet, however, had been 
out of all proportion greater than the increase in the weight of the sugar in the beet, 
and that circumstance reduced the proportion of tlie sugar relative to the other con- 
stituents of the organism. The chief increase had been made in the water present 
in the beet, and that caused the sugar and other soluble solids to be cont.iiued in a 
more dilute solution in the juice. The table shows that the Brix reading of the 
juices on September 1 was 15.3; but on September 15 only 14.1, indicating that a 
large amount of water had been taken up ])y the beet. 

From September 22 to October 13 the table shows a rapid and notable increase in 
the sugar richness of the beet, but at the same time a slight falling oft" in the weight 
of the beet during the same interval. The inci'ease of sugar was in part actual, 
and .also in part only apparent, and was owing to a concentration having taken 
place in the juice of the beet by the loss of water. During that period the temper- 
ature of the air and soil was extremely high, and the loss of water from the beet by 
evaporation was greater than could be made up by cajiillarity. Some of the beets 
were quite soft from loss of moisture. If the observations are carried on until Oc- 
tober 20 a decrease in the sugar content of the juic3 but a rise in the weight of the 
beet are observed ; and these coincident circumstances are explained by a notable 
lowering of the temperature of the air and a fall of one-third of an inch of rain. 
On October 27 the sugar in the juice had risen two-tenths of 1 per cent, but the 
weight of the beet had slightly fallen. On November 5 a very notable fall had oc- 
curred in the sugar content of the juice — trom 14.8 to 13 per cent — but a correspond- 
ing rise had taken place in the weight of the beet. Now, during the preceding 
week, 1 inch of rain had fallen, and the temperature had come down to a daily 
mean of 40 degrees. 

If the relative weight of the beet and the corresponding sugar contents are 
viewed during the period from Septemlier 1 to November 5, the behavior of the or- 
ganism in relation to its sugar content is observed as follows: 

Weight and sugar eonients. 



Date. 



Weight 
of beet. 



Sugar iu 
the juice. 



Sugar in 
the beet. 



Sept. 1 

22 

Oct. 13 

Nov. 5 



Orams. 
216 
252 
222 
256 



Per cent. 
12.4 
11.6 
15.2 
13.0 



Oramt. 
26.78 
29.00 
32.60 
33.28 



The data contained in the tal)le show that there was a gradual increase in the 
weight of sugar contained in the beet from September 1 to November 5, and that on 
the latter date the actual weight of sugar to the acre was greater than at any pre- 
vious time. The data further indicate that the sugar content of the beet is a more 
constant factor and less liable to Muctuations under the influence of climatic 
changes than has been duly considered. The indication emphatically suggested by 
the observations recorded is that the sugar content of the organism is practically an" 
invariable factor, and that the constituent of the beet which is the factor chiefly 
subject to fluctuation is the water content, the variability of which is caused and 
controlled by the temperature of the air and soil, and the rainfall. 

A more exhaustive analysis has been made of the data l)elongiug to the " Vilmo- 
rin's Improved" variety than will be attempted with the tables of data of the varie- 
ties yet to be recorded, for the particular reason that the Vilmorin's Improved plat 
was selected and controlled with the special j)urpose of establishing the cost of pro- 



59 



tluctioii of tho crop. Consequently each detail was observed with a care and. accu- 
rac^y wbicli could not be extended to all the [)lats in the Held. For example, in de- 
termining the mean weight of the beet each week, when the variety was analyzed, 
the removal of the top and neck was always in the same exact proportion. The 
topping and necking of the other varieties was not always done bj' the same indi- 
vidual, nor the same proportion of neck always removed. And again, in the case of 
the Desprez variety, it was found in the first analji-sis that too small a portion of the 
beet had been cut off as " neck " before taking the weight, on account of the coarse- 
ness of that variety; and in the following weelf more of the neck was removed, 
which lowered the mean weight recorded. Nevertheless it will be found that each 
of the varieties exhibit the nature, mode, and degree of fluctuation from week to 
week, which were observed in the example of the Vilmorin's Improved variety. 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener Variety. 



Sept. 2 . 
9. 

16. 

23. 

•30. 
7. 

14 . 

21. 

28. 
Nov. 5 . 

18. 



Oct. 



Date. 



No. of beeta. 



Beets. 
Meau of 50 . . 
200.. 
200... 
200.., 
200.. 
200.. 
200... 
200... 
200... 
100... 
100... 



Weight 
of beet. 



Grams. 
236 
301 
271 
271 
292 
291 
279 
291 
306 
322 
329 



Brix. 



Degree. 
'15.0 
14.8 
15.8 
17.0 
18.7 
19,5 
19.9 
19.0 
19.1 
18.3 
17.5 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
12.0 
11.7 
12.5 
13.8 
14.8 
16.0 
16.0 
15.0 
15.3 
14.4 
13.9 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
79.3 
76.0 

78.8 
80.9 
77.8 
80.1 
79.5 
79.8 
79.4 
78.7 
78.1 



Desprez Varietj/. 



Sept. 3. 

10. 

17. 

24. 

Oct. 1. 

8. 

15. 

22. 

29. 
Nov. 5. 

18. 



Meau of 50. 
20U. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
100. 
50. 



422 


12. 5 


8.8 


70.7 


404 


13.6 


9.6 


73.8 


418 


14.7 


10.7 


71.3 


420 


15.2 


11.4 


71.8 


448 


15.5 


12.2 


74.0 


401 


17.2 


13.0 


75.0 


384 


17.4 


13.0 


73.1 


385 


16.9 


12.5 


71.8 


390 


16.0 


11.8 


71.1 


390 


16.3 


12.3 


72.6 


377 


16.2 


12.0 


73.9 



Lemaire variety. 



Sept. 5. 
12. 
19. 
26. 
3. 
10. 
17. 
24. 
31. 



Oct 



Nov. 



Mean of .50. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
200. 
100. 



285 


12.9 


274 


14.0 


286 


15.7 


282 


17.4 


275 


17.6 


288 


17.9 


260 


19.1 


270 


18.7 


250 


18.3 


265 


17.6 


272 


10.9 



9.1 

10.8 
11.8 
12.9 
13.8 
14.2 
14.6 
14.0 
13.5 
13.1 
13.1 



73.3 
75.6 
75.8 
75.2 
75.4 
76.4 
76.9 
75.1 
72.5 
74.9 
77.4 



Kleinwanzlehener Elite Variety. 




60 



Original KUinwanzUheno 


Variciy 








Date. 


No. of beets. 


Weight 
of beet. 


Brix. 


Sucrose.. 


Purity. 


Sept. 7 


Beets. 


Grams. 
309 
311 
306 
326 
316 
320 
314 
301 
320 
333 
320 


Degree. 
14.3 
15.7 
18.2 
18.6 
19.8 
19.5 
20.8 
20.0 
19.4 
19.2 
18.2 


Per cent. 
11.0 
12.7 
14.3 
14.7 
15.7 
16.1 
15.9 
16.1 
14.5 
14.7 
14.4 


Per cent. 

11. i 


14 


200 


78.6 


21 


200 


79.2 


28 


200 


77.8 


Oct. 5 


200 


77.7 


12 


200 


80.2 


19 


200 


76.3 


26 


200 


78 9 


Nov. 2 


100 


75.3 


5 


100 


76.3 


18 


100 


79.2 









It will be remembered that in the te.sts made to determine the vitality of the s.eed 
of the varieties planted, the Desprez variety showed a germinatinjjf power of only 36 
per cent. That circumstances aftected the history of the variety during the whole 
season. The crop was not more than two jjarts in three of a full stand. The devel- 
opment of the organism was irregular, and the beets when mature were extremely 
coarse, and the sugar content and purity of the. juice remained abnormally low. In 
the season of 1891 the Desprez variety gave the largest weight per acre, with the 
highest sugar content and purity of juice amongst the six varieties grown. It must 
thus be considered that the poor results obtained in 1892 with that variety are in a 
great measure owing to the small degree of vitality of the sample of seed, which sam- 
ple was the only one of that variety assailable at the time of planting. 

The higher yield per acre of the " Oi'igiual" Kleinwanzlebener was, in part, OAving 
to the circumstance that the variety was totally exempted from either of the succes- 
sive insect attacks on one portion of the plat. 

The following table gives the weight per acre of beets, the highest sugar content 
in the juice, with the yield of sugar per acre of each variety : 



Variety. 



Vilmoriu's Improved 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener . 

Desprez 

Lemaire 

Kleinwanzlebener Elite 

Original Kleinwanzlebener 

Means 



"Weight 
per acre. 



Tons. 
12.5 
15.0 
16.8 
15.8 
16.0 
18.6 



15.8 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Per cent. 
15.6 
16.0 
13.0 
14.6 
15.2 
16.1 



15.1 



Sugar 
per acre. 



Pounds. 
3,900 
4,800 
4,368 
4,614 
5,120 
5,989 



4, 890 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
83.2 
80.9 
75.0 
77.4 
81.0 
80.2 



79.6 



A comparison of the seasons of 1891 and 1892 indicates as follows : 




Season. 


Mean 
weight of 
crop of all 
varieties 
per acre. 


Mean sugar 

per acre 
of all varie- 
ties. 


1891 - 


Tons. 
21.7 
15.8 


Pounds. 
6,060 


1892 


4,800 








18.8 


5,430 







The mean results of the seasons of 1891 and 1892, obtained upon the Nebraska sta- 
tion, are given in comparison with the mean of results of the same seasons recorded 
at the Capelle station, France: 



Stations. 



Capelle (France) 

Schuyler (Nebraska) . 



Beets per Sugar per 
acre. acre. 



Tons. 
17.5 
18.8 



Pounds. 
5, 36fl 
5, 430 



61 

The data from the French station represent the mean condition of the crop in all the 
experimental fields ou November 18, 1891, and Novenil)er 1, 1892, as stated in the 
weekly bulletin of that station. 

The causes of the smaller yield per acre of the crop in 1892, iu comparison with 
the crop of 1891, upon the Nebraska station, have been already fully considered iu 
parts of the report treating of the climatic conditions and the insect attack. 

A series of experiments was made upon small plats, exclusively managed by hard 
labor, in order to observe the results obtained with a varying number of jilants to 
the acre, or of thiclc and thin planting. 

The following table gives the data recorded : 



Date. 



Oct. 11 
11 
11 

11 
11 



Plat. 



A 
B 
C 
D 
E 



Number of 
beets to 
the acre. 



65, 300 
56, 000 
49, 000 
43, 500 
39, 200 



Weight 
per acre. 



Tone. 
13.2 
12.2 
14.3 

11.8 
10.5 



Sucrose in 
juice. 



Per cent. 
16.6 
17.6 
16.0 
15.9 
16.0 



Sugar per 
acre. 



Pounds. 
5,043 
4,296 
4, 599 
3,753 
3,344 



The only notable characteristics of the plats of the given aeries are the small yield 
of beets and the extreme richness in sugar. It is, however, clearly shown that the 
thick planting gave the largest yield of sugar to the acre. 

A plat of 4 square rods was planted, the rows being placed 36 inches apart. Upon 
one-half of the plat the plants were left 6 inches apart in the row, which gave 29,000 
plants. Upon the other half the plants were left 12 inches apart in the row, giving 
14,500 plants to the acre. 

The results obtained were as follows : 



Date. 


Plat. 


Number 
of beets 
per acre. 


Weight 
per acre. 


Sucrose in 
juice. 


Sugar per 
acre. 


Oct 11.. 


First half 


29, 000 
14, 500 


Tons. 
10.5 
11.5 


Per cent. 
15.0 
12.9 


Pounds. 
3, 150 
2,967 


11. 


Secouil half 







It is observed that although the second half of the large beets yielded the greater 
weight per acre, the part of the plat bearing the smaller beets yielded the largest 
weight of sugar ])er acre. Moreover, the small beets not only contained 6 per cent 
more sugar to the acre than the larger beets, the amount of sugar that could be 
obtained by manufacture from the smaller beets was very much greater because of 
the greater purity of the juices in comparison with the juices from the large beets. 

Per cent. 

Purity of juice of small beets 79. 7 

Purity of j uice of large beets 75. 6 

During the analytical season of 1891, a series of experiments was made in order to 
ascertain the loss of weight by evaporation when the beets were exposed, at varying 
temperatures, to the action of the atmosi^herc difterent lengths of time. 

In the season of 1892 not only were the experiments upon evaporation and loss of 
weight continued, those exjieriments were conducted in order to embrace a study of 
tlie problem, viz : The cause of decomposition and loss of sugar in the beet after 
removal from its normal connection with the soil. 

Much attention has been given to the question of the loss of sugar by several dis- 
tinguished French scientists, and the opinions of those gentlemen upon " the loss of 
weight and richness of the beet " may be noted as follows : M. Pellet says " All that 



62 

is known is that there is a certain loss, and especially an alteration of tissue in the 
beet." M. Blim says: "The loss is important. But for want of precise information 
we can not estimate the loss." M. Pagnoul says: "The loss can not spring alone 
from the sprouting." M. Martin says : •' Ventilators in silos increase the respiration 
and loss of sugar by letting in the oxygen of the air." In opposition to M. Martin, 
MM. Battut, Beaudet, Desprez, Salo, and Pierrot state that "moving the beets in 
the silos and letting in the cool air is of utility." The statements that have been 
quoted are taken from a translation from the Bulletin do I'Association des Chemists 
de France et de Colonies. 

The opinions cited do not touch the question of the primary cause of the loss of 
weight and sugar in the beet, but are rather statements concerning the chemical 
changes, which, by the action of a given cause or causes, are observed to take place 
in the organism of the beet. It is the cause of those chemical changes with which 
Ave are concerned, and a knowledge and control of the external conditions which 
disturb the normal condition of the beet. And under this head there is "no precise 
information " to enable " us to estimate the loss " of which we speak. 

The series of experiments carried out at the station in the season of 1892 was for 
the purpose of studying the problem stated. 

The loss of sugar was studied in association with the loss of weight of the beet, 
in certain known conditions of temperature of the air and soil. The normal weight 
of the beet, or its weight when removed from the soil, was the basis of all com- 
parisons and calculations of changes observed to have occurred after its removal 
from the soil. 

On October 3, a S(iuare rod of beets of the Vilmorin's Improved variety was gotten 
up, cleaned, topped, and weighed immediately, and all was completed in fifteen min- 
utes. Before weighing, every particle of soil was removed and the tops were cut off 
close to the neck, but the neck was not removed. The scxuare rod of beets was 
weighed at the time of getting up and laid about on the ground again, and re- 
weighed every twenty-four hours for the following four days. 

The results of the weighings were as follows: 




Oct. 3 

4 
5 
6 

7 



Original weighing 
Second weighing . 
Third weighing . . 
Fourth weiirliing. 
Fifth weighing. . . 



founds. 
152 
132 
116 
103 

or. 



Per cent. 

Iday =13.2. 

2 days = 23.8. 

3 days ^32.4. 

4 daVs i^ 37.5. 



From October 3 to 7 the daily mean temperature of the air was 68°, the mean 
maximum temperatures for the given days being 90^, which was abnormally high 
for that period The rays of the sun were not intercepted by clouds during the 
four days. Moreover, a wind of high velocity prevailed on each day named. It 
was observed that under the action of the sun and winds, such as has been described, 
the beets lost by evaporation no less than 37. .5 per cent of their weight. 

The sugar content of the beets of the said plat containing the square rod at tlio 
time of the original weighing was (mean of 200 beets) 15.1 ]»er cent; the sugar con- 
tent of the beets upon the last day of weighing (mean of 200 beets) was 17.1 per 
cent. 

It is seen that although the beets lost no less than 37.5 per cent of their weight 
during the stated period the polariscope reading of the juice of the withered beets 
was only 2 per cent higher than the reading of the juice of the fresh beets. A great 
loss of sugar had taken place. The second polariscope reading, instead of being 



63 

17.1 per cent, should have heeu 24.2 per cent had no loss of sugar taken place. The 
follo-n-iug table shows the proportion of loss: 



Oct. 



1 square rod = 152 pounds 
1 square rod = 95 pounds . 



Difference. 



Sucrose in Sugar in 
juice. , beets. 



Per cent. 
15.1 
17.1 



Pounds. 
22.95 
16.24 



Loss of sugar in four days equals 29.24 per cent. 

Even after allowing for the abnormally high temperature recorded during the i»e- 
riod of the experiment; the loss of sugar that had taken place was so enormous as to 
lend doubt to the result notwithstanding the care that had been observed in all the 
details. The experiment was repeated, and in the following manner: One hundred 
and fifty beets were gotten up of the Vilmorin's Improved variety and divided into 3 
fifties, each of the same weight, 25 pounds. One fifty was analyzed immediately 
after weighing. Another fifty was left lying on the field, and the third fifty Ava.s 
laid upon a board in the barn, and exposed to the air, but shaded from the sun. 

The table following gives the results : 



Date of analysis. 



Oct. 8 (fresh beets) 
11 (shed lieets) 
11 (field beets) 



Weight of 
beets. 



Pounds. 
25 
20 
19.5 



Loss of 
■weight. 



Per cent. 



20.0 
22.0 



Sucrose in 
juice. 



Per cent. 
16.3 
19.6 
18. a 



The actual changes in the sugar content of the shed beets and the field beets are 
shown ns follows: 



Beets. 


Weight of 
beets. 


Sucrose in 
juice. 


Sugar in 
beets. 


Loss of 
sugar. 


Fresh beets 


Pounds. 
25.0 
20.0 
19.5 


Per cent. 
16.2 
19.6 
18.3 


Pounds. 
4.05 
3.92 
3.56 


Per cent. 




3.2 
12.1 







It is seen that the "shed beets," during the seventy-two hours that they lay ex- 
l»osed to the air, but shaded from the sun, lost 20 per cent of their weight and 3.2 
per cent of sugar. The " field beets " lost 22 per cent of their weight and 12.1 per 
cent of sugar. The mean temperature during the three days that the experiment 
lasted was 58. 6*^, or 10^ less than prevailed in the first experiment, which difference 
of temperature accounted for the smaller loss of weight and sugar, as shown in 
the latter experiment. A striking feature in the last experiment is the circum- 
stance that the shed beets lost almost the same proportion of their weight as the 
field beets, l)ut their loss in sugar was only one-fourth of the loss in the field beets. 
It is thus indicated that the action of the sun was a chief cause of the greater loss 
of sugar in the field beets. The latter observation was illustrated by an earlier ex- 
periment, which was conducted as follows : 

Exactly 210 beets, of the original variety, were gotten up and prepared for analy- 
sis. The mean weight of the 210 beets was 326 grams. Before analyzing, 10 beets 
were selected from the numljer, and the mean Aveight of the selected beets was 325 
grams, or the mean of the whole. The 10 beets were each wrapped closely in thick 



64 

paper and all put in a mail box, which was tightly fastened up aud sent to Wash- 
ington for analysis in the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. On arrival 
at the Department laboratory the beets were immediately reweighed and analyzed 
individually and the results sent to the station at Schuyler. 
The following table gives the results: 



Date. 



Sept. 28 
Oct. 2 . . . 



Num- 
ber of 
beets. 



200 

10 



Weight 
of beets. 



Loss of 
■weight. 



Grams. Per cent. 
326 

289 12.0 



Laboratory. 



Schuyler 

Washington 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Per cent. 
14.7 
16.6 



Sugar in 
beets. 



Grams. 
47.9 
47.9 



The latter experiment was made merely as a practical test of the condition of the 
beets after shipment to Washington. The results, however, provide an opportune 
illustration and support of the circumstances indicated in the preceding experiment, 
viz, that the beet may lose weight by evaporation, under certain conditions, with- 
out a loss of sugar taking place, and that the action of sunlight is a potent factor 
in causing the decomposition of sugar. 

The experiments which have been recorded furnish the most precise data, showing 
that the decomposition and lo.ss of sugar in the organism of the beet, after its re- 
moval from the soil, are caused by heat, and particularly by the action of the sun, 
and that the rate of decomposition and loss is in proportion to the degree of tem- 
perature. The apparently greater loss in direct sunlight is probably no more than 
can be accounted for by the difterence between the temperature in the shade and in 
the sun, which difterence could amount to 30° when the temperature of the air is 
90°. 

Having observed the action of high temperature upon the organism of the beet 
and shown that the loss of sugar is in proportion to the degree of temperature, it 
appeared of particular moment and value to observe the influence of low tempera- 
ture, and to obtain, if possible, data which might conduct to a mode of storage and 
preservation of the beets after their removal from the soil that would prevent the 
great decomposition and loss of sugar which has always been known to occur. 

It was decided to store a given number of beets in the ground, the temperature of 
the soil and the air being recorded, and to place an equal number of beets, in all re- 
spects the same as the first lot, in a refrigerator, where the temperature could be 
maintained approximately at ice temperature. On October 12, when the beets were 
placed in the earth, the refrigerator had not been delivered, and the cold-storage 
test could not be run simultaneously with the earth test. It was not material, how- 
ever, as the conditions of each mode of storage were regulated and recorded rigidly 
and have the same value. In the earth-storage test the results observed in the in- 
stance of six varieties will be given. The beets were gotten up, the tops removed 
within 1 inch of the neck of the beet, and placed in pits in the earth immediately. 
The laying in was done by placing a row of beets in a slanting position, with the 
root on the ground. Between each row a layer of fine soil was placed, and before 
covering up the beets the soil about them was made moist with water. The covering 
of soil was 1 foot deep, and the mean temperature of the soil at the time of storing 
was 63"^. 



65 

The following table sliows the results of storing in earth at the given temperature 
of the soil (63^ ) for a meau period of twenty-one days : 



Varieties. 



Fresh beets. 



Date, 



Sucrose in 
juice. 



Stored beets. 



Date. 



Sucrose in 
juice. 



Vilmorin's Improved 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener. 

Desprez 

Lemaire 

Klein wan zlebener Elite 

Original Kleinwauzlebener 



Oct. 13 
14 

15 
17 
11 
12 



Per cent. 
15.3 
16.0 
13.2 
U.6 
15.2 
16.1 



Nov. 



Per cent. 
11.4 
13.5 
10.8 
10.4 
13.6 
13.1 



Mean . 



15.1 L 



12.1 



The behavior of the beets in earth storage in the seasons of 1891 and 1892 is seen 
as follows : 



Mean of all varieties. 


Tempera- 
ture of soil. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Season 1891 




51.5 
63.0 


Oct. 15 
15 


Per cent. 
14.6 
15.1 


Nov. 6 
4 


Per cent. 
12 6 


SeaBon 1892 


12 1 







It is seen that in the same length of time the beets in 1891, with a soil temperature 
of 51°, lost 2 per cent in sugar, whilst in 1892, with a soil temperature of 63° the 
loss was 3 per cent. It must also be considered that the beets had possibly lost a 
little in weight, in which case the sugar content should appear higher rather than 
lower. The loss above consequently, was probably somewhat greater than the table 
indicates. 

Storing beets when the soil temperature is above 50° is an undesirable practice. 
In the uncertain climate of Nebraska it is imperative in order to be safe, as a warm 
spell may be suddenly followed by a very great fall of the thermometer. On Oc- 
tober 20, 1892, the day temperature was 71°, and in the night of October 23 the ther- 
mometer went down to 15° (F.). Many beets were frozen too badly to keep. 

The experiment conducted in order to establish the results and value of cold stor- 
age as a mode of preserving beets after removal from the soil was carried out as 
follows : 

On October 27, 150 beets of the original variety were gotten up, the tops removed 
to within 1 inch of the neck, washed, and dl"ied. Immediately on being dried the 
beets were divided into three "fifties "by selecting the lax-gest beet and running 
down to the smallest and placing a beet by rotation to each of the three lots, thus 
obtaining a division of the whole into three parts practically identical in weight 
and quality. After the division each fifty was weighed and the weights recorded. 
One fifty was immediately analyzed and the sugar content and purity of the juice 
ascertained. A second fifty was placed in the earth at a depth of 1 foot. These 
beets were laid in and interlaid with soil, so that they did not touch each other, and 
before being covered up the soil and beets were made moist by sprinkling with ice 
water. The temperature of the soil on October 27, when the beets were put in the 
soil, was 43°, which was further lowered by the ice water. The third fifty was 
placedin an ice chest or refrigerator. Before being put iu the beets were made moist 
and rolled iu earth, in order that tlie surfaces .should be placed as nearly as was jios- 
sible in normal conditions. Very little earth, liowever, could be made to adhere to 
the beets, and the portion that did adhere did not do so in the manner that tlie soil 
particles are attached by the root fibers in the natural condition. The tempera- 
ture of tlie refrigerator was 41 ^ at the time the beets were put iu, and 32° when 
13(;i0— No. 3(; 5 



66 

they were taken out. Tue chest was closed and not opened again, except at the top 
for putting in ice, until November 18, upon which date the beets were removed from 
the earth and the refrigerator and analyzed. 

Before analyzing, the beets were washed, dried, and reweighed. The weights be- 
fore and after storage were as follows : 



Date. 


Beets. 


"Weight of 
beets before Date, 
storing. 


Weight of 

beets after 

storing. 


Loss of 

weight. 


Oct 27 




Pounds. 1 

30. 5 i Nov. 18 
30. j 18 
30. j 18 

1 


Pounds. 


30.5 
28.5 


Per cent. 


27 






27 




6.0 









The analyses of the beets of each fifty are recorded in the following table. ' The 
beets were analyzed in tens, five readings being made in the analysis of each lot : 



Fresh beets analyzed 
Oct. 27. 


Earth-stored beets analyzed Refrigerator beets analyzed 
Nov. 18. Nov. 18. 


Brix. 


Sucrose | p .. 
in juice. 1 """J*- 


Brix. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 

Per cent. 
16.5 
16.1 
15.0 
16.0 
15.8 


Purity. 


Brix. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity. 


Degrees. 
20.2 
19.6 
20.5 
21.1 
21.8 


Per cent. 
15.2 
14.8 
16.5 
16.1 
16.8 


Per cent. 
75.3 
75.4 
80.5 
76.3 
77.1 


Degrees. 
20.0 
19.9 
18.6 
20.5 
19.8 


Per cent. 
82.5 
81.4 
80.6 
78.0 
79.8 


Degrees. 
22.5 
22.0 
21.8 
21.0 
21.0 


Per cent. 
17.8 
16.8 
17.6 
15.3 
16.8 


Per cent. 
79.2 
76.4 
80.7 
73.0 
80.0 


20. 6 15. 9 


76.9 


19.7 


15.9 


80.4 1 21.6 

1 


16.9 


77.9 

1 



It is seen by the table that the earth-stored beets gave precisely the same sugar 
reading after twenty-two days as the fresh beets did. The refrigerator beets gave 
a reading of 1 per cent higher than the fresh beets. It was seen, however, that the 
refrigerator beets had lost 6 per cent in weight, which would cause the sugar con- 
tent of the beets to appear 6 percent greater, providing the actual sugar content had 
not altered. Now, if 6 per cent be deducted from the polariscope reading, 16.9 per 
cent, the result is 15.9 per cent, which shows that the sugar content had remained 
constant. The following table illustrates the actual results : 



Date. 



Beets. 



Weight of 
beets. 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Sugar in 
beets. 



Oct. 27 1 Fresh beets 

Nov. 18 1 Earth-stored beets. 

18 ': Refrigerator beets . 



Pounds. ! 
30.5 j 
30.5 
28.5 



I 

Per cent. I 

15. 9 I 

15.9 I 

16.9 I 



Pounds. 
4.8 
4.8 
4.8 



It is now possible to give a tabular comparison of the beets which were stored in 
the earth on October 15 and the beets placed in cold storage, for it must be under- 
istood that the temperature of the soil on October 27 was about the same as the tem- 
perature of the refrigerator. Also, ice water was added to the soil before it was laid 
over the beets in the ground, thus securing a still lower temperature, and a proper 
degree of moisture, which was not possible in the refrigerator. Further, the tem- 
perature of the soil after October 27 went gradually down to 35°, thus securing the 
eume temperature as prevailed in the refrigerator with the favorable soil humidity. 



67 

It was shown that the earth-stored beets lost no weight, whilst the refrigerator 
beets lost 6 per cent. 



Year. 


Beets. 


Tem- 
perature 
of the 
soil. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Date. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Loss of 
sugar. 


1891 

1892 


Mean of all varieties 

do 


o 

51.5 
63.0 
35.0 


Oct. 15 

Oct. 15 
Oct. 27 


Per cent. 
14.6 
15.1 
15.9 


Nov. 6 
Nov. 4 
Nov. 18 


Per cent. 
12.6 
12.1 
15.9 


Per cent. 
13.7 
19.9 


1892 















The experiments that have been recorded indicate that the primary canse of the 
decomposition and loss of sugar in the beet after its removal from the natural con- 
nection with the soil is heat. The depreciation in sugar has been shown to be in 
proportion to the degree of temperature. High temperature causes a rapid and 
great loss of sugar, Avhilst at a low and constant temperature the beet can be pre- 
served without any loss in the sugar content. 

Cold-storage silos for the preservation of beets for propagation uses are thus to be 
adviseil, and jiarticularly as we have no data to refute the reasonable supposition 
that beets whose organism has undergone the change which is implied by the loss 
of 20 per cent of sugar — i. e., of one of the constituents — are not in as good a condi- 
tion to produce seed as though the normal state of the organism had been main- 
tained. Cold storage is equally to be advised in connection with factories as a 
principle, but the large scale of the operations may prevent its application. 



COST OF PRODUCTION. 



The cost of production of an acre of beets upon the station field is shown in the 
following statement: 



1891. 
Oct. 



1802. 
Apr. 



June 



July 

Oct. 
Oct. 
Oct. 



Cost of prodddioii of 1 acre of hcets. 

1. Liglit plowing $1.68 

25. Deep plo w ing 2. 00 

25. Subsoil plowing 2. 00 

28. Disk harrowing 0. 38 

29. Harrowing (twice, at 17 cents) 0.34 

30. Rolling 0.17 

30. Cost of seed (17 pound.s, at 15 cents) 2. 55 

30. Drilling seed 0. 52 

30. Rolling 0. 17 

2. Hor.se hoeing 0. 62 

-10. Thinning out (sixty-live houi's, at 12A cents) 8. 12 

17. Hand hoeing ainnngst itlants (fifty hours, at 12^ cents) 6. 25 

21. Horse hoeing 0. 62 

27. Horse hoeing 0. 62. 

30. Horse hoeing 0. 63 

7. Soiling up (twenty-nine hours, at ll'lcciits) 3.62 

30.28 

15. Getting up beets (by hand) $13. .50 

15. Transport (at .50 cents per ton) 6. 00 

15. Rent of land ^ 2. 50 

22.00 

52. 28 



68 

The items of the above table express the actual cost of production of a given acre 
of beets, each detail being strictly recorded. 

The acre plat selected for the expense control was the particular one most rav- 
aged by the insects, and the yield was the lowest of all the plats. 

The weight of beets grown upon the said acre was 12.5 tons. The price per ton 
obtained for the beets was $4. Therefore, 12.5 tons, at $4, equals $50; cost of pro- 
duction, $52.28; loss, $2.28. 

The yield per acre of all the plats grown was 15.8 tons; 15.8 tons, at $4 per ton, 
equals $63.20; cost of production, $52.28; profit per acre, $10.92. 

In considering the cost of production, as shown by the station records, it must be 
understood that each act of labor was purchased at market prices. Teams were 
hired at day prices, as were also the men. But accepting $52.28 as the total cost of 
producing an acre of beets by the best methods of culture, and with the ])urchase 
of all labor, that sum can be taken as a basis of calculation by the larmer. 

SUMMARY. 

In reviewing the records of the work in the season of 1892, we have to observe 
the following: 

The first attempts miide for the production of home-grown seed were successful. 
The yield and quality of the seed were satisfactory; and jet the indications were 
that, in a season of normal climatic conditions, the results of production would be 
notably greater. 

The cultural season was marked by extreme departures from the normal in re- 
spect of climatic conditions. Great drought and high temperature prevailed during 
the period of maximum growth, which caused a smaller weight of beets per acre 
than would generally be produced. The dry period and high temperature, however, 
caused a great richness of sugar in the beet, and a satisfactoi'y yield of sugar to the 
acre. 

An insect attack wrought great ravage in the crop, which reduced very notably 
the results of production per acre. 

The experiments conducted in order to determine the cause of decomposition and 
loss of sugar in the beets in storage indicated that the i)rimary cause of loss is high 
temperature, and that a system of cold storage siloing would prevent the loss. 

The cost of production per acre of beets was $52.28, and the mean value per acre 
of all the varieties $63.20, giving a profit of $10.92 per acre. 

THE SUGAR-BEET WEB WORM.* 

{Loxostege Kticticalis Linn.) 

Order LEPIDOPTERA; Family Botid^. 

The present season has been marked by the appearance in very injurious numbers 
in parts of Nebraska of a comparatively new enemy to the sugar beet. Our first 
intimation of its appearance was through the Division of Chemistry of the Depart- 
ment. In connection with its work upon beet sugar this division has established a 
station at Schuyler, Colfax County, Nebr., and in the middle of July one of the ex- 
perimental plats at the station was suddenly attacked by a multitude of small cat- 
erpillars, which riddled the leaves and occasioned considerable alarm. The fact was 
at once reported to the Department, and the advice sent, to sjiray with Paris green 

* Advance sheets from report of Entomologist in Annual Eeport of the Secretary 
of Agriculture for 1892. 



6d 

or London pnri>le, was auticipated by an assistant, Mr. C. B. Edson, who was tem- 
porarily in cliarge during tlie absence of Mr. Walter Maxwell. Later communica- 
tions from Mr. Maxwell gave ns the history of the outbreak and its treatment. It 
seems that tlie caterpillars were first noticed on July 22, and when Mr. Maxwell re- 
turned on July 25 he found that the visitation was jiractically over, very few worms 
being found. 

The suddenness of the attack is well indicated by a report which Mr. Edson pre- 
pared for Mr. Maxwell. On the morning of July 21 a few holes were observed ou 
the leaves. These were attributed to one of the little leaf beetles. The next morn- 
ing the farm foreman reported worms on the beets, and examination showed that 
four plats were more or less infested. In the afternoon one plat was seriously dam- 
aged and by night half of its foliage was destroyed, the remaining three plats be- 
ing also quite seriously damaged. Paris green, Persian insect powder, and white 
hellebore were applied to a limited number of plants late in the evening. The 
Paris green was applied in the proportion of one teaspoonful to a gallon of water, and 
the insect powder and white hellebore were sprinkled as powders by hand over the 
beet tops. The next morning it was estimated that the Paris green had killed 10 
per cent of the worms on the plants to which it had been applied, the Persian in- 
sect powder 50 per cent, and the white hellebore none. On account of lack of facil- 
ities for distributing the powder on a large scale, the Paris green solution was then 
sprinkled over ])lat A in the morning and plat B in the afternoon, 6 pounds of the 
green being used on 2 .acres in the same proportion as in the preliminary experiment 
of the night before. In the evening the number of worms had ajiparently increased 
at least 20 per cent, according to Mr. Edson's statement, except upon plat A, where 
the Paris green was beginning to operate. On the morning of the 24th the work of 
tbe caterpillars on plats A and B was checked, but not stopped. Fifty per cent of 
the insects were dead upon plat A and less upon plat B. Check plats were still be- 
ing injured. In the evening a comparatively small number of healthy caterpillars 
could be found upon the plats treated with Paris green. The next morning on no 
plant could more than one or two worms be found and many were entirely free. The 
xiutreated plats, however, were in much worse condition than the evening before. 
At noon more Paris green was secured, and one of the untreated plats was sijriukled. 
July 27 the damage was over. 

Mr. Edson in his report calls attention to the extreme activity of the caterpillars 
and their seemingly incessant work. They chose the top leaves first, but when these 
were exhausted they worked toward the bottom and eventually ate the stem and 
foot-stalk of the leaf. When two caterpillars met they would strike viciously at 
each other with their heads a number of times, and frequently the caterpillar struck 
the leaf in the same way when unmolested. The efficacy of the Paris green treat- 
ment was abundantly proved, but the caterpillars were nearly full grown at the time 
of the first application and disappeared within a very few days even ujion the un- 
treated plants. 

Mr. Lawrence Bruner, who has paid particular attention. to the insects injurious 
to the sugar beet, gave some study to this sjjecies. From his report it appears that 
a few of the caterpillars were noticed during the summer of 1891 upon beets growing 
in the vicinity of Grand Island, Norfolk, and some of the adjoining towns which 
supply beets for the two factories in Nebraska. The present summer they again 
made their appearance in these same localities as well as at the Government station 
at Schuyler. More damage was done at the latter point than at any of the others. 
After the disappearance of the destructive brood a special inspection of the beet 
plats at the State Experiment Station at Lincoln resulted in the finding of a num- 
ber of specimens of the caterpillar, and a little later it was found that at Norfolk,. 
Pipe Center, and Genoa a number of fields had been stripped of their leaves. Other 
localities where beets were planted for the first season were visited, and while the 
worms were found they were in much smaller numbers than where befits had been 



70 

grown last seaaon. The following facts were gathered by Mr. Brnner from conver- 
sation with various persons interested in the cultivation of the beets : 

The web worms were most abundant at a distauce from sheltered localities border- 
ing groves, and were most numerous upon high ground, hilltops, and slopes ratlier 
than upon the flat ground. They were never plentiful on a piece of ground planted 
to beets for the first time, unless it adjoined one that was cultivated in beets the 
year before. They were more abundant in the middle of large fields than in small 
ones, and also in fields that were allowed to run to pigweed {Amaranius sp.) the pro- 
ceding year than in fields where these weeds were kept down. Sandy soil was appar- 
ently more favorable to their increase than heavier soil. 

LIFE HISTORY. 

The life history of the insect has been followed through only a part of the season, 
but there are certainly two annual generations, and probably three if not four. 
The July brood is a short-lived one, and but two weeks are required between tlie 
maturity oi' the caterpillars transforming the latter part of July and the appearance 
of the iiKilhs. wliich couple and soon lay eggs for another generation. The cater- 
pillars of the Julj^ brood transform to chrysalids almost immediately after entering 
the ground. Sucli, however, was not the case with tlie caterpillars of the last brood. 
With this the chrysalis state is normally not assumed for some time, and probal>ly 
not until the ensuing spring. Cocoons received September 19 from Mr. Edsoii, at 
Schuyler, Nebr., contained larvae which were full grown but somewhat shrunken, 
and these at the date of writing (December 5) are still in the larval condition. Mr. 
Bruner, however, in breeding-cage experiments, finds that some of the August 
brood issue as moths during September aud October, and he suggests that it is 
barely possible that there is another set of caterpillars produced by these stragglers 
during the fall if the weather permits, but, as already shown, the majority of the 
August brood remained unchanged until the following spring. From the larvje of 
the injurious brood received July 28 aud August 2 the moths issued August 6, 8, and 
12, while August 15 moths were received from Schuyler together with beet leaves 
bearing eggs. 

The eggs are pale yellow, faintly rugose or indistinctly facetted, slightly polished, 
somewhat iridescent, almost circular and very flatly convex, and are deposited 
either singly or in a row of from two to five or more, in the latter case overlapi)ing 
each other like scales. 

The young larv;« are whitish in color with polished black head and piliferous 
spots. The full-grown larvt© are yellowish white with a broad black mediodorsal 
stripe, and a still broader subdorsal stripe, the two fine lateral lines beiug also 
black. The piliferous warts are pale with a black ring, and the head is yellowisli 
or marbled with black. The hibernating caterpillars make a burrow beneath the 
surface of the ground, but line it with silk, constructing an inner cocoon which is 
long, slender, slightly curved, and about three times as long as the larva itself. A 
somewhat similar cocoon, but a little over half the length, is constructed by the 
midsummer brood. 

This insect is a close ally of the so-called garden web worm, which was treated in 
the report of the Entomologist in the Annual Report of the U. S. Department of 
Agriculture for 188.5 on pages 265-270. The moth is somewhat darker in general 
effect; the cater})illar is also darker, and the preponderance in the longitudinal 
markings shows a decided difference from the normal form of the ordinary gaiden 
web worm. It also difters in the apparent absence of the spinning habit in the im- 
mature larviE. 

It is one of the insects whieli, dnriug my early visits to Kansas, and particnlarly 
in 1873, was not uncommonly fonud on Amaranius blilum, and was reared to the 
imago I'mm larva- u|)on tliis plant. 



INDEX. 



A. 

Analytical data at the Schuyler Station 57, 59 

from the various States, comparison 28 

methods 39, 54 

Arkansas, analyses of beets from 8 

remarks on beets from 29 

B. 

Beet-mothers, selection 35, 43, 44 

setting out 46 

sugar contents 45, 46 

Beets, cost of production 67 

cultural season 48 

preservation 65 

variability of water contents 58 

varieties grown at the Schuyler Station 3S, 49 

yield per acre 55. 60 

Beet seed, amount re<iuired per acre 37 

distribution 7 

effects of temperature on germination 49 

experiments in production 35 

source of, used in experiments 7 

vitality 49 

yield per aero 37, 47 

Beet-6ugar factories in California 29 

Nebiaska 31 

Utah 33 

C. 

California, analyses of beets from 8 

beet-sugar factories in 29 

remarks on beets from 29 

Cold storage of beets, experiments , 65 

Colorado, analyses of beets fr(nn 8 

remarks on beets from 30 

Cost of beet seed for one acre 37 

Cost of production of sugar beets 67 

Culture of beets, exjjeriments at the Schuyler Station 37 

D. 

Desprez beets, analytical data 59 

yield of sugar i)er acre 41,60 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebeiier beets, analytical data 59 

yield of sugar i)er acre 41, 60 

71 



72 INDEX. 

E. 

Page. 

Edson, C. B., analytical work 54 

Entomologist, report on the siigar-bcet web worm 68 

G. 

Germination of beet seed, effects of temperature 49 

H. 

Howard, L. O., communication from 52 

I. 

Idaho, analyses of beets from 11 

remarks on beets from 30 

Illinois, analyses of beets from 12 

remarks on beets from 30 

Indiana, analyses of beets from 12 

remarks on beets from 30 

Insect visitation 51 

Iowa, analyses of beel s from 13 

remarks on beets from 31 

J. 

Juice, relative riclmess of different portions 56 

K. 

Kansas, analyses of beets from 14 

remarks on beets from 31 

Kentucky, analyses of beets from 15 

remarks on beets from 31 

Kleiuwanzlebener Elite beets, analytical data .59 

yield of sugar per acre 41. 60 

L. 

Lemaire beets, analytical data 59 

yield of sugar per acre 41, 60 

Letter of transmittal 5 

Loss of sugar i u beets, cause 61 

in cold storage 65 

silo 46 

on exposure to heat ami liglit 41, 62 

weight of beets during transit through the mails 64 

in silo 44 

M. 

Maxwell, Walter, report 43 

Meteorological conditions at the Scliuyler Statiou 53, 54 

Michigan, an.alyses of beets from 15 

remarks on beets from 31 

Minnesota, analyses of beets from 16 

remarks f>n beers from 31 

Missouri, analyses of beets from 17 

remarks on beets from 31 

Montana, analyses of beets frcmi 18 

remarks oti beets from 31 



INDEX. 73 

N. 

Page 

Nebraska, analyses of beets from 18 

beet-sngar factories iu 31 

remarks on beets from 31 

Nevada, analyses of beets from 19 

remarks on beets from 32 

New Mexico, analyses of beets from 19 

remarks on beets from 32 

New York, analyses of beets from 20 

remarks on beets from 32 

North Carolina, analyses of beets irom 20 

remarks on beets from 32 

North Dakota, analyses of beets from 20 

remarks on beets from 32 

Number of plants per acre, importance of 61 

O. 

Ohio, analyses of beets from 21 

remarks on beets from 32 

Oregon, analyses of beets from 22 

remarks on beets i'voui 33 

Original Kleinwauzlebeuer beets, analytical ilata 60 

yield of sugar per acre 41, 60 

P. 

Pennsylvania, analyses of beets from 23 

remarks on beets from 33 

Preservation of beets by cold storage 65 

S. 

Schuyler Experiment Station, analytical data obtained at o9 

results, comparison with .similar data irom 

Chapelle, France 60 

work done at 34 

Silos, construction '. 43 

Soil, preparation for reception of beet seed 48 

South Dakota, analyses of beets from 23 

remarks on beets from 33. 

Sugar-beet web worm, ravages 51-53 

report of Entomologist 68 

Sugar, production per acre 40 60 

Summary of work at the Schuyler Station 42 68 

T. 

Taproot, results of inj ury 5O 

Tennessee, analyses of l)eets from 25 

remarks on beets from 33 

Thinn ing out of beets •. 50 

Trescott, T. C, analytical work 35 54 

U. 

Utah, beet-sugar factory in ^ 33 



74 INDEX. 

V. 

Page. 

Vilmorin'8 improved beets, analytical data 57 

yield of sugar per acre 40, 60 

Virginia, analyses of beets from 25 

remarks on beets from 35 

Vitality of beet seed 49 

W. 

Washington, analyses of beets from 25 

remarks on beets from 33 

Web worm of the sugar beet, ravages 51-53 

report of Entomologist 68 

West Virginia, analyses of beets from • 26 

remarks on beets from 33 

Wisconsin, analyses of beets from 26 

remarks on beets from 33 

Wyoming, analyses of beets from 27 

remarks on beets from 33 

Y. 

Yield of beets per acre at Schuyler 55, 60 

sugar per acre at Schuyler 40, 60 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
divisio:n^ of chemistry 

BULLETIN No. 39 

EXPERIMENTS 

WITH 

SUGAR BEETS 

IN 

18 9 3 

BY 

HARVEY W. ^VILEY 

Chemint of the U. S. Dipartment of Af/riciiUure and Director of the Department Sugar 

Ex})erimeut Stations at ScJinyler, Nebraska; Rnnnymede (Nareoonisee P. O.), 

Florida, and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas 

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 

DR. WALTER MAXWELL 

Assistant in Charge of the Schuyler Station 



PUBLISHED Br AUTUOIIITV OF XaE SECRETARY OP AGRICULTURE 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1894 



BULLETINS OF THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY, 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



No. 1, An Tnreatigation of the Composition of American Wlieat and Corn. Edited by Clifford 
Richardson. 1883. Pp.69. (Out of print.) 

No. 2. Diffusion: Its Application to Sugar Cane, and Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1883. 
iSdited by H. W. Wiley. 1884. Pp.36. (Out of print.) 

No. 3. The Northern Sugar Industry : A record of its progress during the season of 1883. Edited 
by H. W. Wiley. 1884. Pp.120. (Out of print.) 

No. 4. An Investigation of the Compo.sition of American Wheat and Corn. (Second report.) Edited 
by Clifford Richardson. 1884. Pp.98. (Out of print.) 

No. 5. The Sugar Industry of the United States. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1885. Pp. 224. (Out of 
print.) 

No. 6. Experiments with Diffusion and Carbonatation at Ottawa, Kans. Campaign of 1885. Edited 
by H. W. Wiley. 1885. Pp. 20. (Out of print.) 

No. T. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Association of Official 
Agricultural Chemists, September 1 and 2, 1885.) Edited by Charles W. Dabuey. 1885. Pp. 49. (Out 
of print.) 

No. 8. Methods and Machinery for the Application of Diffusion to the Extraction of Sugar from 
Sugar Cane and Sorghum, and for the use of Lime and Carbonic and Sulphurous Acids in Purifying 
the Diffu.sion Juices. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1886. Pp.85. (Out of print.) 

No. 9. Third Report on the Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of American Cereals, 
Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Rye. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1886. Pp. 82. (Out of print.) 
■ No. 10. Principles and Methods of Soil Analysis. Edited by Edgar Kichards. 1886. Pp.66. (Out 
of print.) 

No. 11. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., 
Season of 1885-'86. (Second report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1886. Pp.26. (Out of print.) 
No. 12. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers. (Proceedings of the Third Annual Con- 
vention of the Association of Official Agricultm-al Chemists, August 26 and 27, 1886, Edited by 
Clifford Richardson. 1886. Pp.59. (Out of print.) 
No. 13. Food Adulterants. 
Part First. Dairy Products. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp. 132. 
Part Second. Spices and Condiments. Edited by Clifford Bichard.son. 1887. Pp.130. (Out of 

print.) 
Part Third. Fermented Alchoholic Beverages — Malt Liquors, Wine, and Cider. Edited by 0. A. 

Crampton. 1887. Pp.140. (Out of print.) 
Part Fourth. Lard and Lard Adulterations. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1889. Pp. 154. 
Part Fifth. Baking Powders. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp. 63. 
Part Sixth. Sugar, Molasses and Sirup.'Confections, Honoy, and Beeswax. Edited by H. W. 

Wiley. 1892. Pp. 255. 
Part Seventh. Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa Preparations. Editedby Guilford L. Spencer. 1892. Pp.155. 
Part Eighth. Canned Vegetables. Edited by K.P. McElroy. 1893. Pp.165. 
Part Ninth. Bread, Flour, and Meal. (In preparation.) 
No. 14. Record of Experiments at Fort Scott, Kans., in the Manufacture of Sugar from Sorghum 
and Sugar Canes in 1886. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1887. Pp. 64. 

No. 15. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar at Magnolia Station, Lawrence, La., 
Season of 1886-'87. (Third report.) Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1887. Pp. 35. 

No. 16. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Feeding Stuffs, andDairy Products. Adopted 
at the Fourth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, August 16, 17, 
and 18, 1887. Edited by Clifford Richardson. 1887. Pp. 80. (Out of print.) 

No. 17. Record of Experiments Conducted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture 
of Sugar from Sorghum and Sugar Canes at Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N. J., and Lawrence, La., 
1887-'88. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1888. Pp. 118. 

No. 18. Sugar-producing Plants: Reeoi'd of Analy.ses made by Autliority of the Commissioner of 
Agi-iculture under direction of the Chemist, 1887-'88 (Sorghum— Fort Scott, Kans., Rio Grande, N.tT. ; 
Sugar Cane — Lawrence, La.)_, together with astudy of the data collected on Sorghum and Sugar Cane. 
Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1888. Pp. 132. 

No. 19. Methods of Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers, Cattle Foods, Dairy Products, Sugar, and 
Fermented Liquors. (Adopted at the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agri- 
cultural Chemists, held at the LI. S. Dejiartment of Agriculture, August 9 and 10, 1888.) Edited by 
CUfford Richardson. 1888. Pp.96. (Out of print.) 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

h 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY 
BULLETIN No. 39 



EXPERIMENTS 



WITH 



SUGAR BEETS 

IN 

18 9 3 

HARVEY W. \VILEY 

ChemiH of the U. S. Department of Agricidiure and Director of the Department Sugar 

Experiment Stations at Schiii/Ier, Nebraska; Bannymede (Narcoossee P. 0.), 

Florida, and Sterling and Medicine Lodge, Kansas 



WITH THE COLLABORATION OF 

DR. WALTER MAXWELL 
Assistant in Charge of the Schuyler Station 



PUBLISHED BS" AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1894 



e^ 



a^\ 



k3 









r 



"\:> 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



J TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, Jamiary 13, 1894, 
Sir: I transmit herewitli, for your inspection and approval, the manu- 
script of Bulletin 39 of the Division of Chemistry. This bulletin con- 
tains the results of the miscellaneous experiments in the culture of sugar 
beets in various parts of the United States, and of the experiments h. 
the same line of work conducted by the Department at Schuyler, Nebr., 
during the season of 1893. 
Eespectfully, 

H. W. Wiley, 
Chief of the Division of Chemistry and Director 

of the Experiment Station at Schuyler 
Hon. J. Sterling Morton, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 



COJ^ TENTS. 



PAGE. 

Work of tlie year , 7 

Sugar-beet seed distributed 7 

Sugar-beet analyses at World's Fair 8 

ITusatisfactorj^ results of experiments 8 

Results of analyses of beets received 9 

Alabama 10 

Colorado 10 

Idaho 10 

Indiana 10 

Iowa 10 

Kansas 10 

Louisiana 10 

Michigan 10 

Minnesota 12 

Montana 12 

Nebraska 14 

North Carolina 14 

North Dakota : 14 

Pennsylvania 14 

Virginia 14 

Washington 14 

Wyoming 20 

A limited distribution of high-grade seeds 22 

Relation of irrigation to sugar-beet culture 22 

Experiments at Grand Junction, Colo 22 

Meteorological statistics 23 

Analyses of beets grown on different soils 24 

Need of experiments in irrigated regions , 25 

Beet-sugar statistics 25 

Exjerimeuts at Schuyler, Nebr 26 

The selection of " mother beets " 26 

Siloing sugar beets — results 27 

Arrangement of the silo 27 

Increased weight of beets 27 

Analyses for determining sugar content 28 

The production of seed 29 

Yield and quality of seed 30 

Cost of producing beet seed 30 

Experiments in beet culture 30 

Analytical data 32 

The growth of beets at different altitudes 34 

Unfavorable climatic conditions of Nebraska 35 

Special experiments in sugar elaboration 35 

5 



Experiments at Schuyler, Nebr. — Continued. page. 

General considerations 36 

Report of assistant in charge 37 

Method of storing beets 38 

Effect of storage on weight of beets 38 

Chemical analyses 39 

Eifect of storage on sugar content 39 

Planting mother beets 40 

Yield of seed — value 40 

Cultural season of the beet crop 41 

Damage by dust storms 42 

Native and imported plants compared 42 

Influence of climatic conditions 43 

Analytical work of the season 43 

Beet production on the bottom lands 48 

Comparative productions of home-grown and imported beet seed 49 

Special experiments 51 

Conclusions 56 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1893. 



WORK OF THE YEAR. 

In harmony with tlie provisions of the act of Congress for experi- 
ments in the improvement of sngar-produciug plants and the manu- 
facture of sugar therefrom, and by direction of the Secretary of Agri- 
culture, the work of the Department in this direction was continued in 
two distinct lines. 

The first of these consisted in the distribution of beet seed to those 
interested in the culture of the beet, as indicated in the report of last 
year. The Department having made no purchase of beet seed for dis- 
tribution, Mr. H. T. Oxnard kindly donated for its use a sufQcient 
amount of the best imported seed. 



SUGAR-BEET SEED DISTRIBUTED. 

The number of packages of seed sent out was 2,428, and the number 
of persons to whom sent, 348. The number of packages sent to each 
of the different States and Territories receiving seed was as follows : 



Packa^^es. 

Alabama 12 

Arizona 1 

Arkansas 32 

California 347 

Colorado 202 

Connecticut 1 

Delaware 10 

Florida 3 

Georgia 200 

Idaho 4 

Illinois 17 

Indiana 83 

Iowa 62 

Kansas 12 

KeutiTcky 3 

Louisianu Ill 

Maine 1 

Maryland 13 

Michigan 43 

Minnesota 69 

Mississippi 14 

Missouri 27 

Montana 2 



Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina. 
North Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania .. 
Rhode Island . . . 
South Dakota . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia.. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Pack 



ages. 
120 
50 
10 
52 
90 
5 
34 



6 

3 

3 

176 

15 

4 

33 

250 

1 

219 

12 



Total 2.428 



8 

Tlie number of packages of seed distributed was far lebs than in pre- 
vious years, and the number of samples received for analysis was 
correspondingly diminished. The total number of samples received at 
the Chicago laboratory was 199, and the total number of samples 
received at the Washington laboratory was 84. 

Accompanying each package of seed there was sent a copy of Farm- 
ers' Bulletin No. 3, which contains detailed instructions for preparing 
the land, planting the seed, and cultivating the beet. 

SUGAK-BEET ANALYSES AT WORLD'S FAIR. 

Arrangements were also made for taking samples for analysis, and 
these samples were sent chiefly to the chemical laboratory of the 
Department at the World's Columbian Exposition. As has already 
been indicated, one of the chief features of the chemical laboratory at 
the Exposition was the arrangement for the analysis of beets. In 
addition to this the Chicago laboratory was nearer to the localities in 
which the beets were chiefly grown, so that they could be sent for 
analysis in a shorter time than if forwarded to Washington. It was 
thought, also, that it would be an excellent illustration of the practical 
work of the laboratory to have the analyses made where they could be 
viewed by those interested. The wisdom of this course was apparent 
from the fact that at all times when analyses of beets were in progress 
large numbers of intelligent observers were watching the work. The 
questions which they asked showed that they were interested in the 
process and were receiving valuable instruction from observing it. 
Some of the samples of beets, however, were sent to the laboratory at 
Washington for examination. 

UNSATISFACTORY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS. 

The general results of the work this year were somewhat discourag- 
ing as compared with previous years. Throughout a great part of the 
beet-growing region the summer was excessively dry, and large num- 
bers of total failures were reported. 

In former reports attention has been called to the fact that the 
present method of experiment is unsatisfactory, and the reasons there- 
for have been fully set forth. The farmers are so busy with other work 
that, as a rule, they are not able to give the proper attention to the 
exiierimental details. They do not have the time to properly prepare 
the soil for beet culture nor do they give the growing beet proper atten- 
tion. When the time for harvesting comes they are usually engaged 
in other farm work, so that the beets are not harvested at the proper 
time nor are proper data obtained by means of which any accurate esti- 
mate of the yield per acre can be determined. The analytical data, 
therefore, of such work are usually fragmentary and far from teaching 
any valuable lesson in regard to the industry itself. In general, how- 



ever, tlie data bear out those of previous years in showing the areas in 
this country where the best beets can be grown. It is in these regions 
that the develoi)nient of the industry must be expected. 

There is probably not a State or Territory in the Union which is not 
capable of growing a fair article of sugar beets. Even in the far south 
beets of fair sugar content have been produced and with good tonnage ; 
but when the competition of the world is to be met, with the price of 
sugar as low as it is now, only those i)arts of the country where the soil 
and climate are especially favorable can be expected to compete suc- 
cessfully with the beet-sugar industry already firmly established in 
older countries. The sole valuable lesson, therefore, of the promiscu- 
ous distribution of beet seed is in the fact that as a rule those regions 
best suited to the growth of the sugar beet will gradually be outlined, 
and intending investors led to the proper localities for the establish- 
ment of factories. 

The great success of the beet-sugar industry on the Pacific coast leads 
to the conclusion that if the northern part of the eastern and central 
portions of our country is to become the seat of a great sugar industry, 
every possible advantage must be taken of soil and location in order to 
compete successfully with the beet fields of California, Washington, 
and Oregon. 

RESULTS OF ANALYSES OE BEETS RECEIVED. 

In the following table are given (by counties and States) the results 
of the analyses of the samples received from each State: 



10 

Table of analyses of- heets grown in different parts of the 
ALABAMA. 



Serial 
No. 


Name of grower. 


Post-office. 


County. 


Variety. 


Time of 
planting. 


1 


H. L. Oliver 




Shelby 



















COLORADO. 



17252 


F. W. Ki-iieger 


Cortez 

Montrose 

Eocky Ford 


Montezuma 

Montrose 

Otero 




May • 5 
Apr. 25 
May 16 
May 17 

...do 


22 


Kleinwanzlebcner 

Vilmorin's Improved. 
Dippe's Klein wanz- 
lebeuer. 


87 


J)\ A. Huntley 

do 


88 


do 


89 


do 


....do 


....do 


90 


do 


....do 


do 


Vilmorin's Improved. 
Knauers Imperial 


May 16 
May 17 
..do 


91 


do 


....do 


do 


92 


do 


do 


do 


93 


do 


do 


....do 


do 


June 7 
June 5 


94 


do 


do 


....do 


Vilmorin's Improved. 


17323 




do 


do 


17324 


do 


do 


do 



















IDAHO. 



161 
162 



J oseph L. Hagemann 
Edward Kempf 



Genesee , 
...do .... 



Latab. 
...do . 



May 15 
May 9 



INDIANA. 



172-50 

99 

17328 



Snead Thomas 
John Haiiis.. . 
Cbas. F. Muth 



Marion 

Pendleton . 
Morristown 



Grant... 
TSIadisou 
Shelby... 



Kleinwanzlcbener 

Knauer's Imperial 



Mar 10 
May 20 



IOWA. 



17257 
17258 
17262 
17313 
61 
17314 



"W. J. Grunewald 

do 

do 

Henry Bash 

G. A. Ivins 

A. A. Berry 



Blairstown . . . 

....do 

...do 

Conrad Grove 

Iowa Falls 

Clarinda 



Benton . 
...do ... 
...do ... 
Grundy. 
Hardin . 
Page 



Vibnorin's Richest. . . 
Kleinwanzlebener . .. 
Knauer's Imperial. . . 



May 20 
...do.... 
...do.... 



May 1 
May 30 



KANSAS. 



69 H. G. Lamson. 



Girard Crawford 



Knauer Apr. 15 



LOUISIANA. 



46 


John J. Bailey 

do 


Shreveport 

....do 


Caddo 




May 17 
...do.... 


175 


....do 


Vilmorin's Richest . . . 











MICHIGAN. 



17253 
17254 



Sanford Rogers. . 

Christian Voss . . . 
William Renther 



Hastings 



Frankenlust.. 
Salzburg 



Barry . 



Bay.. 
. . . .do 



Kleinwan zlebener 
EUte No. 1. 



May 2 



11 

United States from need distributed lyij the Department. 

ALABAMA. 



Time of 
harvest- 
ing. 


Character of soil. 


Remarks by growers. 


m 

6 


Average 
■weight. 


Total 
solids. 


Sucrose in — 


Pu- 
rity. 


Juice. 


Beets. 










Grams. Oz. 


9-31 


Per ct. 
6-2 


Per ct. 
5-9 


66-7 















COLORADO. 



Oct. 

Sept. 
Oct. 
...do, 

...do 
...do 
...do. 
...do. 
Oct. 
...do. 



25 



535 



Reddish coarse sand 

Sandy clay loam 

— do 



...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 



Irrigated land 

Hail' destroyed tops 

July 8. 
do 



.do 

-do 

.do, 

.do 

.do. 



.360 
825 

467 
226 
354 
339 
474 
1,160 
395 
262 



12-5 
11-5 

16-5 
8 

12-5 
12 
17 
41 



18-7 
17 

14-9 
17-4 

15-9 
14-6 
16-8 
11-4 

8-7 
7-5 



17-8 
16-2 
14-2 
16-5 

15-1 

13-9 

16 

10-8 
8 '3 
7-1 



'Samples too small for analysis. 



IDAHO. 



Oct. 10 
Oct. 6 



Black loam . 
. . . do 



Beets frozen once. 



1 
1 


1, 797 
2, 589 • 


63-5 
91-5 


.14-70 
13-50 


11-4 
10-1 


10-8 
9-6 



77-5 
74-8 



INDIANA. 



Oct. 19 
Oct. 8 



Gravelly clay. 



242 8-5 
283 10 
293 10-5 



'ic'eo' 


33 1 
12 
8 1 


12-4 
11-4 

7-7 



81-5 
71-9 
67-1 



IOWA. 



Oct. 30 
...do .... 
...do.... 



Oct. 24 
JSov. 6 



Sandy loam . 

...do 

...do 



Sandy 

Black prairie loam.. 



Used for truckfarm'g 



l^sed for truck I'arm'g 
Season dry 



Season dry 



165 
220 
285 
535 
587 
915 



5-5 
7-5 

10 

18-9 

21 

32-3 



14-8 
14-4 
12-6 
14-1 
11-5 
10-5 



72-9 

81-3 

74 

81-3 

75-1 

71 



KANSAS. 



Sept. 20 Black limestone 



20 -56 15 



14 -3 72 -8 



LOUISIANA. 



Oct. 2 
Oct. 18 



Red sandy loam 

...do 



Fertilized withstablc 

manure. 
...do 



333 11-5 



11-57 

14-68 



7-8 
10-2 



7-4 
9-7 



67-2 
69-4 



MICHIGAN. 



Sept. 22 



Black swamp muck. 



Tile drainage; no 
fertilizer. 



83") 29 
1,565 55 



15-36 



16-1 
7-8 



15-2 
7-4 



64-3 



82-2 
61-9 



12 

Tahle of analyses of beets grown in different parts of the United 
M rCHlG AN— Contin ued . 



Serial 
No. 



Name of grower. 



Post-office. 



County. 



Variety. 



Time of 
planting. 



17263 

17264 
17265 
17266 
17267 
17268 
17269 
17270 
17271 
17272 
17273 
17274 
17275 
17276 
17277 
17278 
17279 
17280 
17281 
17282 
17283 
17284 
17285 
17286 
17287 
17288 
17289 
17290 
17291 
17292 
17293 
17294 
17295 
17296 
17297 
17298 
17299 
17300 

17301 
17302 
17303 
17304 

17305 
17306 
17307 
17308 
17309 
17310 
17311 



J. H. Coon, care of 

McGraw & Co. 
do 



do 

do 

do 

do 

Owen Hawkins - 

do 

do 

do 

G. W. G reen 

do 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Berth Bros 

Robert Ni vens 

Lobdeu 

Jolin H.Potter 

Hopkins &, Bartlett. .. 

H. Lanibrecht 

John Currion 

C. B. Chatterfleld farm 

Jolin Lnnden 

H.P.Miitts 

F. Fisclior 

Joseph H. Potter 

William Merritt 

J. Currion 

J. Luiiden 

A. B.Henrv 

Wm. Merritt 

H. Lanibrecht 

H.P.Matts 

Ed. Lanibrecht 

Bird Shuler 



C. B. Chatterfleld farm 
Hopkins & Bartlett. . . 

Berth Bros 

J. Currion 



McGraw's farm 

H.P.Matts 

Bird Shiiler 

Kobert Nivens 

C. B. Chatterfleld farm 

J . Currion 

Lewis Knight 



Portsmouth. 



.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do , 

.do 

.do 

.do , 

.do , 

.do . 

.do , 

.do , 

.do . 

.do. 

.do , 

.do. 

.do . 

.do . 

-do . 

-do . 



.do 
.do 
.do 
-do , 

.do , 
.do . 
.do. 
-do , 
.do . 
-do . 
.do . 



Bay. 



.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do , 
.do, 
.do , 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
-do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
-do . 
.do . 
.do. 

.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 

.do. 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 



Vilmorin's Imperial . 



Kleinwanzlebener 

French sugar red top. 

Florimond Desprez... 

Knauer's Imperial 

do 

Frencli sugar red top 

Florimond Desprez.., 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin's Imperial .. 

Fri-nch sugar red top . 

Knauer's imperial 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Florimond Desprez . . . 

Vilmorin's Imperial .. 

Vilmorin's Richest . . . 

Dippe's Ircperial 

Kleinwanzlebener 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Vilmorin's Richest ... 

Kleinwanzlebener 

do 

Vilmorin's Imperial .. 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin's Imperial ,. 

do 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin's Imperial .. 

Kleinwanzlebener 

do 

Vilmorin's Imperial.. 

Florimond Desprez . .. 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Dippe's Kleinwanzleb- 
ener. 

Florimond Desprez . . . 

French sugar red top. 

Vilmorin's Imperial .. 

Dippe's Kleinwanzleb- 
ener. 

Kleinwanzlebener 

do 

do 

Florimond Desinez . . . 

Vilmorin's Imperial .. 

do 

Kleinwanzlebener 



May 20 

...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
May .25 
...do... 
...do... 
...do.. 
June 4 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
May 29 
Juno 
May 26 
May 29 
May 21 
June 3 
May 10 
May 21 
May 20 
May 19 
May 18 
May 29 
June 2 
May 18 
May 20 
June 3 
June 2 
June 3 
May 19 
May 26 
June 18 

May 21 
.-do ..., 
May 29 
May 10 

June 10 
May 19 
Julie 18 
June 6 
..do.... 
May 10 
May 29 



MINNESOTA. 



8 


Perry E. Reynolds 


West Concord . . 

Mantorville 

....do 




Knauer No. 1 May 27 

LemaireNo. 2 May 16 


128 




171 


:do 


....do 


74 


John Buckley 


Minneota 


Iiyon 


Knauer May 17 



MONTANA. 



185 .Julius C. Martin 



Evans Cascade 



Lemaire May 12 



i 



13 

States from seed distributed by the Department — Continued. 

MICHIGAiT— Continued. 



Time of 
harvest- 



Cliaracter of soil. 



Remarks by growers. 



Average 
weight. 



Total 
solids. 



Sucrose in — 



Juice. Beets, 



Pu. 

rity. 



Nov. 2 



...do 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

. . .do . 

Nov. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

...do. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov. 



Nov. 1 
...do.... 
...do..., 
Nov. 4 



..do.... 
...do .... 
Nov. 8 
Oct. 25 
...do.... 
Nov. 7 
Oct. 29 



Sandy loam . 



.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Clay loam . . 

Sandy loam . 
....do" 

Clay loam... 

....do 

....do 

Sandy loam. 
do 

Loamy clay. 

Sandy loam. 
....do 

Loamy clay. 

Sandy loam. 

....do 

....do 

Loamy clay. 

Sandv loam. 

....do 

....do 



Loamy clay. 
Sandy loam 

,...do 

Loamy clay. 



...do 

Sandy loam. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

..:do 

...do 



At Collins' farm. 



Oxnard's seed 



Grains. 
475 

490 
345 
450 
400 
405 
450 
480 
520 
435 
400 
355 
510 
515 
435 
425 
410 
464 
374 
425 
485 
420 
430 
310 
403 
416 
406 
404 
442 
444 
429 
367 
408 
529 
394 
428 
356 
449 

449 
358 
330 
313 

375 
370 
360 
283 
460 
455 
431 



Oz. 
16-5 

17-3 

10-5 

10 

14 

14-5 

16 

16-9 

18-5 

15-2 

14 

12-5 

18 

17-8 

15 

15 

14 



15-8 
12-6 
11-6 
11 

13-2 

13 

12-7 

10 

16-2 

16-1 

15-2 



Per ct. 
13-1 

10 

13-8 
16 
15 

14 
13 
13 
15 
14 
14 
17 
14 
16 
16 
17 
14 
15 
14 
13 
14 
13 
13 
17 
16 
13 
15 
15 
13 
15 
12 
13 
11 
12 



14-2 

16 

15-8 



15-4 



Per ct. 
12-4 

9- 
13- 
15- 
15 
14- 
12- 
12- 
14- 
14- 
13- 
16- 
13- 
15- 
15- 
16- 
14- 
14- 
13- 
13 
14- 
12- 
12- 
16- 
15- 
12- 
14- 
IS- 
IS 
14- 
12- 
12- 
11- 
12- 
Los 
13- 
15- 
15 



Lost. 

14-6 

Lost. 

Lost. 



•5 


69 


-1 


79- 


•2 


83- 




85- 


-1 


80 


-8 


82- 


-8 


84- 


-3 


86- 


-2 


89- 


-9 


85- 


-4 


87-' 


-7 


84- 


•2 


81- 


-5 


85- 


•3 


86- 


-2 


83' 


-3 


83- 


•9 


81- 




88- 


-1 


91-^ 


-3 


79-. 


■8 


82- 


-3 


88- 


■2 


87 


■8 


83- 


■8 


84- 


-8 


85- 




83- 


-3 


83- 


•1 


85- 


-3 


86- 


-1 


80- 


•1 


81-! 


-5 


87. 


•2 


86-' 

8fi-S 



12 -9 I 
12-9 I 



Lo.'it. 

12-3 
Lost. 

12-3 



85-1 



16-2 


15-4 


15-3 


14-5 


15-7 


14-9 



87-6 

85 

85-8 

I 79-7 



MLNNESOTA. 



Sept. 12 
Oct. 9 
...do.... 


Black yellow subsoil 
Black prairie loam . . 
do 










16-93 1 13-2 ' 12-5 
10-86 ! 6-8 6-5 
14-28 n-3 i 8-8 
21-30 17-3 : 16-4 


78 


....do 

do 


2 
2 
2 


2,702 

2,045 

375 


95-5 
70-5 
13 


62-6 
65 


Sept. 25 




do 


81-1 









MONTANA. 



Oct. 



Black loam 2 



20-04 



14 

Table of analyses of heeis grown in different parts of the United 
NEBRASKA. 



Serial 
No. 



Name of growor. 



Post-office. 



County. 



Variety. 



Time of 
planting. 



10* 

105 
106 
163 



17329 
17330 
17331 
17332 
17333 
17334 
17335 



TJ. S. Experiment Sta- 
tion. 

do 

do 

Fred Maseberg 



Schuyler. 



Colfax . 



Desprez No. 2 



....do 

....do .... 
T bed ford 



. . do . . . 
...do ... 
Thomas. 



-do 
-do 



Vilmorin's Improved 
Imperial. 



May 5 



NORTH CAROr,INA. 


3 


E S Shiver . . 


Rocky Point 


















NORTH DAKOTA. 


167 










May 19 












PENNSYLVANIA. 


45 


J. A. McGranahan 


Kennard 




Kleinwanzlebener 


May 30 






VIRGINIA. 



O. K. Lapham & Co. 
, do 



.do 
-do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



Staunton 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do.... 
, . . .do . . . . 
...do .... 
...do .... 



Aucusta. 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 



WASHINGTON. 



31 

32 

156 

157 
129 
165 

166 

17318 

17319 

34 

36 

37 

38 

164 

41 

42 

43 

44 

183 

.184 

190 

191 



J. O'Keefe . 
do.... 



Asotin . 
....do.. 



..do 



.do. 



do 

M. Pictoziclvi . 
n. T. Hudson- 



.do 



Geo. W.Elliott.... 

Harrv Waldon 

David T. Hain 

B. P. Copier 

Roncisco J. Davis. 
Geo. W. Copelan... 

Che.st. Gittord 

E. H. Morrison 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do.. 



...do 

Dayton 

AVaterville 



.do. 



Ellensburg . 

...do 

Latah 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Fairfield... 
...do 



.(10 

.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



Asotin. 
...do.. 



.do 



...do 

Columbia . 
Douglas . . 



-do 



Kittitas . 
....do.... 

Spokane . 

do 

....do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 

...do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 

...do-... 
....do.... 



Kleinwanzlebener 



.do 



Kleinwanzlebener 

Dii)pc"s Kleinwanzleb- 
ener. 



Vilmorin's Richest . 
Florimond Desprez. 
Knauer's Imperial. . 
Kleinwanzlebener . . 



Knauer's Imperial.. 
Vilmorin's Richest . 
Florimond Desprez . 



May 10 
May 15 

May 12 



...do.... 
May 11 
Apr. 4 

Apr. 16 

June b 
May 26 
May 25 
May 18 
June 1 
May 20 
...do.... 
June 4 
...do.... 
June 3 
June 4 



15 

Slates from seed distributed by the Bepartment — Coutinuecl. 

NEBRASKA. 



Time of 
harvest- 
ing. 


Character of soil. 


Remarks by growers. 


o 
6 
'A 


Average 
weight. 


Total 
solids. 


Sucrose in— 


Pu- 

rity. 


Juice. 


Beets. 








2 

2 
2 
2 


Qrams. 
552 

312 
418 
665 


Oz. 

19 -5 

11 

15 
23-5 


14-09 

13-69 
15-19 
17-40 


Perct. 
9-3 

8-5 
10-7 
14 


Per ct. 
8-8 

8-1 
10-2 
13-3 


65-9 








62-1 








70-4 


Oct. 6 






80-5 









NORTH CAROLINA. 













8-35 


4-4 


4-1 


5^-1 















NORTH DAKOTA. 



Oct. 19 



Black sandy loam 



Last crop Mangel- 
wurzel. 



615 



27 



18 19 



14-7 



80-7 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



Oct. 



Black, sandy 



rroviou.sly used bone 
fertilizer. 



14-67 



11 -6 11 78 -9 



VIRGINIA. 



Smart's field 

Folly mills 

Lagrange farm 

Folly mills 

O. K. Lapliam farm 

Smart farm 

Harrison farm 



480 
470 
286 



17 

17-3 

14-4 



13-8 
15-2 
11-9 
14-5 
15-5 
15-2 
17-1 



13] 


80- 


14-4 


87- 


11-3 


82- 


13-7 


82- 


14-7 


81- 


14-3 


HI- 


16-3 


SS 



WASHINGTON. 



Sept. 15 
Sept 5 

Oct. 6 



...do..., 
Oct. 2 
Oct. 10 



...do. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Sept. 

Sei>t. 

Sept. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Sept. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do. 

Oct. 
...do. 
...do. 
I... do. 



Gray loam .. 
Sandy loam. 



Gray loam, some al- 
kali. 

...do 

Sandy bottom land. 

Decomposed vol- 
canic rock. 

...do 



Irrigated 

Raised on farm of L. 

M. Troyer. 
Irrigated every two 

weeks. 

....do , 

Cultivated twice 



Black sandy loam . 

Black loam 

do 

do 

Loam 

Prairie loam 

Black prairie loam . 

do 

....do 

....do 



No cultivation . 



Natural drainage . 

do 

...do 



1, 274 
906 
396 



613 
345 



1.967 



1,076 
942 
573 
672 



21-5 
12 



15-46 
19-86 



15-67 
12-46 



16-41 

15.-81 
17-91 
18-11 
16-50 
18-00 
17-11 
19-60 
19-10 
17-05 
17-94 
18-15 
13-96 



11-8 
10-4 



11-2 
8-3 
14-8 

15-7 

17-4 
16-5 
13-6 
12 

14-6 
14-8 
11-8 
15 
12-4 
15-3 
14-9 
11-9 
13-7 
14 
9-6 



14-9 

16-5 

15-7 

12-9 

11-4 

13-8 

13-9 

11-2 

14-3 

11-8 

14-5 

14-2 

11-3 

13 

13-3 



78-1 
82-4 



74-8 



71-3 
66-4 



86-6 

75-8 

83 

76 

82-1 

81-7 

71-5 

80-7 

72-5 

78-1 

77-9 

70 

76 

76-9 

68-5 



16 

Tahle of analyses of beets grown in different parts of the United 
WASHINGTON— Continued. 



Serial 
No. 



192 
193 
194 
195 
196 
197 
198 
199 
62 
178 

182 
55 

181 

6 

7 
11 
12 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

23 
24 
25 
26 

27 
28 
29 

30 
51 
52 
53 
54 

65 

66 
67 
68 
69 

70 
71 

72 
73 
75 

76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 



Name of grower. 



E.H.Morrison. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

C. R. Burns.... 
A. Lefevre 



Henry Hashagen . 
D. F. Lucas 



Dr. N. G. Blalock. 



F.A.Craig 

William Button. 
O.N. Sparks .... 

Thomas Hill 

D. C. Sparks 

William Hoar... 

Aiden Page 

D.A.Hoffmann. 

C. R. Sparks 

Henry Mustoe.. 
B.E. Wilson.... 



J. A. Sanders... 
K.T. Sparks.... 
George Erwin . . 

J. Spjirks 

John Erwin, sr. 
William Erwin. 
John Erwin 



John McDonald 

J.Ritzloff 

A. B. Luper 

James Lindsay. 
Daniel Johnson 



Henry Westermann . 



G.T.Smith 

Wm.Hart 

S. G. Jamison 

Thomas Warwick . 



Dan Calland , 
E:. Tylor 



William Warwick . 

A. J. Sharrod 

E. J.Moak 



DaA'id Jones 

H. H.Noble 

Joseph Bertholff. . 
Wm.McBride .... 
Giis. AVilloughby . 
Wm. Franklin 



82 John Westermann. 



97 



David Bertholf . . 
William Sennott. 
James Carbery . . 
James Bertholf . . 



Peter Campbell do 



Post-oflBce. 



Fairfield 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Spokane 

Medical Lake. 



...do 

Chewelah . 



Walla Walla. . 



Tekoa 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 



.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do. 

.do. 
.do . 
.do . 
.do , 
.do 

.do 

.do 
.do. 
.do 
.do , 

.do 
.do 

.do 
.do 
.do 

.do 
.do 
.do 
-do 
.do 
.do 

.do 



.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 



County. 



Spokane . 
...do . ... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 



...do... 

Stevens. 



Walla Walla. 



Whitman. 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

--do 

...do 

...do 

...do 



.do . 
.do. 
do- 
.do- 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 

do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do . 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
-do . 
.do. 

.do. 
-do. 

.do. 
.do . 
.do. 

.do. 
.do . 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do 

.do 
.do 
.do 
.do 

.do 



Variety. 



Kleinwanzlebener .. 
Floriraond Desprez . 
Kleinwanzlebener .. 
do 

Vilmoni Amelioree. . 
Kleinwanzlebener . . 
Vilmoni Amelioree 
Floriniond Desprez. , 
Kleinwanzlebener . 
Knauer's Imperial . 



.do. 



Kleinwanzlebener 



.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
-do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



-do. 
.do. 
.do. 

-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
• do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

-do. 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
-do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



-do. 
.do. 

.do- 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do 

.do 
-do 
.do 
-do 

.do 



17 

States from seed distributed iy the Department — Coutiuned. 

WASHINGTON— Coutinued. 



Time of 
harvest- 
ing. 



Oct. 15 
..do.... 
..do.... 

-flO.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 

..do.... 
Oct. 4 
Oct. 16 

Oct. 17 
Sept. 25 

Oct. 14 

Sept. 7 
Sept. 12 
Se].t. 18 
...do.... 
...do.... 
Sept. 21 
...do...- 
,..do.... 
...do .... 
Sept. 22 
Sept. 21 

Sept. 24 
Sept. 23 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 

...do.... 
Oct. 1 
...do.... 
Oct. 2 
Oct. 1 

Oct. 5 

..do... 
..do... 
..do... 
..do... 

.-do... 
.-do... 



.-do... 
..do... 
Oct. 6 

...do..., 
Oct. 5 
Oct. 6 
...do.... 



Oct. 6 

Oct. 5 

Oct. 6 
...do..., 
Oct. 5 
Oct. 6 



Character of soil. 



Blaclf prairie loam . 

Black loam 

...do 

....do 

Black sandy soil. . . 

Black prairie loam. 
Gray loam, clay sub- 
soil. 
Light volcanic 



Volcanic blnck loam 

Black prairie loam.. 

Deep black loam 

Volcanic black loam. 

Deep black loam 

Sandy and dry 

Volcanic black loam. 

Black loose loam 

Volcanic loam 

Black loam 

Black loam, vol- 
canic. 

...do 

Gravelly loam 

Black sandy loam .. 

do 

Deep black clay 

Black sandy loam . . . 

Black loam, vol- 
canic. 

Black volcanic loam . 

....do 

...do 

Deep black loam 

Deep black pine 
land. 

Deep black loam 



Heavy loam 

Deepblack loam 

Black volcanic loam. 
Black loam table- 
land. 

Black clay loam 

Black loam, north 
slope. 

...do 

Volcanic loam 

Black prairie land.. 



Eemarks by growers. 



Not drained ; hill laud 



Yellow subsoil 

No fertilizer in culti- 
vation IC years. 



Irrigated occasio 

ally. 
No rain nor irrigation 
No fertilizer 



Cultivated once. 
No fertilizer 



On north hillside 

No fertilizer 

Bottom land 

...do , 



No fertilizer . 

...do 

Subsoil clay . 
No fertilizer. 

Sandy 

Pine land 

No fertilizer. 



Black volcanic loam. 
...do 

Light pine land 

Black prairie loam . 
Light sandy loam .. 
Sandy loam, pine 

land. 
Black volcanic loam. 



Light sandy soil. . . 
Black prairie land . 

Black loose loam 

Light pine table- 
land. 
Deep black loam . . . 



Oct. 5 Deen black loam No fertiliz/ r nor irri- 
gation. 

X5096— No. 39 2 



No fertilizer. . 

...do 

South hillside 



South hillside,no fer- 
tilizer. 

No fertilizer 

Bottom land 

No fertilizer 



Volcanic formation . 



No fertilizer 

....do 

No fertilizer, vol- 
canic. 

High table-land 

High, dry pine land 

No fertilizer 

Volcanic formation . 



No fertilizer nor irri- 
gation. 



No fertilizer . 
No fertilizer . 



Average 

weight. 



Grams 
1.0.H 
290 
630 
.125 
191 
226 
177 
488 
665 
566 

1,245 



1,860 



1,104 

665 
1,457 
1,373 

976 

1,373 
2,321 

877 

1,358 

863 

368 
382 
730 
523 
1,259 
495 

906 

792 

509 

1,641 

1, 203 

1,019 



Oz. 
37 
10 
22 

9-5 

7 

8 

6 
17 

23-5 
20 

44 



65-5 



47. 

23-5 
51-5 
48-5 
34-5 

48-5 

82 

31 
48 
30-5 

13 

13-5 

26 

18-5 
44-5 
17-5 

32 

28 
18 
58 
42-5 

36 



Total 
solids 



Sucrose in — 



15 16 
19 54 
17-85 
19-54 
21-14 
22 -03 
19 -->4 
17 -45 
17 67 
19-88 

19-24 
16-80 

14-31 

15 17 
14-63 
20-43 
17 -53 
18-13 
18-63 
16-43 
10 -.53 
17-83 
16-63 
16-73 

16-66 
14-36 
14-50 
16-96 
18-16 
17-56 
18-36 

19 06 
17-76 
18-76 
10-10 
19-06 

19-68 

16-58 
18-88 
15 -38 
19-19 

15-28 
13-77 

16-39 
16-59 
17-84 

18-91 
17 -54 
17-74 
17-54 
10-04 
10-47 

14-37 

15-97 
14-53 
14-77 
14 -97 

16-96 



Juice. 



Beets, 



Per ct. 
10 
16 
13 
15 
17 
18 
16 
13 
13 
16 



14-8 
13 



11 

9 
10 

8 

9 
14 
11 
11 
13 
11 
12 

11 

9 

9 
12 
12 
11 
13 

15 
13 
14 
11 
15 

15 

11-5 
13-6 
10-7 
16 

10-6 
8-9 

12 

12-5 

12-3 

13-3 
11-7 
12-3 
13-2 
11-4 
11 

9 

10 
9-1 
9-8 

10 

11-9 



Per ct. 
10-3 
16 
13 
14 
16 
17 
15 
13 
13 
15 



14-7 
12-6 
13-8 
10-9 
14-3 

14-3 

10-9 
12-9 
10-2 
15-2 

10-1 
8-5 

11-4 
11-9 
11-7 

12-6 
11-1 
11-7 
12-5 
10-8 
10-5 

8-6 

9-5 
8-6 
9-3 
9-5 



Pu. 

rity. 



71-1 
86-2 
77-7 
79-5 

85 

84-9 

85 4 

78-8 

77-4 

83-3 

77-1 

77 

76-2 



18 

Table of analyses of heels grown in different parts of the United 
WASHINGTON-Continucd. 



Serial 
No. 



107 

108 
109 
110 
111 
112 

113 
114 
115 
116 
117 

118 
113 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
130 
131 
132 
133 

134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 

154 
155 
13 
168 
169 
170 
172 
173 
174 
176 
177 
179 
103 
95 
96 

i:<8 

173:i2i 
17322. 
17325 
17259 
17260 
17261 
17320 



Name of grower. 



Post-office. 



James Campbell. 
John Scbon 



John Fenn 

Ben Carl 

N. B. Welton 

Joab Robertson . . . 
George Prettimau 



J. Romine 

Grant Palmer 

F.S.Cornell 

D. W. Bridgeman . 
KnuteErieson 



A.B.Walker... 
A. B. "Willard . . . 

R.T. Smiley .... 

J. A. Gunn 

William Breen.. 
W. B. Smith.... 

John Conger 

Jolm England .. 
A. N. Hotlnian . . 
G. R. Winslow.. 
G. T. Huflinan . . 
Cornelius Kole . 
O.R. McDonald. 



William Click 

J. B. Sampler 

John Stevens 

A. Goddard 

A. J. Bancroft 

H.D.Kay 

Austin Footer 

Ed. Trammill 

George Steen 

AlexanderTomblin.sou 

J. S. Young 

Matt Fountain 

J.T. Wbaley 

O.C.Daley 

J ames Storey 

Thos. BalkoV 

J . Bayles 

H. Goddard 

Henry Howard 

Chas. H. Strojie 



C. Strope 

James Tyson 

F. E. Detiringhoff 
do 



Tekoa 
...do . 



-do 
-do 
.do 
-do 
.do 
.do 
.do 
-do 



Sardis I. Brookway . . 

Geo. P. Tolton 

do 

Evan Pfddicord 



F. M. Jeffries . 

do 

do 

C. J. Rumens . 
Geo. Ruedy .. 

do 

do 

J. T. Edge 



.do 
.do 
-do 
.do 
.do 



.do 
.do. 
.do 
.do 

-do 
.do 
-do 
-do 
-do 
-do 
.do 
.do 
-do 
.do 
.do 
-do 
.do 



...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
. . .do 
...do 
...do 



...do : 

....do 

Uniontown 

....do 

....do , 

....do , 

. . . .do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Rosalia 

....do 

..-.do 

Palouse 



...do... 
....do... 
....do... 
....do... 

Col fax . . 

...do... 
...do... 
Palouse. 



County. 



Whitman . 
...do 



.do . 
.do . 
do. 
.do . 
.do. 

.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 

.do . 
.do. 
.do . 
.do. 
.do . 
.do . 
.do. 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do. 

.do . 

.do . 

.do . 

.do . 

.do . 

.do . 

.do 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do . 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do . 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do 

.do . 

.do. 



Variety. 



Kleinwanzlebener . 
do 



-do . 
-do 
-do , 
-do 
.do 

.do. 

.do 

-do 

-do 

.do 

.do , 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do. 

-do , 

.do 

.do , 

.do 

-do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 

-do. 

.do . 

.do . 

-do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 



do 

, do 

Elite No.2 

Desprez 

Elite Xo.2 

Di])pe 

Kuauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez No. 2 

Kleinwanzlebener .. 

Lemaire 

Elite No.2 

Elite 

German sugar beet . 
do 



Kleinwanzlebener . 
Vilmorin's Riclie.st. 
Kuauer's Imperial. 



19 

states from seed distriiiifed hy llic Department — Continued. 

WASHINGTON— Continued. 



Time of 
harvest- 



Oct. 5 
Oct. 9 



Oct. 
Oct. 
,..(lo 
. .do , 
..do 



..do.... 
..do.... 
..do... 
..do ... 
..do... 

..do... 
..do ... 
..do... 
..do ... 
..do... 
..do ... 
..do ... 
..do ... 
...do... 
...do ... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 



..do-... 
...do .... 

..do.... 

Oct. 10 
...do .... 
...do.... 
...do.... 

..do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 

...do.... 
...do.... 
Sept. 18 
Oct. 15 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
..do.... 
Oct. 6 
Oct. 1 
...do.... 
Oct. 6 

Nov. 5 



Character of soil. 



Blacli Tolcanicloam 
Grass lands 



Black loose loam 

Black prairie land., 

Prairie land 

Prairie land, moist.. 
Black loam 



Black fertile loam . . 

Prairie land 

Black prairie loam. . 
Deep black prairie 

soil. 
Cultivated prairie .. 
Black prairie loam.. 

do 

Prairie land 

Black volcanic soil. . 

Prairie land 

Rolling prairie land. 
Bunch grass land. . . 

Prairie land 

Loose prairie land.. 

Prairie land 

Deep black loam 

....do 



Bunch grass land . . 

Black volcanic loam . 

Rolling prairie laud . 

Black loam, volcanic. 

Prairie laud 

Black volcanic soil. . 

Black prairie loam. . 

Loose prairie laud .. 

Black prairie loam. . 

...do 

Prairie land 

Black clay loam 

Prairie land 

...do 

Black volcanic loam . 

Mellow prairie soil. . 

Prairie loam 

Fine prairie land 

Volcanic loam 

Blackloam, clay sub- 
soil. 

Black loam 

...do 

Black prairie soil . . . 

...do 

Yellow prairie loam. 

Black prairie soil . . . 

...do 

Black bottom land.. 

Yellow prairie loam. 

Black prairie soil . . . 

Yellow prairie loam. 

Black prairie soil... 

Black prairie loam. . 

Black soil 

Black loam 

Black mould, yellow 
clay subsoil. 

Side hill 



Nov. 16 Black soil. 



Nov. 8 Sod turned in April 



Remarks by growers. 



No fertilzer nor irri- 
gation. 

Land cultivated 9 
years. 



No cultivation 

In wheat years 

No cultivation 

Land cultivated 13 
years. 

In wheat 3 years 

Ground very hard . . . 
Beets not cultivated. 



No cultivation. 



Ground very hard . . . 

Wheat 8 years 

Beets cultivated once 



No cultivation . 



Cultivated once 

In wheat 6 years 

No cultivation 

In wheat 12 years . . 
Beets grew slowly.. 
Cultivated once; 
ground hard. 

No cultivation 

...do 

...do 

No fertilizer 

Wheat for 5 years. . . 



Cultivated twice. 



Not subsoiled. 
No fertilizer.. 



Cultivated 3 times. ., 



In wheat 5 years 
No fertilizer 



No fertilizer . 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 



No fertilizer. 

...do 

...do 



Average 
weight. 



Grains. 

877 

976 

877 
283 
608 
495 
481 

325 
538 
651 
325 
382 

906 
509 
849 
722 
156 
396 
184 
255 
396 
1, 571 
6.^1 
170 
198 

310 
449 
310 

1,259 

1,090 
863 

1,401 
538 
736 
835 
920 
736 
552 
821 

1,090 
538 
722 
651 
467 
368 

495 
580 



764 

538 

708 

807 

884 

779 

729 

820 

580 

2, 0:!0 

778 

1,100 

1,479 

1,010 
1,122 
1,180 

827 
785 
630 
8.".0 
990 



Oz. 
31 

34-5 

31 
10 

21-5 
17-5 

17 

11-5 

19 

23 

11-5 

13-5 



32 
18 
30 
25-5 

5-5 
14 

6-5 

9 
14 
55-5 
23 



27 

19 

25 

28 '5 

31 

27-5 

25-5 

29 

20-5 

72 

27-5 

41 

52 

35 G 

46-5 

41-5 

29 

27-5 

22 

30 

35 



Total 
solids. 



16 '76 
17-92 



17 -13 

15 -93 
15-23 

16 96 
17-86 



17-66 
18-53 



16-94 



17-70 
16-51 



16-16 
17-48 



16-46 



15-17 
13-57 
13-97 
13-67 
14-07 
15-07 
14-97 
16-47 
16-27 
13-47 
15-17 
15-47 
16-67 
16-37 
15-77 
16-97 
19-27 



18-77 


15 


14-27 


10 


20-58 


13 


17-49 


13 


18-29 


14 


18-59 


14 


17-87 


13 


16-98 


13 


17-87 


14 


18-08 


14 


16-79 


13 


18-98 


15 


14-86 


9 


20 -56 


]5 


14-56 


8 


14-87 


10 



Sucrose in- 



Juice. Beets, 



Per ct. 
11 



12 

13-7 

12-2 

14 6 

14-7 

13-7 

12-9 

14-5 



Pu- 
rity. 



Per ct. 
11 -2 70 -2 



13 -6 79 -9 



10 9 
10-8 
11 

10-6 
9-2 



11-4 

13 

11-6 

13-9 

14 

13 

12-3 

13-8 



76-8 

81-2 

75-3- 

79 

78-4 



20 

Table of analyses of beets grown in different parts of the United 
WASHINGTON- Continued. 



Serial 
No. 


Name of grower. 


Post-oiEce. 


County. 


Variety. 


Time of 
planting. 


17321 
17326 

60 


D. W. Tweitraeyer 

H. M. Haskel, by H. 

W. Liclny & Co. 
J M Stout 








May 20 
1st week 
in June. 
Apr. 26 

...do.... 


do 


do 




Yakima 

do 


Yakima 

. ..do 


Kleinwanzlebener 

do 


160 


do 













WYOMING. 



56 

57 
58 

17251 
33 

35 
63 
64 

17255 

17256 

47 

48 
49 
50 

186 
187 

188 

189 

100 

101 

102 

159 

17249 

39 

40 
17312 
17;i]5 
17316 

2 

4 
5 
9 

10 
127 

16750 



F. J. Niswander. 



-do 
.do. 



Alfred Bridger 
J. D. Parker.... 



.do . 

.do 

.do 

.do 

-do 



Sundance Expt. Farm 



-do 
.do 
.do 



.do 
-do 



-do 
-do 



J. S. Meyer (Lander 
Experinien t Station) 

do 

do 



do 

, do 

M. R. Jolmson 



do 

do 

do 

do 

John F. Lewis . 



do 

do 

do 

do 

John Astle ... 
Mark Mauley. 



Laramie . 



.do 
.do 



Si by lee . . 
Saratoga. 



.do 
.do 
.do 



...do 

...do 

Sundance. 



do 
.do 
.do 



.do 
.do 



...do ... 
...do... 
Lander 



.do 
.do 



...do 

...do 

Whiteland- 



...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
Sheridan . 



....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Afton 

Mountain View. 



Albany . 



.do 
.do 



...do .. 
Carbon 



.do 
.do 
.do 



...do . 
...do . 
Crook. 



.do 
-do 
.do 



Vilmorin's La plus 

Riche. 
Knauer 

Dippe's Kleinwanzle- 
bener. 

Vilmorin's Richest 

Kleinwanzlebener Im- 
perial. 

Improved Bulteau 

Vilmorin's Richest 

Improve dKleinwanz- 

lebener. 
Vilmorin's Richest 



.do 
.do 



...do .... 
...do .... 
Fremont . 



.do 
.do 



...do ... 
...do ... 
Laramie 



....do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 
....do .... 
Sheridan. 



...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
...do . 
Uinta. 
...do . 



Improved Bulteau- 
Desprez. 

Dippe's Kleinwanzle- 
bener. 

Vilmorin's Richest. . . 

Kleinwanzlebener . . . 

Improved Biijteau- 
Dosprez.' 

Vilmorin's Riidiest 

Improved Bulteau- 
Desprez. 

Improved Kleinwan- 
zlebener. 

Dippe's Kleinwanzle- 
bener. 

Vilmorin's Richest . . 



Knauer's Imperial. .. 
Dippe's Kleinwanzle- 
bener. 
Improved Bulteau... 

do 

Vilmorin'.s Richest .. 



May 13 

...do.... 
...do.... 

June 2 
May 10 

...do.... 
June 3 
May 9 



Knauer's Imperial 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Bulteau 

Vilmorin's Richest ... 
Improved Bulteau 



Dcsprez 

Kleinwanzlebener .. 

Deaprez Bulteau 

Kleinwanzlebener.. 

Desprez No. 2 

Kleinwanzlebener . . 



May 18 

...do... 
...do... 
...do... 

May 17 
...do ... 

May 18 

May 17 

May 5 

...do ... 
...do ... 



May 10 
...do... 
May 8 

...do.... 

Apr. 24 
Aiir. 25 
...do .... 
May 8 

...do .... 

...do .... 

...do .... 

...do .... 
May 20 
May 10 



21 

states from seed distributed ty the Department — Continued. 

"WASHINGTON-Continued. 



Time of 
harvest- 
ing. 


Character of soil. 


Remarks by growei's. 


» 

.a 
o 
6 


Average 
weight. 


Total 
solids. 


Sucrose in— 


Pu. 

rity. 


Juice. 


Beets. 


Nov. 7 
1st week 
in Nov. 
Oct. 2 

Oct. 13' 








Grams. 
1.254 
1.126 

877 

524 


Oz. 

44 
39-5 

31 

18-5 


20-08 
17 '50 


Per ct. 

13-4 
14 1 

17-8 

15-8 


>Perct. 

12-7 
13-4 

16-9 

15 


77-5 








73-8 


Gray sandy loam, 

some alkali. 
Gray sandy loam, 
considerable alkali. 


No fertilizer 


1 
2 


88-5 
90-2 







WYOMING. 



Oct. 

...do, 
,,.do 

Oct. 
Sept. 

...do 
Oct. 
...do 

Oct. 

...do 



Sept. 25 



..do 
..do 
..do 



Oct. 
...do. 

...do. 

...do. 

Oct. 

..do. 

...do. 

Oct. 

..do. 

Sept. 

...do . 

Oct. 

Oct. 

...do. 

Aug. 

Sept. 
...do. 
...do. 
...do . 
Oct. 
Oct 



Gravel loam . 
...do 



Light sandy clay 



. . -do 
...do 
...do 



Sandy loam . 
...do 



Decomposed reddish 
gvpsnm. 

...do 

...do 

...do 



...do 
...do 



.do 
-do 



Ked sandy loam 



-do 
-do. 



Black sandy loam 



Sandy loam. 



...do 

Eed clay loam 

do 

....do 

Black loam, with 
clay. 

...do 

...do 

....do 

....do 

Brown gravel loam 
Sandy loam 



Irrigiited by furrow 
irrigation. 

...do" 

...do 



Irrigated 3 times 



Flooded 3 times.. 
Irrigated 3 times. 
...do 



In culture 3 years ; ir- 
rigated. 
....do 



Irrigated 3 times. 



.do 
.do 



Irrigated twice . 



Irrigated 7 times; 

no fertilizer. 
...do 



Season rather dry 

Irrigated 3 times . 

Irrigated 4 times . 

do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 



530 19 



1. :^44 
1,330 

310 

347 



297 
226 



382 
377 



481 
406 



810 
057 



293 
203 
239 



594 
575 



47-5 
47 



17-52 



16-96 
17-36 



20-60 

21-10 
18-64 
19-68 



19-50 



13-8 

12-9 
13-2 

16-6 

16-8 

17-7 
15 -8 
16-7 

22-5 

21 

14-1 



13-1 



21 -77 15 -7 14 
23 -66 I 18 17 

Too .small for analysis. 



10-5 
8 

13-5 

13-5 

13 

17 
14 

38-5 
23-5 



10 
9 
8-5 



22 92 
24-21 

21-33 

19-74 

20-86 

20-26 
20-16 

19 

21 '-46 

20-90 



17-70 

20-74 
19-08 
21-94 
22-44 
16-69 



17-8 
17-5 

16-2 

14-5 

16-2 

16-4 
15-9 

15-8 
15-7 
18-6 

17-8 
22-3 
22-9 
22-7 
13-8 



17 -9 17 



17-2 

18 

17-7 

13-6 

13-9 



78-8 
75 ' 



87-8 
72-3 



76 



78 



22 

A LIMITED DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH-GRADE SEEDS. 

It is uot believed that further experiment with the proDiiscuous dis- 
tribution of seed will be of any practical benefit. Nevertheless, there 
is a large number of farmers applying each year for samples of seed, 
and incidentally some good can be done by supplying them with wliat 
they need. It is not necessary to enter into an argument here that the 
iarmer will not be able on his own motion to secure beet seed of high 
grade. He can not be sure that the sugar-beet seed offered by dealers 
is anything more than the seed of the common beet; he does not know 
the address of the growers of beet seed of established reputation ; even 
if he did, the cost and trouble of securing 2 or 3 pounds from abroad 
would be so great as to deter him from making the attempt. It 
seems, therefore, proper that as long as the Department is engaged in 
the distribution of seeds, it should send to those who inquire for them 
small samples of the highest grade beet seed which can be produced. 
While most of the samples will be productive of no great good, yet now 
and then one may reach a locality where it will excite interest, and 
possibly do much toward the future development of the industry. In 
addition to this it must not be forgotten that the cost of sending out a 
few thousand packages of beet seed is very small, and the chemical 
analyses are secured without expending a single dollar over the usual 
cost of conducting the laboratory. If the farmers receiving these gifts 
of the Department would learn the single lesson of appreciating the 
scientific agriculture which has made the sugar beet possible, it would 
be au ample repayment of the whole cost of distribution. 

RELATION OF IRRIGATION TO SUGAR-BEET CULTURE. 

In former reports attention has been called to the probable practical 
value of irrigated lands for the production of sugar beets. Tlie high 
fixed charges which must necessarily attach to all irrigated lands 
render it imperative tliat some crop should be grown cai)able of inten- 
sive culture aud of yielding large financial returns. There is no crop 
which offers so many advantages of this kind as the sugar beet. The 
growth of potatoes or vegetables for home market, or of any crop of 
this kind usually j)roduced by intensive culture, must necessarily be 
restricted to a limited area, but the comparatively unlimited expansive- 
ness of the market for sugar renders it x>ossible to devote practically 
all of the irrigated lands which are likely to be recovered in many years 
to the production of the sugar beet. 

EXPERIMENTS AT GRAND JUNCTION, COLO. 

An interesting report of the growth of the sugar beet on irrigated 
land has been received from the Mitchell Drug Company, of Grand 
Junction, Colo. The report is accomx)anied by the following letter 
from Mr. C. E. Mitchell : 

I take the liberty to forward you the tabulated results of my experiments with 
HUgar beets iu this valley duriug the past season. The analyses were all made by the 



23 



Lehi-Utali Beet Sngar Factory and tlie three carloads sold were bouglit by tbera. 
The yield where any sort of care had been taken of the crop has averaged 15 tons ; beets 
were planted in rows 24 inches apart; cost of crop loaded on car abont $45 per acre. 
There seems to be no difference in resnlts when crop is rightly handled, from seed 
sown on heavy adobe soil or in the best sandy loam. All our crops, as the weather 
report shows, are dejiendent entirely on irrigation, and absolutely under the 
farmer's control in this respect. I am laboring with a view to getting capital to 
establish a plant here. I think I have all necessary points as regards cheap fuel, 
lime rock, etc., fully covered, andean show conclusively how money in a plant here 
can be made to pay good interest on capital invested. I have a theory that having the 
growth of the plant under our control and the large number of clear days and even 
temperature we have from August 10 to November 15, we have an exceptional climate 
for producing a beet I'ich in sugar and high in purity. Shall be glad to furnish you 
with any information as to my work that I can, and to receive suggestions from you. 
The seed used was the white variety and obtained from the Lehi factory. 

METEOROLOGICAL STATISTICS. 

Following is a summary of the weather data in Grand Junction, Colo., during the 
year: 

December, 1S92. 

Inches. 

Total precipitation, snow fall 1^ 

Mean temperature 29 

Clear days 8 

Fair days 15 

Cloudy days 8 

Jannarij, IS 03. 

Total precipitation, snow fall 2i 

Mean temperature 28 'TG 

Clear days 22 

Cloudy days 7 

Fair days 2 

Fehruarji, ISO J. 

Total precipitation, snow fall 18| 

Mean temperature 32-8 

Clear days 11 

Fair days 7 

Cloudy days 10 



March, 1S03. 

Total precipitation, snow fall 3i 

Total precipitation, rainfall 0-58 

Mean temperature 41 -2 

Clear days 15 

Cloudy days 12 

Fair days 4 

AprU, IS 93. 

Total precipitation 0-3 

Mean temperature 51-05 

Clear days 8 

Cloudy days 11 

Fair days 11 



May, 1S93. 

Inches. 

Total precipitation 0-79 

Mean temperature 60-8 

Clear days 22 

Cloudy days 2 

Fair days 7 

June, 1SD3. 

Total precipitation -09 

Mean temperature 72-3 

Cloudy days 5 

Clear days 24 

Fair days 1 

Julij, 1SD3. 

Total precipitation 0-11 

Mean temperature 78-3 

Cloudy days 4 

Clear days 22 

Fair days 5 

August, 1S93. 

Total precipitation 0-89 

Mean temperature 74 •$ 

Cloudy days 4 

Fair days 8 

Clear days 19 

Scplcmher, 1SD3. 



Total precipitation 

Mean temperature Q)Qt 

Cloudy days 1 

Clear days 29 



24 



October, 1SD3. 

Indies. 

Total precipitation '8 

Mean temperature 52-8 

Cloudy daya 2 

Clear days 22 

Fair days 7 



2^vemler, 1S05. 

Total precipitation : Inches. 

Snowfall 5J- 

Eainfall 0-25 

Clear d ays 23 

Fair days 4 

Cloudy days 3 

Mean temperature 37 "2 



ANALYSES OF BEETS GROWN ON DIFFERENT SOILS. 

Sugar Leets vrere grown by the various farmers in the neighborhood of Grand 
Valley, and the report of the analyses of samples from each of these is given in the 
following table : 



Results of experiments in the groivih of sugar heels in Grand Valley, Colorado. 
[About 50 acres were under cultivation, embracing <a variety of soils.] 



Kanie. 



Currie 

P. A. Kice 

A.A.Miller 

Indian School. .. 
A.J. McCune . .. 

Ed Bravier 

C.W.Steele 

Eugene Allison . 
Ovid Turnill . . . , 
W.H.Benkit ... 

Porter 

W. D. Spencer. . . 
N. Poflenberger . 

L. Johnson 

"W.F. Sherwel... 

Joe Smith , 

John Vaugn 

M.S.Hildreth... 

E. S.Clarke 

J.C.Sullivan ... 

Frank Leacli 

George Davis . . . 

C.N. Cox , 

Frank Rich . . . . 
W. E. Eenick . . . 

John Peiigh 

Jack O'Keefe . . , 
J. A. Lay ton . .. 

Smith Bros 

Arhnes 



Planted. 



First 
sampling. 



Apr. 
..do 
..do 
Apr. 
Apr. 
...do 
A])r. 
A])r. 
A ;)r. 
May 
...do 
May 
May 
...do 
May 
. . do 
May 
Mav 
..do 
May 
May 
May 
MaV 
...do 
May 
M ay 
Mav 
...do 
May 
...do 



Sept. 27 
..do .... 
Sept. 19 



Sept. 27 
..do .... 



Sept. 27 
Oct. 12 
Sept. 27 
Sei)t. 19 
..do .... 
Sept. 27 



Sept. 27 



Sept. 19 



Sept. 27 

.do ... 

Sept. 19 

Sept."27 
. . .do . . . 
...do... 



Polar. 



Per cent. 
12-2 
13 
10-2 



10 
13-4 



Purity. 



Second 
sampling. 



Per cent. 
73 5 
76-5 
72-3 



67 1 
76-1 



12 

12-8 
11-5 
11 -t) 

9-5 

9 



12 -l 



12-7 



10-4 

11-6 

12-3 

11 

11 

10-9 

13-4 



74-1 
81-3 
71-4 
73-5 
67-5 
67-7 



72-1 



76-4 



69-3 

70 

77-7 

7.5-3 

78-8 

69-4 

74-9 



Oct. 25 
..do .... 
..do .... 
Oct. 19 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 19 



Oct. 25 
..do .... 

Nov. 4 



Oft. 31 
Oct. 16 
Oct. 25 
..do .... 
..do .... 



Oct. 31 



Oct. 31 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 31 
Oct. 25 
..do ... 
Oct. 16 
...do.... 



Oct. 25 
Oct. 31 



Polar. 



Per cent. 
12-7 
13 -6 
14-1 
16 

11-1 
15-7 



16-5 
13-3 
14 



13-8 
14-7 
12-6 
10-4 
14-8 



12-3 



12-3 

15 

17-2 

15 1 

17 

11-6 

12-3 



16.1 
12-5 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
76-1 
78-6 
81-8 
84 

70-9 
85 



81-3 
78-2 
78-3 



78-5 

81 

74 

76-5 

83-9 



77-2 



72-2 

82 

76-3 

81-5 

84-5 

68-9 

74-7 



83-7 
73 8 



Note. — A. A. Miller and Ed. Bravier shipped a car November 20, which ran 16-2 per cent; 85 purity. 
Poffenberger and Joe Smith shipped a car November 15, which ran 15-7 percent; 84 purity. Frank 
Leach shipped November 20, ran 15 per cent; 84 purity. 

These results all show that if the seed were planted earlier, say about March 15, 
and the crop only watered sufficiently to prevent its drying up, most excellent beets 
would be ripe for manufacturing purposes by October 15. In every case where the 
last analysis has shown purity less than 80 we find that the crop was irrigated from 
two to three or four times, some having had water as late as August 20. None of 
these beets had any cultivation to speak of. One or two fields only were culti- 
vated twice, a few had one cultivation, but most of them were not touched after 
thinning, and iu only a few cases was the thinning done with any degree of care. 

It will he observed in many cases that the analytical data sliow beets 
extremely i)Oor for sugar-making purposes. A beet juice in wliich the 



25 

purity falls below 80. needs radicallmproveinent before it can be recora- 
mended commercially for the production of sugar. In several instances 
of the beets examined from the fields in the Grand Valley we find a 
purity below 80. These soils are undoubtedly rich in alkaline substances 
and, therefore, could not be expected at first to give a beet with excep- 
tionally high purity. Again, the whole relation of water furnished by 
irrigation to beet culture needs to be elaborated by careful experi- 
mental control, such as can not be secured under the direction of the 
farmer. 

NEED OF EXPERIMENTS IN IRRIGATED REGIONS. 

In view of the magnitude of the interests involved a recommendation 
for the establishment of an experimental station for beet culture in an 
irrigated region ought to carry great weight with Congress. In fact, 
it is highly desirable that the experimental results which are so neces- 
sary to the proper development of the industry should be obtained 
under conditions varying as widely as possible. The production of 
beets in a climate as fickle and capricious as that of Nebraska is well 
illustrated by the experimental station at Schuyler. The production of 
beets without irrigation and without rain in the valleys of California 
should also be the subject of experimental study. 

For a proper study of the development of the beet-sugar industry 
under the varying climate of the United States, at least four experi- 
mental stations are necessary. The one in Nebraska is sufficient for the 
conditions which obtain in Nebraska, the two Dakotas, and to a limited 
extent in Iowa and Minnesota. A station in an irrigated valley would 
ilhistrate the necessary steps in the development of the industry in all 
of the elevated plateaus of the arid region embraced in Utah, Colorado, 
Nevada, Montana, New Mexico, and Arizona. A station on the Pacific 
coast in one of the southern coast valleys of California would serve to 
study the conditions there obtaining. For the large area represented 
by northern New York, northern Ohio, northern Indiana, northern 
Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and the whole of Michigan, a separate 
station would be necessary. 

BEET-SUGAR STATISTICS. 

The quantities of beet sugar made in the United States during the 
past few years are as follows :* 

Pounds. 

1887 600,000 

1888 4, 000. 000 

1889 6,000,000 

1890 .' 8, 000, 000 

1891 12, 004, 838 

1892 27, 083; 288 

1893 143,953,264 

*By courtesy of Couiniissioucr of luterual Revenue. 
tEeturna to February 1, 1894 — one factory still in operation. 



26 
The crop in 1893 was made iu tlie foliowiug localities: 

Pounds. 

Virginia 43, 995 

Grand Island, Xcbr 1, 835, 900 

jS'orfolk, Xebr 4, 107, 300 

Utah 3,877,100 

Alameda, Cal 4,486,572 

Watsouville, Cal 15, 539, 040 

Chiuo, Cal 15, 063, 357 

There are in the United Stiitcs seven beet-siii;ar factories, represent- 
ing an investment of nearly 82,000,000. Tributary to these factories 
there are at least 24,000 acres of the best agricultural lands. The cost 
of cultivating all this land if j)laced in beets would be 8900,000. 
Much of this land is, however, used for rotation, and therefore the 
the cost of cultivation is less. 

The total number of tons of beets manufactured into sugar during 
the ijast year, in round numbers, was about 200,353. The average price 
paid the formers for this material was 84^.50 per ton, amounting, in 
round numbers to 8900,000. The 44,000,000 pounds of sugar made 
was worth 3 cents a i^ound, making a total value of 81,320,000. The 
average bounty received was nearly 2 cents a pound, making approxi- 
mately 8860,000. The total amount of money received for the sugar 
produced was therefore, approximately, 82,180,000. 

EXPEEIMEKTS AT SCHUYLER, NEBR. 

The experiment station at Schuyler, Xebr., established for the pur- 
pose of imi^roving the sugar beet and demonstrating the most approved 
methods of its cultivation, was continued dimng the growing season of 
1893. 

THE SELECTION OF "MOTHER BEETS." 

During the previous autumn the different standard varieties of beets, 
as harvested from the experimental plats, were carefully culled for the 
selection of mothers. In the first selection of mother beets, as has been 
stated in previous reports, the general appearance of the beet only is con- 
sidered. A plat of beets having been harvested, a skilled workman is 
assigned to the task of collecting those which seem to be especially fitted 
for the purpose of producing seed during the coming year. Beets are 
selected that are perfect in form, with long and tapering tap roots, 
smooth exterior, and about 1 pound in weight. These beets are collected, 
care being taken not to bruise them, and they are at once placed in 
moist earth until the time comes for siloing for the winter. The tops 
of these beets which are to be preserved for growing are cut in such a 
way as not to interfere with the buds at the neck, a part of the stem 
of the leaf being left on the beet. 



ERRATA. 

On pages 27, 29,31, 3>>, and 41 read degrees F in><tead of degrees C. 



^7 

SILOING SUGAR BEETS — RESULTS. 

The siloing' of the beets shoiihl not be undertaken until late in the 
lall wlien it becomes necessary to protect them from injury by frost. 
It is highly important that the temperature of the silo do not rise at 
any time above 45° C. A higher temperature than this induces growth 
and a consequent loss of saccharine content. 

ARRANGEMENT OF THE SILOS. 

The beets preserved over the winter at the station were siloed in the 
following way: They were placed in the silos in a diagonal liosition, 
with the tops upward, and carefully packed with moist sand. The 
silos were so arranged as to be easily ventilated. In the bottom of 
each silo, at the time the beets were placed therein, was placed a half 
ton of ice in large pieces, for the purpose of rapidly cooling the tem- 
perature of the silo below the growth point. The drainage of the silo 
was so arranged that the water from the melting ice would not touch 
the beets. At the closing of the silos on the 5th of November the tem- 
perature, as indicated by thermometrical observations, was 43° C. ; on 
the 20th of December the temperature was 42° C, and on the 21st of 
March, the date at which the silos were opened, the temperature was 
39.2° C. These observations show how uniform the temperature of 
' he silos was kept, and at such a j)oint as to prevent to the largest 
extent any evaporation from the beets or any growth thereof. 

The total number of beets j)laced in the silos was 6,378. When the 
silos were opened on the 21st of March the beets were found to be in 
excellent condition; there had been, in point of fact, an increase of 
weight rather than a loss. This was determined by placing in each 
silo a given number of carefully weighed beets. These same beets on 
the opening of the silos were taken out and at once reweighed. Any 
change in weight would, of course, be revealed by this duplicate 
weighing. 

INCREASED WEIGHT OF BEETS. 

An illustration of the iucrease in weight mentioned is given by the 
following experiment: 

The weight of ten beets siloed on the 4th of November, 1892, was 
4,840 grams. The weight of this same lot of beets on the 27th of March, 
when they were removed from the silo, was 5,400 grams; increase 560 
grams, or 11.5 per cent. This increase was due to the fact that at the 
time of siloing the beets they had become wilted from excessive drouth. 
The autumn at the station had been particularly dry, and the beets at 
the time of harvest were in a partly wilted state. These beets, being 
carefully packed in moist sand and kept at a low temperature, absorbed 
moisture during the winter with the increase of weight noticed. Ordi- 
narily there would be a decrease of weight in siloed beets, but in the 



28 

present conditions the reverse was true. Of tbe 6,378 beets wliicli 
were siloed in November, 1892, 6,370 were found in perfect condition 
when the silos were opened, only eight beets having been spoiled. This 
is a most remarkable showing and indicates the care with which the 
siloing was done. 

ANALYSES FOR DETERMINING SUGAR CONTENT. 

The mother beets, when taken from the silos, are subjected to analysis 
in the manner described in previous reports. Each beet, after weigh- 
ing, is turned over to the analyst, who by means of a proper machine 
removes a cylindrical section diagonally through the beet, thus secur- 
ing a sufficient quantity for analysis without in any way injuring the 
beet for germinating purposes. The beet pulp thus secured is sub- 
jected to pressure and the juice obtained is analyzed. Inasmuch as the 
average marc or fibrous portion of the beet pulp amounts to about 5 
per cent, the percentage of sugar in the beet is easily calculated by 
multiplying tlie percentage found in the juice expressed by 0-95. 

The beets were divided by analysis into three classes : The first class 
included all those beets containing not less than 12 per cent nor more 
than 15 per cent of sugar; the second class, those beets which con- 
tained from 15 to 18 per cent of sugar; and the third or elite class^ 
those beets having over 18 per cent of sugar. The number of beets 
falling in each classification as a result of the analysis for each variety 
is found in the following table: 



Varieties. 



No. 1 gr.ide : 
Sucrose 18 
per cent 
and up- 
wards. 



No. 2 grade; 

Sucrose 15 

to 18 per 

cent. 



No. 3 grade: 

Sucrose 12 

to 15 per 

cent. 



Original Kleinwan7,lelioner , 
Diijpe's Klein w an zlebeiier.. 

Vilmorin's Improved , 

Lemaire 

Deaprez 

Elite Kleinwanzlebener 

Total 



4G5 
483 
GOO 


210 



1,758 



448 
1.176 
784 
476 
168 
224 

3,276 



These percentages of sugar were determined by taking the analytical 
data obtained and calculating therefrom the content of sugar which 
the beets had at the time of harvest. These data for this calculation 
indicated the analyses at the time of harvest, at the time of storage, and 
at the time of opening the silos. As a result of the analyses, 5,091 
beets were accepted for the production of seed and 1,179 were rejected. 

Although the conditions of storage, as indicated above, were the 
most favorable, yet it must not be forgotten that the vital action of tlie 
beet in the silo is not altogether destroyed, but only reduced to a cer- 
tain minimum. As long as the beet is alive there must be still some 
action of vitality, and this can only depend upon the consumption of 
the store of plant food which has been accumulated in the beet itself. 



29 

Therefore, even in tlie favorable circumstances in which the beets were 
placed, and at a temijerature of say 40° C, there was during the duration 
of the storage sufficient vital action to diminish to a certain extent 
the total percentage of sugar in the beets. This was determined by- 
analysis of average samples of beets at the time of storage and at the 
opening of the silos. 

Making correction for the increase in weight due to the absorption 
of moisture during the winter, it was found that the average content 
of sugar in the beets of all varieties at the time of storage was 12-0 ; the 
average at the time of opening the silos had been reduced to 11-6, show- 
ing a loss of 0-J: per cent of sugar during the winter. 

Some of the varieties lost more sugar than others. For instance, in 
Vilmorin's Improved there was apparently a gain of O'l per cent of sugar 
during the winter, while in the Desprez variety the content of sugar had 
not changed nor had it appreciably changed in the Elite Kleinwanz- 
lebener variety. 

At the time of the harvest of the beets on the 10th of October the 
average content of sugar therein was 15-1; at the time of their storage 
in silos it was 12, and at the time of opening in the spring it was 11*6 
per cent. There had been, therefore, a total loss of sugar from the 
time of harvest of 3*4 per cent. This gave a total loss of sugar from 
the time of harvest to the time of analysis of 23 per cent; of which 20 
per cent, in round numbers, occurred between the 15th of October and 
the 4th ot November (the time the beets were placed in silo), and 3 per 
cent, in round numbers, from the time they were placed in the silo until 
their analysis in the latter part of March. 

THE PRODUCTION OF SEED. 

After the analysis and classification of the mother beets the plant- 
ing was accomplished by setting them in ground which had been prop- 
erly prepared. Planting was commenced on the 28th of April and 
completed on the 2d of May, the difterent grades being carefully sep- 
arated in the plats. Special care was taken in this respect in regard 
to the No. 1 grade (the highest grade) so that they could be sufficiently 
distant from all other varieties to prevent any contamination by the 
distribution of the pollen in the fertilization of the seed. Of the 5,091 
mother beets which were planted, less than 20 failed to grow, showing 
a remarkable vitality. 

The weather during June was abnormally dry, with a high tempera- 
ture, but this dry weather did not seem to affect the growth or stand 
of the plant. There was also another season of dry weather during 
the latter part of July and the first of August, the temperature being 
very high caused the seed to mature somewhat early, and thus reduced 
the quantity of yield. The quality of the seed, however, as indicated 
by its brightness and weight, was most excellent. 



30 

YIELD AND QUALITY OF SEED. 

The following data give an idea of tlie amount of .seed obtained in 
comparison with the yield of seed during the season >Di 1892. In that 
year the area planted to mother beets was 98.3 square rods, and the 
weight of seed obtained 595 pounds, giving a yield per acreof 9G8 pounds. 
In 1893 the area planted to mother beets was 113 square rods, and the 
weight of seed obtained 610 pounds, giving a yield per acre of 863 
pounds. 

On account of the high quality of the seed it was sold to the Oxnard 
Beet Sugar Company at a price far in excess of that paid for the best 
imported seed. The sum received for the seed was at the rate of 
$172.60 per acre. In regard to the sale of the seed, reference is made 
exclusively to the seed of the lowest grade. The high-bred seeds of 
grades No. 1 and No. 2 were reserved for use in experimental work. 

COST OF PRODUCING BEET SEED. 

The general result of the two seasons' work in the production of 
seed is of the most satisfactory character. It has been shown that 
seed of the finest quality can be produced, and the germination of 
the home-grown seed has showed its high vitality. The fact that a 
practical beet-sugar manufacturer was willing to pay from 5 to 7 cents 
more for the lowest or third grade of seed than he would for the best 
imported seed shows in what esteem this seed was held for practical 
purposes. It is demonstrated that by proper care beet seed can be pro- 
duced in this country on one acre of ground planted thereto of a value 
of at least $150. The actual cost of the production of this seed can not 
be inferred from the cost of its production in the small way in which it 
was grown. The extreme care exercised in preventing the varieties 
from mixing, making it necessary to plant in small plats at great dis- 
tances, and the extra care and labor which such supervision required, 
would of course increase the cost greatly beyond that which would be 
incurred in the production of seed in a purely commercial way. The 
great point which has been demonstrated by these experiments is the 
fact that seed can be produced of the value of at least $150 per acre, 
that this seed is bright and clean and of high germinating power, and, 
as will be seen further on, will produce a better crop of beets for sugar- 
making purposes than the best imported varieties. 

It remains for future experimental work to develop to the fullest 
extent the soil, and the climatic and cidtural conditions affecting the 
acclimatization of the high-bred sugar beet of Europe to the conditions 
obtaining in this country. 

EXPERIMENTS IN BEET CULTURE. 

The preparation of the plats for planting was commenced in the 
autumn of 1892. Each plat was thoroughly plowed and subsoiled to 
the depth of 18 inches in October, and the surface of each plat placed 



31 

in proper tilth. The sprinj;: of 1893 found the ground in excellent con- 
dition, the surface having been thoroughly pulverized by the frost. 
The soil, however, in the spring was not thoroughly saturated with 
water, on account of the extremely dry autumn and the failure of the 
winter's snows to furnish sufficient moisture on melting to thoroughly 
saturate the undersoil. This did not apply particularly to the suface 
of the soil, which was moist enough, but to the water reserve below 
the subsoil and upon which the subsoil and the soil would be compelled 
to draw in case of another dry season. The preparation of the plats 
for planting was finished in April and the seed, both of foreigu and 
domestic production, thoroughly tested in regard to its vitality. The 
planting commenced on the 10th of April and continued at intervals 
for six weeks. 

Careful observations in regard to the germination of the seed showed 
that as a rule the home grown seed appeared above ground from one to 
two days in advance of the corresponding im^jorted varieties. In all 
cases, in order to secure proper tests, the home-grown and imported 
seeds were planted side by side, not only at the first but at all subse- 
quent plantings. 

On April 22 the temperature fell to 13^ C, and this winter tempera- 
ture put a decided check to the operations of the station and of neces- 
sity injured greatly the plantings which Lad been made previous 
thereto. By reason of this abnormally cold weather the close of April 
found vegetation in rather a discouraging condition. For the sake of 
economy only 5 acres were plantediubeetsin the spring of 1893, instead 
of 8 acres, which was the originally intended area for the proper rota- 
tion of the station crops. In spite of these discouraging circumstances 
however, all the plats presented an even appearance by tlie beginnino- 
of June. On the 7th of June a great dust storm swept over the dis- 
trict. The wind came up from the southwest at 4:30 p. m., and at 5 
o'clock nearly every young beet plant had been cut off" close to the 
ground. Only one acre of the total area planted escaped total destruc- 
tion, and this was so badly damaged in places that the aftergrowth was 
very slow, and the final crop the poorest on the station. 

The most serious result of this storm, together with another one which 
came on the 9th of June, was the total destruction of the plants which 
had been started from the first or highest grade of home-grown seed. 
The comparative tests were therefore made with the second grade of 
seed instead of the highest. 

All the plats injured were replanted by the 15th of June. The rate 
of germination of the seed planted at this period was quite in contrast 
with that of the earlier plantings. The plants from the home-grown 
seed were visible above ground in seventy-two hours, wliile those of 
the imported seed were first visible after one hundred and twenty-four 
hours, being a conclusive proof of the superior vitality of the home- 
grown seed. 



32 

The cultivation of the plats was more satisfactory than that of any 
previous years, because the laborers employed were the same who had 
been employed in former seasons and their acquaintance with the 
methods of beet culture was, therefore, more thorough. 

The meteorological conditions for the growing season are summarized 
in the following table: 



Observations. 



Temperature 

^reans for 1803 

Means for 1S9l' 

Means for 1891 

PainfalllSnS 

Eainfall 1892 

Kainfalll891 



:May. 


June. 


July. 


August. 


o 


o 


o 





58-4 


72-2 


75 


70-7 


55-3 


66-6 


75 


72-8 


59-0 


68-4 


G9-9 


70-2 


Incheg. 


Jho. es. 


Inches. 


Incheg. 


4-27 


1-64 


4-69 


2-61 


6-tj2 


■50 


2 -50 


S-36 


1-38 


11 59 


6-71 


2-22 



September. 



65 1 
66-5 
65 1 
Incheg. 

2 03 
0-28 
0-84 



Fortunately the insect ravages which produced such disastrous 
elfects on the crop of 1892 were entirely absent during the season of 
1893, The cultivation of the crop and its laying-by followed in due 
order, and on the Itli of September the first of the analytical work in 
the examination of the new crop was commenced. 

ANALYTICAL DATA. 

As a result of the first series of examinations in the beginning of 
September it was found that the home-grown seed had produced a 
greater weight of beets per acre while they had the full equivalent of 
sugar content. 

Compared with the crop of 1892 the data are as follows: 

The mean weight of all varieties of beets in 1892, in the beginning of 
September, was 279 grams, and the sugar content 10*0 per cent. At 
the same season in 1893 the mean weight of the beets was 389 grams 
and the meau sugar content 11-G per cent. It is thus seen that in both 
the weight of the beet and the content of sugar the crop of 1893 at this 
season was superior to that of 1892. 

On September 28, as determined by experiment, the mean weight of 
all home-grown varieties per acre was 13-5 tons, containing 15*8 per cent 
of sugar, or -4,206 pounds per acre. The mean weight of the imported 
varieties per acre was 13-3 tons, containing 15 per cent of sugar, or 
3,990 pounds x)er acre. 

The data given above were obtained upon beets planted during April 
and May. It may be of interest to compare these data with tliose 
obtained from beets planted later. The beets on which the following 
observations were made were planted on the 12th of June, and on the 
ground where the previous early planting had been destroyed by the 
windstorms. This planting, as has already been mentioned, germi- 
nated in an unusually short time, and the subsequent growth was rapid 
and uninterrupted. As perfect cultivation as possible was given to 



33 

tlie crop, and the surface of the soil was kept in good tilth during the 
eutire growing season. On the first of September the jjlats presented 
a splendid appearance, although the beets were far from mature. 
After the first of September the extremely hot and dry weather began 
to affect the late-planted beets, and it was observed that they were 
ceasing to increase in weight. Small plats were subjected to irrigation 
in order to determine whether any difference would be observed between 
the irrigated and non-irrigated beets. At the time of the harvest of 
the beets, a month later, it was observed that the surface irrigation 
had not penetrated to a depth of more than G inches, and below that 
depth the soil was dry and hard. 

The late-planted plats were examined analytically only once, and as 
each variety did not contain more than a few hundred beets, most of 
which it was desirable to keep for seed, it was not thought wise to take 
a large number for examination, nor to repeat the analytical work. A 
time for analysis was therefore selected when it was supposed the beets 
had approximately reached their maximum of value in weight and 
sugar content. The results obtained for the different varieties were 
extremely flattering. The highest sugar content was found with the 
Elite Kleinwanzlebener, namely, 16-4: per cent, with a purity of 81-5, 
and all the other varieties approximated closely these figures, excei)t 
in one instance. The varieties were all grown from domestic seed pro- 
duced ni)on the station. The weight of the beets, however, was rather 
low, being only about two-thirds of the normal weight of a perfect sugar 
beet, slu^wing that the excessively dry weather of September had i)re- 
vented them from attaining full growth. The weight ]ier acre and 
the sugar per acre of each of the late-planted plats are given in the 
following table : 

Table showing yield per acre of sugar derived from different varieties of beets. 



Varieties. 



Elite Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin's Improved 

Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener 

Lemaire 

Knaner , 

Desprez , 

Original Kleinwanzlebener 

T<emaire 

Means of varieties from home-grown seed . 
Means of varieties from imported seed .. . 



Seed. 



Date. 



Sept. 28 
..do.... 
..do .... 
..do .... 
..do .... 
..do.... 
..do.... 
..do .... 



Weight 
per 

square 
rod. 



Pounds. 
172 
150 
161 
178 
190 
178 
143 
190 



Yield 
per acre. 



Tons. 
13-7 
12-0 
12-8 
U-2 
15-2 
14-2 
11-4 
15-2 
13-5 
13-3 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
16-4 
16 -3 
15-4 
15-3 
16-3 
15-2 
16-0 
14-0 
15-8 
15-0 



Sugar 
per acre. 



Pounds. 
4,513 
3,912 
3,967 
4,348 
4,955 
4,316 
3,661 
4,620 
4,266 
3,990 



Two of these experiments were also duplicated with imported seed, 
namely, those marked "I" in the table above. The low yield per acre 
was without doubt due to the severe drought. 

There was an appreciable increase in the yield per acre of the irri- 
gated plats without any appreciable decrease in the content of sugar. 
15096— No. 39 3 



34 

The mean yield per acre of the irrigated beets was lG-2 tons; the mean 
percentage of sugar in the beets, 15-3 per cent, ai*d the mean yield of sugar 
per acre, 4,954 pounds. The irrigation, therefore, bad increased the 
yield of sugar j^er acre, in round numbers, 700 pounds. 

THE GROWTH OF EEETS AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES. 

A series of experiments was also made in connection with the work 
at the station in growing beets on the bottom lands of the Platte 
Eiver. Heretofore it has been considered impracticable to grow beets 
on this soil, subject as it is to overflow in the spring and being of an 
extremely sandy nature. The level of the surface of this soil is very 
little above that of the river, so the water line through the greater part 
of the year is very near the surface of the soil. These lands, of course, 
would be expected to produce a good showing only during an exces- 
sively dry year, as during the season of 1893. The spring of 1893 
being immoderately dry, allowed the lowlands to be worked and beets 
to be planted early in May. The germination was rapid, and the beets 
grew without hindrance up to the time of maturity. On September 23 
the beets were analyzed, and at the same time a similar number of 
beets grown by the same farmer, in the same manner and from the same 
seed, but upon dry soil lying higher. The comparison of the two har- 
vests is shown by the following data: Grown on the lowland — Mean 
weight of beets, 523 grams; mean percentage of sugar, 13-5; mean 
purity, 82-8. Grown on the dry upland — Mean weight of beets, 381 
grams; mean percentage of sugar, 11; mean purity, 68-3. In this 
instance it is seen that the difl'erence is wholly in favor of the beets 
grown upon the lowlands. The uncertainty of the possibility of the 
cultivation of these lands, however, in the spring makes this experi- 
ment oidy a matter of interest in showing the necessity for a moderate 
supply of moisture during the growing season. 

The table-lands of Nebraska are not capable of supplying a definite 
amount of moisture from the subsoil to a growing crop, especially to 
one which requires so much water for its nourishment as the sugar beet. 
In this respect they are quite different from the lauds of the Ohino Valley, 
California, in which crops of beets are often grown, receiving their water 
solely from subterranean sources. The practical lesson learn ed from this 
experiment does not indicate the continuous availability of the bottom 
lands of the Platte for beet-growing, but the necessity of a deeper and 
more thorough working of the subsoils of the uplands in order to 
increase the store and availability of the capillary water of the soil. 
Nevertheless, in this connection it may be well to speak of the fact that 
the Standard Cattle-Feeding Company, of Ames, Nebr., planted during 
the last year about 500 acres of beets on what is practically bottom 
lands. The yield obtained per acre was quite satisfactory and the con- 
tent of sugar was also high. I regret that the officers of the company 
are not willing to have the data published in detail, but I am permitted 
to say that the results of the experiment were satisfactory both from 



35 

an agricultural point of view and financially, the beets having been 
cUlivered to a factory and a fair ])roftt realized from tliem. 

UNFAVORABLE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF NEBRASKA. 

Tlie climatic conditions that have attended the three years' experi- 
ments which have been conducted at Schuyler lead to the conclu- 
sion that the climate of Nebraska, in respect to its variations in tem- 
perature and rainfall, is not well suited to production of uniform crops 
of sugar beets. The variations in temperature are phenomenal; even 
during the summer very cold and very hot days may succeed each other 
in quick succession. The variations in lainfall are no less marked. At 
one time of the year excessive precipitation is likely to occur, followed 
naturally by excessive drought. All of these excesses of climate are 
without doubt injurious to the growth cf a plant which has been devel- 
oped under such even conditions as have characterized the growth of the 
sugar beet in Europe during the past seventy-five years. The plain 
deduction from these data is that the sugar beet, especially in such a 
climate as that of Nebraska, will undergo some changes, due to the 
effect of its environment, to accommodate itself to such changed con- 
ditions. Even after only two years of growth in the conditions there 
obtaining the domestic beet shows undoubted marks of superiority. 

One encouraging feature of the problem is found in the fact that in 
spite of these great variations in temperature and precipitation, and 
chiefly with imported seeds for the production of the plants, we have 
been able to grow in three seasons, differing very widely in climatic 
conditions, crops of beets fairly satisfactory in both yield per acre and 
sugar content. This result shows that with the highest skill in agri- 
culture and proper acclimatization a country, even with such a variable 
climate as Nebraska, maybe made in one sense practically independent 
of these excesses of seasonal changes. 

SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS IN SUGAR ELABORATION. 

In addition to the general experiments which have been outlined 
above a number of special experiments in the production of sugar beets 
was also carried on at the Schuyler Station, as has been the custom in 
previous years. These experiments will be found fully described in the 
report of Mr. Maxwell, which follows. Attention will be called to only 
one of them here. 

The interesting observations noted by Mr. Maxwell, the assistant 
in charge, in regard to the function of moisture in the storage of beets 
will be found -in detail in his report. The results of these experiments 
are convincing to Mr. Maxwell of the formation of an additional quantity 
of sugar in the beets after storage. The special report justly calls 
attention to the fact that this conviction is in opposition to the accepted 
theories in regard to this matter. It is not desired, therefore, to cite 
these experiments for the purpose of committing the Department to any 
definite statement in regard to this question. The whole science of 



36 

vegetable physiology and clieniistry teaches that sugar is elaborated 
in the leaves of the beet i)lant by the coudeiisatioi) of formyl aldehyd, 
which is produced by the action of the chlorophyl cell upon carbon 
dioxid and water. The beet itself lias always been regarded sin)[)ly as 
a store-house in which the elaborated sugar is conserved for the future 
use of the plant. 

It is not at all impossible that sugar elaboration may go on in the 
cellular substance of the beet itself, although such an assumption is 
contrary to the generally accepted theories of vegetable chemistry. 
The experiments are so few in number that judgment must be reserved 
in regard to the matter until they may be repeated under varying con- 
ditions. In such cases the final determination of the question can not 
be made upon an analysis of the expressed juice alone, but must be 
determined by the estimation of the quantity of sugar in the beet itself 
without expression. In other words, the relation of the marc or pulp 
of the beet to the question under consideration must also be taken into 
account as well as the content of sugar in the juice alone. 

It seems improbable in the present light of vegetable physiological 
chemistry to suppose there is any elaboration of sugar in such circum- 
stances. The fact of the increase in the purity of the juice would lead 
to a supposition, however, that some of the materials already present 
in the juice are converted in some way into sucrose. That any forma- 
tion of sucrose in the beet itself during storage in moisture can be 
secured by the condensation of carbon dioxid and water is beyond the 
just expectation of the accomx)lishmeuts of physiological vegetable 
action. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

So many letters are addressed to the Department of Agriculture 
making inquiry in regard to the prospects of the beet-sugar industry 
in the United States that it seems proper to say a few words here on 
this subject. 

The cultivation of the sugar beet is a style of agriculture so strange 
to American farmers as to require specific instruction and experience 
in order to successfully accomplish it. For this reason it is not difficult 
to foresee that any attempt by American farmers to plunge at once into 
extensive beet culture until they have learned its principles and prac- 
tice must end disastrously. The great obstacle to the spread of the 
beet-sugar industry in the United States is without doubt an agricul- 
tural one. The exx)eriments which have been conducted by the Depart 
ment at Schuyler and the results of an immense amount of work done 
at the various agricultural experiment stations in the different States, 
together with the practical work accomplished by the seven active beet- 
sugar factories in the United States, have demonstrated beyond any 
possible doubt the fact that beets of a reasonably high sugar content 
can be produced over wide areas and in quantities ai)prox:imating those 
produced in the beet fields of Europe. 



37 

In so far as t'hemauufaeturiiig is concerned the conditions are prac- 
tically identical, altbongii it must be admitted that in some parts of tlie 
conntry the conditions are more favorable and in others less favorable 
than in Europe. As an instance of more favorable conditions the 
experience of California may be cited. On account of the mild win- 
ters in that locality it is not found necessary in any case to silo the 
beets, and unless exposed to the danger of second growth they can be 
allowed to remain in the ground until the time for manufacture arrives. 
There is thus a considerable diminution of the expense of manufac- 
ture — an expense which comes from the labor of harvesting and siloing 
the beets and protecting them from frost. 

On the other hand, the conditions in Nebraska are distinctly less 
favorable for manufticture than in Europe. In the climate of the former 
the access of winter is often sudden and early. It is not unusual for the 
thermometer to reach the zero point in November. It therefore becomes 
absolutely necessary that the harvest of the beets should be fully accom- 
idished perhaps not later than the 20th or 25th of October. The whole 
excess of beets not manufactured at that time must therefore be pre- 
served, and this preservation is an expensive operation in a climate 
where so severe a degree of frost must be expected. Then, again, the 
periods of cold may be separated by periods of great warmth. In this 
case another danger arises; the high temperature which the silos may 
attain at that time induces growth, or, if the buds making the growth 
possible are all removed, at least deterioration. Taking all parts of 
the country together it may be said that the conditions of manufac- 
ture, including the abundance of fuel and its cheapness and the other 
factors active in determining the cost of production, are as favorable 
as in Euro^ie. There is one exception to this, of course, and that is in 
the matter of labor, the cost of which in this country is double, some- 
times triple, that paid in Europe for similar service. 

During the past year nearly 45,000,000 jjounds of beet sugar have 
been produced in the United States. 

REPORT OF ASSISTANT IN CHARGE. 

The details of the experimental work at the Schuyler Station are 
contained in the report of Dr. Walter Maxwell, assistant in charge, 
which is as follows : 

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Division oi*' Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, December W, 1893. 
Sir : I beg to submit to you the tbird annual report of the work of the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture sugar beet experiment station at Schuyler, Nebr., for 
the year 1893. 

Very respectfully, 

Walter Maxwell, 

Assintant in Charge. 
Prof. H. W. Wiley, 

Director of Station, 



38 

Tlie sugar beet ex]ierinipnt station comniciicecl the •uork of the season of 1893 
in the lirst week of March, the farm foreman, George Selzer, opening up the labo- 
ratory on the 2d day of the month. Frciiaratious were made in the hiboratory for 
conducting the analysis of the ''mother beets." The abnormal and continuous low 
temperature, however, prevented the silos being opened until March 21, on which 
date the chemical work began. 

METHOD OF STORING BEKTS. 

The mode of storing the mother beets in November, 1892, was varied from the 
method desci'ibcd in full detail in ray report of last year only by the circumstance 
that at the time of closing the silos fully one-half ton of ice was placed in each silo 
for the purpose of lowering the temperature. The ice was placed in such a way 
that it was not in immediate contact with the beets, and in order that the water 
shot;ld run directly into the ventilating channel underlying the floor of the silo.- 

Upon inspection, the beets were found in a condition in every particular satis- 
factory. No visible growth had transijired, and the flesh of the roots was appar- 
ently more solid than it was at the time of storing. 

EFFECT OF STORAGE ON WEIGHT OF BEETS. 

In order that the character of the preservation, with respect to the loss or increase 
of Aveight by heating and evaporation, could be gauged, and likewise for the pur- 
pose of tixing the standard, which is based ujion the water content, for determining 
the proportion of loss in sucrose, a given number of beets was washed, dried, and 
weighed and placed in an average jjosition in the silos at the time of storing, and 
on reoi)ening, those beets were washed and reweighed immediately. The eft'ect of 
storage upon the weight of the roots is shown in the following table: 

Grams. 

Weight of 10 selected beets March 27, 1893 5, 400 

Weight of 10 selected beets November 4, 1892 4, 840 

Increase of weight during the term of storage 560 

Per cent of increase 11.5 

The occasion of the great increase of weight in the beets which had taken place, as 
shown by the table, is found in the two following main causes: At the time of stor- 
in"- in the preceding autunin the beets were in an abnormally wilted condition, owing 
to the extreme heat and drought which prevailed previous to their removal from the 
soil. The roots thus, at the period of entering the silos, contained less than the nor- 
mal amount of water, .and being interlaid by layers .of cold, moist sand, as described 
in the last year's report, the moisture equivalent was regained. Further, the placing 
of ice in the silos at the time of closing lowered the temperature, and reduced the 
possible measure of evaporation; which is shown by the thermometrical readings in 
the following table : 

Degrees C. 

Temperature of the silos November 5 43 

Temperature of the silos December 20 42 

Temi^erature beet juices March 21 39" 2 

Not only could no evaporation take place with the silos maintained at such a low 
temperature, and the beets packed in moist sand, but the reason is likewise furnished 
why no growthhad begun. At the degree of temjierature which the juices gave on the 
opening day of the analytical work (39'2") sprouting could not occur. During the 
winter of 1891, no change had taken place in the weight of the beets, but a notable 
growth had occurred, which was due to a higher temperature prevailing during 
the term of storage in the silos, and also to the circumstance that the opening of the 
eilos did not take place until three weeks later in the following spring. The efl"ect 
of storage upon the sugar content will be seen from the tables of analytical data. 



39 

CHEMICAL ANALYSES. 

As already stated, tlie chemical work began on March 21, and was concluded April 
8 ; 6,370 beets being analyzed, against 4,740 analyzed in the spring of 1892. The num- 
ber of beets contained in the silos was 6,378, showing that only 8 beets in the total 
number stored had suftered decay. 

The classification of the beets was based upon the analyses, the sugar content 
resolving the individuals of each variety into the grades of quality shown in the 
following table : 



Variety. 



No. I grade 

(sucrose 18 

per cent 

upwaids). 



No. II grade 

(sucro.se 15 

to 18 per 

cent). 



No. Ill grade 

(sucrose 12 

to 15 per 

cent). 



Original Kleinwarzlebener. 
Dippe's Kleiuwanzlebener . 

Viliuorins' Improved 

Leuiaire 

Desprez 

Elite Kleinwanzlebener 



Beets. 



Beets. 



465 
483 
600 



210 



57 



1,758 



Beets. 



448 
1,176 
784 
476 
168 
224 



3,276 



The following statement gives the proportion of the beets analyzed which was 
eligible for propagation uses: 

Number of beets of all grades accepted for seed production 5, 091 

Number of beets of all grades rejected for seed production 1, 179 

Total 6,370 

EFFECT OF STORAGE ON SUGAR CONTENT. 

The effect of storage upon the sugar content is observed by comparing the rela- 
tive proportions of sucrose found in the average samples of each variety at the time 
of siloing and when the beets were taken out for analysis. The increase of weight 
in the beets, which it has been shown had taken place during the term of storage, 
has to be included in the consideration, and the 11'5 per cent, which v/as the precise 
ratio of the increment, must be added to the sucrose readings in order that the com- 
parison between the autumn and spring readings may be exact and the actual loss 
of sugar determined. 

The followiug statement furnishes the sucrose readings of each variety, as recorded 
in November, 1892, and the spring readings of the varieties, plus the equivalent of 
the weight increment : 



Varieties. 



Original Kleinwanzlebener 
Dippe's Kleiuwauzleboner 

Viluioriu's Improved 

Leniaire 

Desprez 

Elite Kleinwanzlebener . . . 

Means 



Sucrose 


Sucrose 


Nov. 4. 


Mar. 21. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


13 1 


12-8 


13-5 


12-0 


11-4 


11-5 


10-4 


100 


10-8 


10-8 


12-6 


12-5 



From the table it is seen that nearly one-half of 1 per cent is the difference 
between the sugar content of the siloed beots in the autumn and in the following 
spring. 

Those beets, however, at the time of their removal from the soil on and about 
October 10, 1892, coutaiucd 15'1 per cent of sucrose; so that during the total inter- 



40 

val of time between their removal from tlu- soil in the previons anfnmn and the date 
of analysis in the spring-, the polariscopt; rcadiiij-s had i'allcn 3-5 per cent, which 
gives a mean loss in the total su<;ar of all the varieties of 23'1 per cent ; 19'9 per cent 
of which occurred between October 15 and November 4, and 3*2 per cent during the 
time that the beets were closed up in the silos from November 5 to March 21. 

It is seen from the table that the varieties did not pass through the term of winter 
storage with equal advantage. This feature of the results reqnires further investi- 
gation, both with resjiect to its accuracy and to the cause, if it is found to be accu- 
rate. The matter of the loss of sugar which transpired in the autumn, and before 
the beets were placed in silo, is fully discussed in my ro)iort for 1892. The loss, how- 
ever, of only 3-2 per cent of the total sugar during the term of storage, the almost 
complete immunity from decay, and the solid condition of the beets when taken out 
of the silos, justify the conclusion that the mode of presei'vatiou iu use is in all 
respects satisfactory. 

PLANTING MOTHER BKETS. 

The planting of the mother beets was done between the dates April 28 and May 2. 
The method of the previous year was departed from in two respects : The No. 3 
grade beets of all varieties were j)lanted on the same plat; the No. 2 grade were 
placed at extreme points of distance on the station, whilst the No. 1 grade, or 
" Extra Quality," were planted in selected spots 1 mile distant from each other and 
from the station. The station was enabled to observe this great care iu placing the 
varieties of No. 1 grade a great distance from each other through the courtesy 
of Messrs. Wells & Nieman, upon whose ranch two varieties were planted, and of 
Mr. Fuller, of the Maxwellian Ranch, whose interest in the work caused him to 
offer any part of his laud, and likewise an excellent plat in his private garden, for 
the purpose. 

The planting was done in every way satisfactorily, and the beets very soon exhib- 
ited their great vitality. Of the 5,091 beets planted less than 20 failed to grow; 
and notwithstanding the dry weather, with high temperature, which prevailed dur- 
ing the mouth of June, which is normally moist and growing, the growth was not 
affected, the '^stand" of each plat reaching an excellent development. 

The high temperature of the latter part of July and of the first days of August, 
during which time practically no rain fell, caused the seed to mature prematurely, 
and reduced the bulk of the yield, certain "stands" actually dryiug out, whilst the 
seed generally did not attain its possible size. The quality, however, as indicated 
by the brightness of the seed and the weight, was excellent. Had rain fallen in 
moderate propoition during the early part of the maturing season the yield per acre 
would probably have been greater by 30 per cent. The seed was all collected by 
August 31. 

YIELD OP SEED — VALUE. 

The following data give the actual seed obtained in comparison with the yield of 
1892: 



Season. 


Varieties. 


Area. 


Weight 
of seed. 


Yield per 
acre. 


1893 




Hods. 
113-0 
98-3 


Pounds. 
610 
595 


Pounds. 
863 


1892 


do 


968 









The yield per acre is a little lower this season than in 1892. 

Arrangements were made with the president of the Oxnard Beet Sugar Company 
for the purchase of the seed at the sum of 20 cents per pound, which gave the seed 
crop a value of $172.60 per acre. 



I 



■ 41 

The seed of all vavioties of the No. I aurt No. TI gratles has been retained, how- 
ever, in order tiiat it may be available .should the work of the station be resumed in 
the spring of 1894. 

CULTURAL SEASON OF THE BEET CROP. 

The work of preparing the ground for the beet crop of this year was begun in the 
autumn of 1892. All surface cleaning was done in Aiigust; deep plowing and sub- 
soiling, as described in my previous reports, were coni])leted in October, and the 
so-called heavy and preparatory cultivation accomplished before the frosts of the 
late autumn ca?ne on. 

In the spring the ground was in excellent condition; the frost having thoroughly 
pulverized the soil of the plats plowed in the preceding fall. One feature, however, 
was not satisfactory, which was the water reserve of the soil. The preceding sum- 
mer had been dry and hot, and the rainfall common to the month of October was 
extremely small, consequently the water reserve of the soil at the beginning of 
winter was at the minimum, which was not remedied during the winter months. 
It was thus apparent that if another hot and dry summer should follow, with the 
water reserve of the soil so low in the spring, the resul ts of the drouth would be 
increasedly disastrous. It will be seen later that these results were realized. 

The preparation of the plats for early planting was begun on Ajml 9, and on the 
following day one acre of beets was planted , the seed bed being a mass of tine, moist 
earth in good tilth, and the soil temperature reading .55'^ C. 

All the seed was tested and the vitality proved by germination which was con- 
ducted in boxes in the laboratory. The following table shows the germinating power 
of each lot of seed planted, and the vitality of the "home-grown" seed in compari- 
son with "imported" of the same varieties. 



Planted May 23—100 seeds. 



May — 



June — 



Number of plantlets visible on. 



29 30 31 



Vilmorin Improved (home-grown) 

Dippe's Kleiuwanzlebener (home-nrowu) 

(imported) 

Elite Kleiuwanzlebener (home-grown) . . . 

(imported) 

Knauer (home-grown) 

(imported) 

Leraaire ( liome-grown) 

(imported) 

Desprez (home-grown) 

Mette's Specialitat (imported) 

Mette's Rosa Elite (imported) 

Demesmay (imported) 



97 



The notable feature of the germination tests is the uniformly high germiuating 
power of the home-grown varieties and the rapidity with which the plantlets 
appeared above the ground. It is seen that the native seed is from one to two days 
in advance of the imported of corresponding varieties in breaking the surface of the 
soil. An exception occurs among the imported in the instance of the Lemaire, 
but even with that variety the home-grown seed came up more rapidly, although 
not so high a percentage grew. The observations recorded in the above table were 
confirmed in the field, the home-grown seed coming up one to two days earlier than 
the imported, and being ready in advance for "thinning out." 

On April 15 two more acres were planted. The home-grown and imported seeds 
of each variety were planted side by side, all conditions being equal. By this mode 
of planting the results would be comparative, and the value of the home-grown seed 
exactly tested. 

On April 22 the minimum thermometer registered IS*^, a phenomenally low temper- 
ature for that season. With the low temperature, strong winds prevailed, the latter 



42 

continuing after the teniper.itnre roso. At the close of April the aspect of vegetation 
generally was very discouraging. 

Ouly 5 acres were planted in beets instead of 8 acres, as in former years, the extent 
allowed to each variety being lessened. Under instructions, the cultivation and 
expenditures were reduced to the lowest scale compatible with the jnirpose of 
efficiently condxicting the experiments. 

Damage iy dust storms. 

All the plats which had been planted presented a perfect appearance at the begin- 
ning of June. On June 7 a terrible dust storm swejit over the district. The wind 
came up from the southeast at 4.30 p. m., and at 5 o'clock nearly every young beet 
plant had been cut off close to the ground. The prospect was bad. The damage 
wrought by the storm was of wide extent, hundreds of acres of excellent stands of 
beets being utterly destroyed in the beet districts of Norfolk and Grand Island. • 

When the storm had passed by only 1 acre of beets remained which presented 
any kind of appearance. This plat was left standing; the plants, however, were 
so fatally damaged in jilaces that the after-growth was very slow, and the final crop 
the poorest on the station. It is advisable where the plants ai'e damaged by such 
storms to plow up the ground and replant, the results will more than compensate 
the expense of extra cultivation. 

On June 9, a second storm occurred which cut oft' certain other small experiments 
conducted with the "extra quality " home-grow'n seed. The whole of the plants from 
the No. 1 grade seed was lost, and the comparative tests were confined to plantings of 
No. 2 grade, home-grown, with seed of the same varieties imported direct from France 
and Germany. 

On June 15, only 3 acres of beets were in progress of growth. The last acre was 
replanted upon the plat where the storm had destroyed the planting of an earlier 
dace. This acre was planted with 6 varieties of home-grown and 2 varieties of imi)orted 
seed. The rate of germination was extraordinary. The plantlets of tlie home-grown 
seed were Adsible in the row seventy-two hours after planting, which is probably the 
shortest time on record required by the beet seed to develop into appearance above the 
ground. The imported seed planted at the same time was visible in the rows after 
one hundred and twenty-four hours, or two days later. This is the most conclusive 
example of the greater vitality and germinating power of the native seed. 

In speaking of the disaster caused bj' the dust storm, it may be noted that the 
lands which were lying with very compact and fine surfaces, caused by sudden rains 
or rolling, were most subject to the action of the wind. Lands which had been 
recently worked, and were not so flat, did not "blow," or extremely little, and the 
small clods protected the beet plants. As a provision against such storms, it thus 
appears advisable to pass the cultivator along the rows as soon as the plants appeiir, 
even if no weeds have come up, if only to protect the plant against that danger. 

On very light sand soils nothing will avail against the winds, but on such lauds 
beets should not be planted, and for other well-known reasons in addition to the 
danger of blowing. 

Native and imported plants compared. 

The thinning out of the plants was done satisfactorily, the laborers being 
those who were trained to the work in the two previous seasons. On the early planted 
plat the beets were placed 8 inches apart in the row; in the next plat, or May 
planting, 9 inches were left between the plats, while on the plat planted on June 
12 the plants were set 1 foot apart, the distance between the rows, on all plats, being 
uniformly 18 inches. 

Following the thinning out, hand-hoeing and cultivation with the horsehoe were 
continued until the plants were too large to be further worked without damage. 
The early planted jilats were laid by about July 12, but woik was continued in 1,he 



43 

latest plat until July 28, wlien all work among the plants ceased. At this time 
tlie prospect was excellent. All the varie'ties made a good appearance, yet the 
greater vitality and rapidity of growth shown by the home-grown seed in the stage 
of germination was still maintained. The plants from the native seed produced a 
more abundant foliage system and the roots were apparently correspondingly better 
developed than were those from the imported seed of the same varieties. The ques- 
tion of the most vital interest at that period was, Will the greater promise of the 
product from the home-grown seed be maintained to the end? 

Influence of climatic conditions. 

From the time of laying by the crop to the time of maturity the matter is wholly 
iu the hands of the climatic conditions. At the beginning of the season I observed 
that should even a moderately dry season occur, with the low water reserve of the 
ground which in tlie spring existed, the result would be disastrous. That condition 
did follow. The rainfall of June was less than one-half of the normal for the m-^nth 
and the weather conditions of June are almost decisive. The precipitation in July 
was quite insufSBcient to make up for the deficiency of the previous month and to 
resist the high temperatures of that season. The first half of August was wholly with- 
out rain and the precipitation for the month was below the normal, while with Septem- 
ber the drought became chronic, no rain occurring in the month until the night of 
the 29th. And, with the small rainfall, the midsummer was characterized by very 
high temperatures, June and July each having a mean record of several degi'ees 
above the normal for those months. 

Weather conditions. 



Observations. 



Te-inperature, 

Means f>r 1?93 

Moans for 1892 

Means lor 1891 

Eainfan,]893 

Rainfall, 1892 

Kainfall, 1891 



May. 


June. 


July. 





o 


o 


58-4 


72-2 


75-0 


55-3 


66-6 


75-0 


59-0 


68-4 


69-9 


Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


4-27 


1-64 


4-69 


6-62 


0-50 


2-50 


1-38 


11-59 


6 '71 



August. 



70-7 
72-8 
70-2 
Inches. 
2-61 
3-36 
2-22 



September. 



65-1 
C6-5 
65-1 
Inches. 
2 03 
0-28 
0-84 



From these data it is seen that the temperature of this season, during the most 
vital period, was much above the temperatures recorded in the two previous years. 
And the rainfall for the five mouths tabulated was wholly inadequate as a supple- 
ment to the low-water reserve of the ground existing at the beginning of the year. 
The rainfall of 1891, badly distributed though it was, was the amount of precipitation 
most favorable to the beet crop in Nebraska. 

Hapj)ily, I have no statement to make concerning insect ravages during the clos- 
ing season. A few individuals of the worm which wrought the great damage 
reported last year were observed in the middle of July, but the number was quite 
insignificant; and no second generation was observed to appear. 

ANALYTICAL WORK OF THE SEASON. 

On September 4 the first samples of beets were analyzed. Excepting the late- 
planted jjlats, the crop was sampled and tested, and the weight and sugar content 
ascertained in correspondence with the mode of control practiced in 1892. 

Before giving a table of the results observed at the opening of the analytical 
season it must bo remarked that certain early plantings of home-grown varieties of 
seed were wholly destroyed by the dust storm of June 8, and a comparison with the 
product of the imported seed of those varieties can not be made. In the later plant- 
ing the comparison will be possible. 



44 

The following table represents the coTulitiou of the crop from the given varieties 
of home-grown ami imported seed in the first week of September: 



Varieties. 



Original Klein wan zlebener . 

Vilmorin Improved 

Elite Kleiuwauzlebener 



Seed. 



Knauer . 
Leraaire . 



Desprez 

Mette's Specialitat 

Vilmorin Improved (second jdant- 



ing). 



Mette's Eosa Elite . 



Mean of imported seed 

Mean of home-grown seed. 



I* 
I 

Ht 
I 
H 
I 
H 
I 
H 
I 

I 
I 



Date. 



Sept. 
...do.. 
Sept. 
...do .. 
...do .. 
. . .do . . 
Sept. 
...do .. 
...do .. 
Sept. 

...do .. 
...do .. 



Num- Mean 
ber of weight 
beets, of beets. 



50 1 

50 I 

50 

50 

50 I 

50 I 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 
50 



Grams. 
300 
275 
396 
387 
521 
443 
358 
341 
420 
335 

359 
391 



Brix. 



Per cent. 



354 
424 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
11 -0 
12-5 
12.0 
10-9 
10-6 
10-9 
11-9 
10-8 
11-8 
12-4 

13-8 
10-2 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
73.3 
77-6 
77-9 
72-6 
71-6 
71-2 
71-5 
08-3 
73-3 
73-0 

75-0 
09 -0 



11-5 
11-6 



''Imported. 



t Home-grown . 



The above table shows the condition of the crop at the beginning of September. 
It is seen that the home-grown seed represents a greater weight of beets per acre 
and a full eciuivalent in the sugar content. It will be of interest to compare the 
given condition of the crop of this year with that of 1892 at the same date : 



Weight 
of beets. 



Sucrose. 



Mean of all varieties, 1893. 
Mean of all varieties, 1892. 



Grams. 
389 
279 



Per cent. 
11.6 
10.6 



It is thus shown that the crop of this season was in a highly satisfactory condition, 
in comparison with the crop of 1892, in the first week of September. 

As has already been stated, extreme drought prevailed during the greater part of 
August and through the month of September, the efl'ects of the absence of rain being 
intensified by the high temperatures. It was most apparent that the beets had not 
only ceased to increase in weight, but that they had less weight than two weeks 
previously. Also, the behavior of certain of the varieties, with respect to their sugar 
content, was perplexing, and the indications for the results of the season far from 
promising. These peculiarities will be better seen from the table which represents 
the second analytical review of the condition of the crop : 



Varieties. 



Seed. 





Num- 


Date. 


ber of 




beets. 


Sept. 11 
...do 


50 


50 


Sept. 12 


50 


...do .... 


50 


Sept. 13 


50 


...do.... 


50 


Sept. 14 


50 


...do .... 


50 


...do ... 


50 


Sept. 15 


50 


...do.... 


50 


...do.... 


50 



Mean 
weight 
of beets. 



Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


16-3 


12-3 


17-0 


13-2 


16-2 


12 -C 


15-7 


11-2 


15-2 


11 1 


16-5 


12-2 


17 


11-8 


17-5 


11-9 


17-4 


12-6 


17-0 


12-1 


18 '8 


14-0 


15-6 


10 3 



Purity. 



Original Klein wan zlebener 

Vilmorin Improved 

Elite Klein wanzlebeuer 

Knauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez 

Mette's Specialitat 

Vilmorin Improved (second plant- 
ing) 

Mette's Rosa Elite 



Grams. 
280 
299 
505 
393 
506 
446 
372 
395 
391 
335 

362 
350 



Per 



cent. 
75-4 
77-6 
77-7 
71-4 
72-5 
73-8 
69 
68-0 
72 
71-2 

74-4 
66 



45 

From this table it is seeu that certain of the varieties gave a higher polariscope 
reading than in tlie previous week. Tlie gain, however, was not wholly actual. A 
decrease in weight had occurred, caused by evaporation, under the action of the hot 
dry weather, and the ratio of solids in the beet had risen in proportion to the with- 
drawal of water. 

It is observed, moreover, that, notwithstanding the decrease of weight of certain of 
the varieties, the per cent of sugar found in the juice was less than in the previous 
week. This is a phenomenon which had not been encountered in previous experi- 
mentation. Its discussion will be deferred to a later stage of the report, and in con- 
nection with specific experiments treating of the matter. 

The following table records the data obtained in the third iusi)ectiou of the varie- 
ties: 



Varieties. 



Original Klein wan 7,leboner 

Vilniorin Improved 

Elite KleiuwauzlebencT 

Knauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez . . 

Mette's Specialitat 

Vilmorin Improved (second plant 

ing 

Mette's Eoaa Elite 



Seed. 



Date. 



Sept. 21 
..do.... 
Sept. 22 
..do.... 
...do.... 
..do... 
Sept. 25 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 

...do... 
...do... 



Num- 1 Mean 
ber of iwoightof I 
beets, i beets, j 



Brix. I Sucrose. ! Parity. 



50 . 
50 ' 
50 i 

50 i 
50 I 
50 ; 
50 I 
50 i 
50 j 
50 ' 

50! 
50 



Gramg. i Per cent. ' Per cent. 

299 ' 18-1 : 13-6 

;!17 ; 17-9 I 13-7 

522 i lfi-4 1 12-9 

407 I 15-7 1 11-1 

517 ! 15-5 ^ 11-6 

459 ' 16-6 • 12-6 

3«2 i 17-6 11-6 

333 i 18 1 ' 12 -6 

397 ; 17-8 i 12-8 

311 i 17-9 ! 12-5 



Pen 



353 
329 



18-5 
16-5 



13-2 
10-2 



i:ent. 
75-2 
76-0 
78-6 
71-2 
74-8 
75-8 
65-8 
69-6 
71-9 
69-8 

71-3 
61-8 



This table shows that, comparatively, no increase in the sugar content of the beets 
had taken place during the interval of the week. A specific loss of sucrose is 
recorded in certain of the varieties and with a falling oft' in the bulk of the beets. 
The fourth weekly chemical analysis of most of the varieties will be given, which 
brings the report forward to the culminating period of those inimical conditions. 



Variety. 



Date. 



Num- 
ber ot 
beets. 



Mean 
weight 
of beets. 



Brix. 



Sucrose. 



Purity. 



Original Kleinwanzlebencr 

Vilniorin Improved 

Lemaire 

Do 

Desprez 

Mette's Specialitat 

Vilniorin Improved (second plant- 

, ing) 

Mette's Eosa Elite 



Oct. 
...do .. 
Oct. 
...do .. 
...do .. 
...do .. 

...do.. 
...do .. 



Gram. 
302 
300 
387 
372 
397 
333 

352 
369 



Per cent. 
15-7 
16-3 
16-2 
16-7 
16-7 
17-2 

16-9 
15-1 



Per cent. 
11-6 
12-7 
11-6 
12-2 
12-5 
12-2 

12-1 
9-8 



Per cent. 
'74-0 
77-9 
71-6 
73 
74-8 
70-9 

71-6 
65-0 



Certain of the varieties were not examined in the fourth Aveek, owing to the small 
number of beets remaining, many having been destroyed in Juue by the dust storm, 
and the remaining few were held back for the final i-eview in the following week. 

The loss of sugar, indicated by the table and which had occurred during one week, 
is appalling. Neither is there any increase in the weight of the beet which in any way 
can account for the loss. There is a direct disappearance of a large bulk of sugar 
per acre, and the cause is found in the continuance of high temperature and absence 
of rain. Rain fell on September 29, but that was too late; the damage was already 
done. The same cause a^ted upon the beets, although in the ground, and the same 



46 

results followed as arc set forth in ray experiments of last year, treating of erapora- 
tion and loss of sugar under the action of high temperature after the beets were 
removed from the ground. In the example under discussion, however, the beets were 
still iu the ground, and not fully exposed to the greatest heat of the sun, and it was 
not to be expected that the sun's action would do more than merely dry out the 
beets to some degree. The drought had been of long duration, and the water reserve 
of the ground was extremely low to begin with; by September 15, the beets had 
shrunk in size to snch extent that the linger could be thrust down between the beet 
and the soil around it, whereas two weeks earlier the soil was adhering close to the 
sides of the beet and firmly pressing around it. Moreover the foliage had dried up 
so that nothing but a tuft of young leaves on the head of the beet was remaining, 
and thus the sun struck with an unbroken force upon the organism. Until the rain 
of September 29 fell the prosjiect was quite alarming. Instead of approaching the 
normal sugar content and purity of juice indicative of maturing, those characteristics 
were diminishing, and it actually appeared as though the organism of the beet was 
falling in pieces. The climatic conditions, of which I have spoken, and their action 
upon the beet appear to have occurred in Europe this year. Robert Hennig, in his 
weekly letter from Berlin to the Louisiana Planter, remarks, " A most extraordi- 
nary circumstance is observed during this hot weather, viz, that the sugar in the 
ji.iice does not increase." If the sucrose in the juice did not iucrease,the total 
sugar in the beets was falling away, because the weight of the beets was shrinking 
which should have made the sucrose in the juice rise. Mr. Hennig does not note this. 

So far the tables given and the observations made upon them have related to the 
plats which were planted in April and May. At this juncture it will be well to pro- 
duce data setting forth the behavior of the plats planted a month later and note the 
comparative action of the climatic conditions upon those beets. 

The late beets were planted June 12, and upon the ground where two previous 
plantings had been destroyed by the wind storms. The plat was planted with six 
varieties of No. 1 grade home-grown seed and three grades of imported seed, all the 
conditions being equal. It has already been remarked that this ]danting germinated 
in an unusually short time, and the aftergrowth was uninterrupted and rapid. The 
best cultivation was given to the plats, the ground being absolutely without a weed, 
and it was being constantly moved by hoeing and cultivating. On September 1 it 
was estimated that the plats would weigh 14 tons to the acre, and having been so 
extremely late planted they had yet almost two months for further growth. Up to 
the date spoken of, September 1, their growth was not abated, and the appearance 
of the foliage was vigorous and of a deep green color. After the date noted the 
progress stopped, and it was apparent that even those late-planted plats could not 
endure any more of the drought. 

Wlien it was observed that the heat and continued drought were beginning to affect 
the late-planted plats and that they were at least ceasing to make weight, an experi- 
ment, on a small scale, was made iu order to see what actual aid could be given by 
surface- watering, and wliat the difference would be between the watered and unwat- 
ered at the end of four or six weeks if the natural drought continued. To this pur- 
pose a breadth was selected across the whole plats and including all the varieties. 
From September 1 forward, each day, a little before sunset, all the beets upon the 
selected breadth were watered by means of sprinkling cans, about 60 buckets of 
water being supplied daily. When, a month later, the beets were dug up it was 
found that the water supplied had never gone into the ground deeper than 6 inches, 
and below that depth the soil was dry and hard. The action of the watering had 
been much less effectual than good seasonable rains would have been. 

These late-planted plats were only analyzed once, because each variety did not 
contain more than a few hundred beets, most of which it was desirable to keep for 
seed producticm in the following year. Consequently the time of analyzing was 



47 

when it was supposed the beets had ai)proxiniately reached their maximum of value 
in weiftht and sufjrai' content. The following table gives the results : 



Variety. 



i Seed. 

I 



Elite Klein wan zlel)enor j H 

Vilmorin Improved H 

Diljpe Kleiuwanzloboner ! H 

Leniaire... j H 

Knauer ! H 

Desprez i H 

Original Kleinwanzlebeuer I 

Lemaire I 



Date. 



Sept. 


28 


...do... 


...do . 




...do . 


. 


...do . 


. 


...do . 




...do . 




...do . 





Num- 
ber of 
beets. 



Mean 
weight 
of beets. 



Grains. 
317 
297 
294 
290 

old 

298 
265 
300 



Brix. 



Per cent. 
20-1 
20-5 
20-7 
20-2 
20.0 
20 
22-0 
19-3 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Per cent. 
16-4 
16-3 
15-4 
15-3 
16-3 
15-2 
16 
14 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
81-5 
80-0 
74-4 
75-7 
81-5 
76-0 
72-7 
72-5 



It is seen that the beets had not attained to more than two parts in three of a nor- 
mal size. The sugar content of every variety, however, was excellent, and the 
purity of the juices of several was fairly satisfactory. Although the drouglit had 
stopped the growth, the heat had not begun to exhibit its action in the depreciation 
of the sugar content. 

It will be of interest at tliis place to give the weights per acre of each of tlie 
late planted jjlats, which, with the sugar content, will furnish the actual weight of 
the sugar per acre : 



Variety. 



Elite Kleinwanzlebener , 

Vilmorin Improved 

Dippe Kleinwanzlebener 

Lemaire 

Knauer - 

Desprc* 

Original Kleinwanzlebener 

Lemaire 

Moans of varii'ties from home-grown seed. 
Means varieties from imported seed 



Seed. 



Date. 



Sept. 28 

. . .do 

...do.... 
...do.... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 
...do .... 



Weight 

per 
square 

rod. 



Pounds. 
172 
150 
161 
178 
190 
178 
143 
190 



"Weight 

per Sucrose, 
acre. 



Tons. 
13-7 
12-0 
12-8 
14-2 
15-2 
14-2 
11-4 
15-2 
13-5 
13-3 



Per cent. 
16-4 
16-3 
15-4 
15-3 
16-3 
15-2 
16-0 
14-0 
15-8 
15-0 



Sugar per 
acre. 



Pounds. 
4,513 
3,912 
3,907 
4, 348 
4, 955 
4,310 
3,661 
4. 620 
4,266 
3,990 



The weight per acre of all the varieties was low. In the month of August and even 
to Sej)tember 1, it was estimated that the plats would attain a yield of approximately 
18 tons. The result is almost 5 tons short of that estimate. That the estimate was not 
immoderate, and that it would have been realized with normal conditions of weather, 
is indicated by the results obtained where the watering was conducted. 

The following table gives the Aveight per acre of the watered beets, the sucrose 
in the juice, and the sugar per acre, in comparison with the weiglit of beets and 
sugar per acre of the unwatered plats : 

Comparison of beets grotvn on watered and unwatered plats. 



Variety. 



Elite Kleinwanzlebener. . . 

Vilmorin Improved 

Dippe Kleinwanzlebener. . 

Lemaire 

Knauer 

Desprez 

Original KJeiuwanzlebeiiei 

Means 



"Watered beets. 


Unwatered beets. 


Weight 




Sugar 


Weight 


Sugar 


per acre. 




per acre. 


per acre. 


per acre. 


Tons. 


Per cent. 


Pounds. 


Tons. 


Pounds. 


16-3 


15-6 


5,241 


13-7 


4,513 


14-0 


15-6 


4,284 


12-0 


3,912 


15 -1 


14-4 


4,348 


12-8 


3,967 


17-0 


15 


5,100 


14-2 


4,348 


16-6 


• 16-2 


5,376 


15-2 


4,955 


18 -.T 


14-6 


5,643 


14-2 


4,316 


10-2 


15-4 


4, 989 


11-4 


3,661 


16-2 


15-3 


4,954 


13-4 


4,238 



48 

The comparative colnmns of this table set forth very clearly the action of the dry 
weather iqion the yiehl of beets and sugar. The watered beets have produced at 
the rate of over 700 pounds of sugar per acre in excess of the mean production of the 
un watered plats. Consequently, it is quite reasonable to calculate that had rain 
fallen in moderate proportion during August and early September, the weight of 
beets would have been increased some 5 tons, and the sugar 1,000 pounds per acre. 
The same results of the drought were observed in a field of 50 acres grown by the 
Oxnard Beet Sugar Company in the immediate vicinity of the experiment station. 

The effects of the great heat and drought lead me to consider at this place a ques- 
tion of great significance to beet culture in Nebraska. Hitherto the planting of beets 
on the bottom lands of the Platte Valley has been considered impracticable. Those 
lauds lie very little above the normal flow of the river, the water level in places not 
exceeding 2 to 3 feet from the ground surface. In the spring, and particularly during 
the season when the work of early cultivation should be in progress, parts of tho.se 
lands are frequently under water, and any acts of cultivation are impossible. In 
very dry seasons, however, all cultural work can be accomplished upon the lowlands 
as effectually as on the upper lands. This year has furnished an example, which 
was conducted under the direction of the station. Gottfried Hugo, one of the labor- 
ers upon the station during certain parts of the year, received seed from me and 
planted several rows of beets upon a low-lying patch of ground within the precincts 
of the town of Schuyler. The spring was moderately dry, which allowed the ground 
to be worked, and the beets to be planted early in May. The germination was rapid 
and the beets grew without hindrance or setback up to the time of maturity. On 
September 23, those beets were analyzed, and at the same time a similar number of 
beets grown by the same man, and from the same seed, but upon dry, light soil, was 
analyzed. The following are the results : 



Moist ground. 
Pry ground . . 



Weight 
of beets. 



Orams. 
523 
381 



Brix. 



Per cent. 
16-3 
16-1 



Sucrose. I Purity. 



Per cent. 
i;i-5 
11 



Per cent. 

82-8 
68-3 



The results are worthy of much consideration. The beets on the dry-sand soil 
were dried out, the leaves had parched and withered. The moist-land beets had 
still, at the time of analysis, a full foliage, and were not even yet mature. The 
latter undoubtedly constituted a yield of 24 tons and with not less than 6,400 pounds 
of sixgar per acre; while the production of the sand ground did not exceed 2,500 
pounds of sugar to the acre. The results of the moist ground were obtained upon 
land which in the year 1891 was under water during the whole months of June and 
July. Good surface drainage and thorough cultivation, with a favorable season for 
the first crop, enabled a practical man to reach the results of which I have spoken. 

BEET PRODUCTION ON THE BOTTOM LANDS. 



The importance of the matter in consideration causes me to go outside the work 
directed by the station in order to consider an experiment upon a large scale of beet 
production on the bottom lands. The Standard Cattle Company, whose large euter- 
prise is located at Ames, Nebr., in the current season planted 500 acres of beets on 
certain parts of their ranch, comprising some 6,000 acres. The elevation above 
the river of difierent parts of the tract may slightly vary, but the whole is com- 
prised of so called bottom lauds. The resident director of the company, R. M. Allen, 
has carried out an extensive and excellent system of surface drainage by means 
of open dit jhes, the smaller cross ditches emptying into the larger ones, which carry 
the water off to the river. As a result of the drainage, aided by a favorable spring 



49 

time, 500 acres of land were gotten into a condition for planting. The plants grew 
well from the beginning, and when the drj^, hot season set in they still maintained 
the fresh appearance and growth. A satisfactory yield was obtained and the beets 
were delivered in good condition to the factory. 

In view of the success that has been cited the question of beet culture upon the 
bottom lands should be reconsidered. The normal rainfall of the region, in com- 
bination with the high temperatures and drying winds, makes it very desirable that 
the ground should possess one factor which may act as a gauge when those climatic 
conditions are specially adverse. The normal season in Nebraska is somewhat defi- 
cient in moisture for beet culture, and wet years, such as 1891, are rare. It is tlius 
probable that upon well selected, well drained, and properly cultivated ground, 
taking the seasons in the mean, the bottom lands may be uniformly the most reliable 
for beet production in that State. The indispensable condition is, however, that a 
system of removing readily the surface water, such as has been carried out by Mr. 
Allen, must be adopted. Without such drainage beet culture on those lands remains 
impracticable. 

I would suggest that an experiment also be made next season in growing seed 
upon the bottom lands. The unfavorable factor in seed production upon the upper 
bottoms and uplands has been the dryness of the soil at the time of maturing the 
seed. The moisture of the bottom lands will probably control that disadvantage, 
whilst the Nebraska sun will secure excellent maturity on any land. 

COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIONS OF HOME-GROWN AND IMPORTED VARIETIES OF BEET 

SEED. 

The taking of the weights per acre of all the varieties was conducted October 6, 
and by the method described in my previous reports. The final chemical examina- 
tion of the beets was made October 12, after an interval of some ten days from the 
previous analytical review. In the following table the last sugar reading of the 
crop is given, after which the weights ot the varieties will be compared, and the 
yield of beets per acre, with the sugar content, will make it possible to state the 
results of each variety, and the comparative productions of the home-grown and 
imported varieties of seed. 



Variety. 



Original Kleimvanzleliener 

Viliuorin Improved 

Elite Klein wanzlebener 

Enauer 

Lemaire 

Desprez 

Metto's Specialitat 

Tiliiuirin Improved (second idnnt 

in;;) 

Mettcs Rosa Elite 



Seed. 



Date. 



Oct. U 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 

Oct. 12 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 
...do.... 

...do.... 
...do.... 



Number 
ofbeets. 



"Weight 
of beets. 



Ch'ams. 
300 
312 
467 
391 
489 
452 
387 
382 
391 
321 

355 
306 



Brix. 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
16-6 
17-4 
17-8 
17-5 
17-1 
17-9 
17-0 
17-0 
17-9 
17-7 

17 '7 
15-7 



Per cent. 
12-9 
14-1 
14-1 
13-3 
13-6 
14-0 
13-2 

13 1 
14-2 

14 

13-9 
11-7 



Purity. 



Per cent. 
77 7 
81-0 
79-1 
75-0 
79-5 
78-2 
77-6 
77-0 
79-3 
79 

78-5 
74-5 



These maximum su 2,ar readings of the early planted plats are very low. ' The beets 
never recovered from the action of the drought and heat which has been already duly 
discussed. 

15096— i^o. 39 i 



50 

The following table gives the weight per acre of the given varieties grown from 
home-grown and imiiorted seed: 



Variety. 



Seed. 



Date. 



Pounds 

per 

square 

rod. 



Yield per 
acre. 



Original Klein wan zlebener 

Yilniorin Im]iiovc(l 

Elite Kleinwanzlebener 

Do 

Knauer 

Do 

Lemaire 

Do 

Desprez 

Slette's Specialitat 

Vilmorin Improved (second planting) 
Matte's Kosa Elite 



Oct. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do.. 

..do-. 

..do., 



143 
190 
286-0 
253-0 
287-0 
265-0 
235 -0 
201-0 
247-0 
184-0 
207-0 
230-0 



Tons. 
11-4 
15-2 
22-9 
20-4 
23-0 
21-2 
18-8 
16-0 
19-7 
14-7 
16-5 
18-4 



Tons. 

Mean of varieties from home-grown seed 21-1 

Mean of varieties from imported seed 17-9 

A further table, embracing the weight per acre and the sucrose in the juice, will 
furnish the yield of sugar per acre of each variety : 



Variety. 



Seed. 



"Weight 
per acre. 



Sucrose 
in juice. 



Sugar 
per acre. 



Original Kleinwanzlehener 

Vilmorin Improved 

Elite Kleinwanzlebener 

Do 

Knauer 

Do 

Lemai re 

Do 

Desprez 

Mette's Specialitat 

Vilmorin Improved (second planting) 
Mette's Rosa Elite 



Tons. 
11-4 
15-2 
22-9 
20-4 
23-0 
21-2 
18-8 
16-0 
19-7 
14-7 
16-5 
18-4 



Per cent. 
12-9 
14-1 
14-1 
13-3 
13-6 
14-0 
13-2 
13-2 
14-2 
14-0 
13-9 
11.7 



Pounds. 
2,941 
4.286 
6,453 
5,426 
6,256 
5,936 
4,963 
4,192 
5,594 
4,116 
4,587 
4,305 



Mean yield of sugar per acre from home-grown seed, 5,814 pounds. 
Mean yield of sugar per acre from imported seed, 4,472 pounds. 

The mean of production of the imported seed is specially lowered by the results 
of the Original variety, which were reduced by the action of the dust storm in 
June. The mean results of the Elite, Knauer, and Lemaire varieties are the most 
strictly comparative and conclusive, and are as follows : 

Pounds per acre. 

From home-grown seed of those varieties 5, 891 

From imported seed of those varieties 5,185 

The production of sugar per acre from the home-grown seed on the early -planted 
plats was 706 pounds, or 12 per cent greater than that of the imported seed of the 
same varieties, under corresponding conditions of soil, climate, and culture. 

The mean of the results of the early and late planted plats is shown by the fol- 
lowing table : 



Time of planting. 



Weight Sucrose 
per acre, in juice. 



Purity 
of juice. 



Sugar 
per acre. 



May planting. 
June planting 

Means.. 



Tons. 
19-5 
13-4 



Per cent. 
13-7 
15-4 



78-0 
76-8 



Powids. 
5,538 
4,128 



4,833 



61 

A further table gives the comparative results of the three seasons during which 
the station has existed : 



Season. 


"Weight 
per acre. 


Sucrose 
in juice. 


Purity 
of juice. 


Sugar 
per acre. 


1891 


T071S. 

21-7 
If) -8 
16-4 


Per cent. 
14-6 
15-1 
14-5 


85-2 
79-6 

77-4 


Pounds. 
6 236 


1892 


4 800 


1893 


4 833 








18-0 


14.7 


80-7 


5 290 







If the results of the Schuyler Station for the three seasons be compared with the 
mean results of the sugar-beet station of the French Government at Cappelle, France, 
for 1891 and 1892, they appear as follows : 



Station. 



Weight 
of beets 
per acre. 



Sugar 
per acre. 



Cappelle (France) — 
Schuyler (Nebraska) 



Tons. 
17-5 
18 



Pounds. 
5,366 
5,290 



The table giving the results of the station during the three seasons shows that the 
mean results of this season are almost identical with those of 1892. Both seasons, 
however, are far behind the very excellent crop of 1891, when the tonnage, sugar 
per acre, and the purity of the juices were most satisfactory. The conditions which 
conduced to the very superior results of the crop of 1891 have been fully discussed 
under the heading of Special Experiments. 

SPECIAL EXPEKIMENTS. 

During the analytical seasons of 1891 and 1892 certain special experiments were 
conducted with the purpose of determining the loss of weight of the beet by evap- 
oration, and the cause of the loss of sugar which talces place in the organism, par- 
ticularly during that interval of time between the removal of the beets from the 
soil and the period of storage in the silos. By means of those experiments it was 
shown conclusively that high temperature, and particularly the action of strong 
sunlight, are the primary causes of the decomposition of the sucrose, and that a 
system of cold storage would effectually protect the organism against such a change 
in its constituents and the resulting loss of sugar. Those experiments afforded such 
conclusive data that it has not been considered necessary to continue the experi- 
mentation along that particular line this season. 

I, however, conducted a series of experiments in order to obtain light upon one 
other highly important question. It has been, and is still, maintained, and by 
very noteworthy authorities, that excessive moisture falling upon the beets, either 
before or after their removal from the soil, causes a decrease or loss in the content of 
sugar and a signal depreciation in the quality of the beet. The observations made 
in the exi)eriments of last year and which are found in the report showed conclu- 
sively that the fall in the sucrose content of the juice after rains was invariably 
accompanied by a corresponding, or even greater, increase in the weight of the beet. 
These observations caused me to doubt wholly the accepted conclusions concerning 
the action of moisture upon the sugar content. Moreover, there does not appear, 
physiologically, a probable expectation that such action would transpire. There is, 
on the other hand, reasou for supposing that a deficiency of moisture would retard 
the formation of sucrose; first, because a normal water content is essential to the 
elaboration and transport of the constituents in the organism; and further, an 



52 

excess of water is indispensable to the formation of tlie carbohydrates. Scientific- 
ally speaking, we have in these considerations the explanation of the decrease of 
sugar which took place this year in September, of which I have already exhaustively 
spoken. 

This year the specific object was to observe the action of water upon the organism 
of the beet. The season was peculiarly favorable to the purpose. The experiments 
were commenced at the period when, as jireviously related, the beets were depre- 
ciating under the influence of drought and beat. The experiments were conducted 
by taking up a given number of beets, dividing the number into two or more iden- 
tical parts, and analyzing one part immediately and placing the other part under 
tlie action of excessive moisture until analyzed after a definite lapse of time.. The 
work of dividing the original number of beets into identical halves was conducted 
according to the method used last year, and which was based upon the physiologi- 
cal constant that I had observed,viz : Any two or more lots of beets taken from the 
same plat and containing the same number of individuals and having the same 
w^eight will contain the same total solids and sucrose. Without some such con- 
stant, comparative tests would be strictly impracticable, as there would not be a 
standard of comjiarison. The constant, whose princiijle I have expressed, afforded 
the standard required. 

In the examples to be given the beets were taken fresh from the soil, washed and 
dried and divided into two parts, and each part w^eighed. One part was analyzed 
at once and the other part treated as will be explained. 

Experiment I. 

One hundred and fifty beets were dug up and, after washing, were divided into 
three "fifties." No. 1 ''fifty" were weighed and analyzed directly. No. 2 were 
weighed and afterwards laid out in the field under normal exposure. No. 3 were 
packed in a tub with sand and soaked with water, also a large block of ice being 
laid upon the packed beets, which kept down the temperature, the water overflow- 
ing as the ice melted. The weights of the respective parts were identical, each 
"fifty" weighing exactly 41 '5 pounds. 

No. 1. — Analysis of fresh, leets. 



Number of beets. 



Sucrose. 




Mean of— 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 

Means 



Per cent. 
15-0 
14-6 
15-8 
14 
14-8 



The mean purity was 74'2. 



No. 2. — Analysis of exposed leets. 



Mean of— 

10 beets. 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 
10 beets. 

Means 



22-9 



Per cent. 


Per cent. 


23-4 


18-9 


23-6 


17-9 


22-5 


16-9 


22-6 


16-7 


22-5 


16-0 



17 l 



The mean purity was 73-7. 



53 



No. 3. — Analysis of noalced beets. 





Number of beets. 


Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Mean of— 

10 beets 


Per cent. 
18-4 
18-6 
18-3 
18-1 
18-5 


Per cent. 




14 -4 


10 beets 


14 


1 beets 


13 fi 


10 beets 


14-3 










18-3 


14-1 







The mean purity was 77. 

The following table presents an analysis of the results of the three separate analy- 
ses: 



Eeeta. 



1. "Weight. 



2. Weight. 



Variation of 
weight. 



Brix. 



Sucrose. 



Content 
of sugar. 



Fresh beets... 
Exposed beets 
Soakeil beets . 



Pounds. 
41-5 
41-5 
41-5 



Pounds. 



Per cent. 



34 '0 
44 "0 



Loss, 19 -05 
Gain, 6-02 



Pr.ct. 
19-8 
22-9 
18-3 



Per cent. 

14-8 
17-1 
14-1 



Pounds. 
6-14 

5-08 
6-20 



These data not only indicate the actual results, but also the ease with which the 
indication.s could be misunderstood. Although the exposed beets give a much 
higher polariscope reading, an actual loss of 6 per cent of the total sugar had 
occurred. On the other hand the polariscope readiug of the juices from the soaked 
beets was notably lower, yet those beets had more than maintained their sugar con- 
tent. It may also be remarked that the moistened beets which had taken up 6*2 
per cent of their own weight of water gave a juice of much higher purity, being 3 
per cent higher than the fresh beets. In the polariscope tube the juices of the 
moistened beets read with great ease, whilst the others were difficult to read. 

The results of the given experiments were not only satisfactory, but they were strik- 
ing, from the circumstance that a slight appreciation was observed in the sucrose 
content and a notable one in the purity. With such a result from placing the beets 
for seventy-two hours in soaked sand it was determined to experiment with a further 
number actually submerged in water. 

Experiment II. 

One hundred beets were dug up, washed, and divided into two identical parts. The 
first fifty were weighed and analyzed directly. The second fifty were weighed and 
placed in a tub of water whose temperature was kept at 40°-42° by addition of 
ice, the tub being placed in one of the silos. The submerged beets remained in the 
water for precisely seven days. When taken out they were dried and reweighed 
and immediately analyzed. The following are the results : 

No. 1. — Analysis of fresh heets. 



Number of beets. 


Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Mean of— 

10 beets 


Per cent. 
17-4 
18-4 
18-6 
19 
19-2 


Per cent. 
12 '0 


10 beets .. . 


12 -6 


10 beets 


13 "4 


10 beets 


13-4 


10 beets 


14-3 








Means 


18-5 


13 '1 







The mean purity equals 70-8. 



54 



No. 2. — Analysis of submerged teets. 





Number of beets. 


Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Mean of— 


Per cent. 
16-4 
16-7 
16-4 
16-6 
16-5 


Per cent. 
12-7 




13 1 




12-8 




13 1 




13 










16-5 


12-9 







The mean purity equals 78-2. 



Analytical comparison of the results. 



Beets. 



Fresh beets 

Submersfed beets 



1. Weight. 2. weight. ^^^2?;^ 



Poxmds. 
34-5 
34-5 



Pounds. 



40 



Gain, 15 -9 



Brix. 



Pr. ct. 
18-5 
16-5 



Sucrose. 



Per cent. 
13-1 
12-9 



Content of 
sugar. 



Pounds. 
4-51 
5-16 



This table states tliat tlie submerged beets took up water during seven days' 
submersion to the extent of 1.5*9 per cent of their weight, and that the actual sugar 
content was increased 14-2 per cent. 

In the first place, in consequence of the results obtained, I am obliged to recon- 
sider an observation stated in my report of 1891, in which it is doubted that the 
beet can increase its sugar content after removal from the soil. These experiments 
indicate that such an increase has certainly occurred in beets under the conditions 
in which those examples under consideration were placed. The appreciation in the 
purity of the juices is also not less notable than the increase in the sucrose. The 
increment of weight was expected, and particularly considering the wilted condi- 
tion in which the fx'esh beets were found. The results are extraordinary. They 
were, however, conducted with the most extreme care, every act of manipulation 
in the analysis being performed by me personally, whicli enables me to vouch for 
the greatest attainable accuracy. 

At the time that the above experiment was completed the beets were suffering to 
a final degree from the influence of the dry soil and hot sun. A third experiment 
was made of the same nature as the two already tabulated, but the latter was car- 
ried out in the field. In a given plat of beets a certain row was selected and a 
length of the row including exactly 100 beets was marked off. To those 100 beets 
250 gallons of water were given, the loose soil raked up close to the beets to pre- 
vent the sun baking the moist surface, and the beets were left for 7 days. At the 
end of that time those beets were dug up, washed, weighed, and analyzed. At the 
same time 100 beets comprised within the same length of a paraDed row, this row 
teing separated from the watered row by five intervening rows, were taken up, 
washed, weighed, and analyzed, and the following are the results : 

Experiment III. 





TJnwatered beets. 


Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Mean of— 

10 beets 


Per cent. 
18.4 
18-4 

18 3 
18-3 
19-3 
19-3 
18-9 
19-2 
19-0 

19 1 


Per cent. 
14 1 




13-3 


10 beets ; 


13-3 


10 beets 


13-7 


10 beet 8 


14-0 


10 beets 


13-8 




13-0 




13-7 


10 beets 


13-3 




12-8 








Ma^tib 


18-8 


13-5 







The mean purity was 71 "8. 



55 

Experiment III — Continued. 



"Watered beets. 


Brix. 


Sacrose. 


Mean of — 

10 beets 


Per cent. 
16-7 
16 8 
16-8 
17-3 
16-0 
16 4 
15-8 
16-3 
17-4 
16-8 


Per cent 
12 


6 


10 beets 


12 
13 
13 
12 
12 
12 
12 
13 
12 


8 


10 beets 


1 


10 beets 


4 


10 beets 


^ 


10 beets 


8 


10 beets 


?, 


10 beets 


7 


10 beets 


fi 


10 beets 


8 










16-6 


12-8 









The mean purity was 77 "2. 



Comparison of the results. 



Beets. 


Weight. 


Variation of 
weight. 


Brix. 


Sucrose. 


Content of 
sugar. 


TJn watered beets 


Pounds. 

78-5 
88-5 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 
18-8 
16-6 


Per cent. 
13-5 
12-8 


Pounds. 
10-59 




Gain 12 7 


11-32 







Tlie experiment furnishes results identical with those obtained in the two preced- 
ing experiments. It must be observed, however, that in the last experiment the 
data are not as strictly comparative. The parallel rows from which each 100 beets 
were taken were apparently similar, but there may have been a small dift'erence in 
the weight and sucrose content at the time that the beets were watered. No differ- 
ence, however, could have existed which would have amounted to even 10 per cent 
of the difference found at the time of analysis. It is most evident that the excessive 
quantity of water added to the 100 beets (250 gallons, which was 2| gallons to each 
beet) not only caused a great increment of weight, but also an immediate formation 
of sugar, and the appreciation in the purity of the juices is very striking. In each 
of the experiments it is shown that the presence of excessive moisture raised the 
purity coefficient most notably, and in the last two experiments 7 and 8 points, respect- 
ively. This observation is strictly in accord with the general observations relating to 
the crops of each season since the station has been in operation. In 1891 the whole 
cultural season was very wet (see table of the climatics for the three seasons), and at 
the time that the beets were harvested the ground was saturated with moisture, the 
rainfall for October of that year being four times greater than the normal. The crop 
of that season averaged 21-7 tons per acre; the average sucrose in the juice was 14-6 
per cent, and the mean purity of all varieties was over 85. In 1892 the crop was 
notably lighter and the sucrose in the juice higher, owing to the dry season, but the 
mean purity was less than 80, the soil, mode of culture, and the seed being the same. 

In the series of special experiments conducted at the station results have been 
obtained which are more or less in direct opposition to certain accepted beliefs. 
Last year the experiments showed that not only no gain but an actual loss, and a 
very notable loss, of sugar occurs when beets are exposed to atmospheric influences 
after their removal from the soil; the special causes of that loss being strong sun- 
light and high temperature. Again, the results of experimentation during this year 
have indicated quite conclusively that, in an abnormal season, when the beets are 
depreciating in sugar content and quality, under the influence of high temperature 
and a dried-out soil, the depreciation can be checked and the conditions reversed by 
a timely application of water. Further, the observations of this year have shown 



56 

that beets can be placed in soaked sand or even submerged in water at a given tem- 
perature for a term of seven days, and not only is there no depreciation found, but, 
with the increment of weight, an increase in the sugar content of the beet and avery 
notable appreciation in the purity of the juices are observed. 

In placing the resialts of these experiments on record it is desirable and very 
appropriate that the views which stand in opposition to these results and the note- 
worthy authorities by whom those views have been held be kejit in recollection. A 
revision of the theories which have been held in relation to the questions under dis- 
cussion should only be considered when the data siipiiorting some other view are suf- 
ficiently conclusive and important to make such a revision imperative. 

before leaving this part of the report the importauce of 8hipi)ing the beets directly 
to the factory as soon as they are dug up should again be urged upon the beet- 
growers; I submit also, for the consideration of the factory owners, the results which 
have been obtained bearing upon the action of excessive moisture in relation to .the 
preservation of the beets. The practice of dumping hundreds and, at times, thousands 
of tons of beets in dry sheds, where they may lie from a week to ten days before being 
worked up by the factory, is known to cause fermentation, loss of sugar, and difiS- 
culties in manufacture which it is desirable to avoid. I am impressed with the belief 
that those large masses of beets would be, at any temperature, better preserved by 
submersion, and would also be in a better condition to be handled in the factory. 
And in the event of a freeze, which in November may be very severe but of short 
duration, submersion would be the most perfect n\ode of preservation. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

A review of the work of this season and of the results of the seasons of 1891 and 
1892 indicates the following conclusions: 

Native seed has been produced of excellent quality and high germinating power. 
The yield per acre, owing to the extreme drouth which prevailed during the matur- 
ing season of this year, as likewise in 1892, was lower than would be obtained with 
an increased rainfall. An experiment in growing seed upon well-selected tracts on 
the bottom lands of the Platte Valley is recommended. 

The comparative experiments in which home-grown seed was i>lanted by the 
side of imported seed of the same varieties, and under the same conditions of 
soil and cultivation, have shown the greater vitality and productiveness of the native 
seed, the latter yielding 706 pounds, or 12 per cent, of sugar more to the acre than 
the seed imported from France and Germany. 

Attention has been directed to the highly satisfactory results which have been 
obtained in growing beets upon certain tracts of bottom land in the Platte Valley, 
where an excellent system of surface drainage has been adopted in preparing the 
land for beet ctilture. 

Special experiments conducted during the seasons of 1891, 1892, and 1893, were 
devoted to the study of influences causing loss of weight and sugar in the beet and 
to modes of preventing such loss. It has been found that high temperature and 
direct sunlight are the main causes of the decomposition of sugar in the organism, 
and that storing at low temj)erature prevents such decomposition. Moreover, the 
experiments of this season have indicated that excess of moisture is not an immediate 
cause of depreciation of quality in the beet, and that, under given conditions, sub- 
mersion of the beets in water for a limited length of time may be found an excellent 
mode of preservation. 



INDEX. 



A. 

Page. 

Alabama, analyses of sugar beets 10,11 

Analyses of sugar beets 39 

Analytical tlata 32, 33 

work 43-45 

B. 

Beet mothers, selection 26 

sugar statistics 25, 26 

Beets. {See Sugar beets.) 

Bottom lands, beet production on 48 

C. 

California lands, comparison with Nebraska table-lands 34 

Classification of beets 39 

Climatic conditions, influence 43 

of Nebraska 35 

Colorado, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 

results of experiments in Grand Valley 24 

Conclusions resulting from experimental work 56 

Cultural season of beet crop : 41 

D. 

Dust storms, damage 42 

E. 

Experiments at Schuyler, Nebr 26 

in the loss of weight of beets by evaporation 51-54 

H. 

Home-grown and imported varieties of beet seed, comparative production... 49-51 

seeds, compared with foreign 44 

I. 

Idaho, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 

Imported and home-grown varieties of beet seed, comparative production . . . 49-51 

seed compared with native 42 

Indiana, analyses of sugar beets 10, 1 1 

Iowa, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 

Irrigated and non-irrigated plats, comparison of beets grown 47 

regions, need of experiments 25 

Irrigation experiments, Grand Junction, Colo ". 22 

iu sugar-beet culture 22 

57 



58 

K. 

Page. 

Kansas, analyses of sugar beets •. ,... 10, 11 

L. 

Loss of weight in beets by evaporation 51-54 

Louisiana, analyses of sugar beets 10, 11 

M. 

Maxwell, Dr. Walter, report 37 

Meteorological conditions "43 

summary 32 

Michigan, analyses of sugar beets 10-13 

Minnesota, analyses of sugar beets 12? 13 

Mitchell Drug Company, experiments 22-24 

Montana, analyses of sugar beets 12, 13 

Mother beets, methods of analysis 28 

planting 40 

selection 26 

N. 

Native seed, comparison with imported 42 

Nebxaska, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 

table-lands, comparison with California lands 34 

unfavorable climatic conditions 35 

North Carolina, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 

North Dakota, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 

P. 
Pennsylvania, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 

S. 

Schuyler, Nebr. , experiments 26 

station, report 37 

Seed production 29 

yield and quality 30 

value 40 

Siloing sugar beets, results 27 

Silos, arrangement 27 

Storage, effect on sugar content 39 

Sugar-beet crop, cultural season 41 

culture exi)eriments 30-32 

relation of irrigation to 22 

experiments, unsatisfactory results 8 

industr^^, general considerations regarding 36, 37 

mothers, methods of analysis 28 

planting 40 

production on bottom lands 48 

seed, comparative production of home-grown and imported varie- 
ties 49, 51 

cost of producing 30 

distribution 7 

high-grade, distribution 22 

home-grown compared with foreign 44 

production 29 

yield and quality 30 

value 40 



59 

Pase. 

Sugar beets, analyses 9-21, 39 

at World's Fair 8 

effects of storage on weight 38 

experiments in loss of weight by evaporation 51-54 

from Alabama, analyses 10, 1 1 

Colorado, analyses 10, 11 

Idaho, analyses 10, 11 

Indiana, analyses 10, 11 

Iowa, analyses , 10, 11 

Kansas, analyses 10, 11 

Louisiana, analyses 10, 11 

Michigan, analyses 10-13 

Minnesota, analyses - - 12, 13 

Montana, analyses 12, 13 

Nebraska, analyses 14, 15 

North Carolina, analyses 14, 15 

North Dakota, analyses 14, 15 

Pennsylvania, analyses 14, 15 

Virginia, analyses 14, 15 

Washington, analyses ._ 14-21 

Wyoming 20,21 

grown from native and imported seed, comparison 42 

on bottom lands 34 

watered and unwatered plats, comparison 47 

growth at different altitudes 34 

increase in weight in silos 27 

method of storing 38 

siloing, results 27 

yield of sugar in different varieties 33 

elaboration, special experiments 35 

statistics 25, 26 

V. 
Virginia, analyses of sugar beets 14, 15 

W. 

Washington, analyses of sugar beets 14-21 

Wyoming, analyses of sugar beets 20, 21 

o 



PUBLICATION SUSPT]1TDED PROM 
1894-1896 IITCLUSIVE, 



/A 3 

Bulletin No. 52. 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. 



EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 18D7. 



BY 



Chcmi.it of the United Staten Department of Jf/ricnllure. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT I'RINTING OFFICE. 

18«)8. 



Bulletin No. 52. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRVT. 



WITH SUGAR BEETS IN 1897. 



BY 



HAT?.VEY \Vf\VILEY, 

Chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1898. 



<h 




c^ 






LETTER OF TRAI^SMITTAL. 



IT. S. Department of Agriculture, 
Division of Chemistry, 
Washington, B.C., April 31, 1S98. 
Sir: The bulletin herewith presented as Xo. 52 of the Division of 
Chemistry comprises the portion of the report which was prepared by 
the Chemist of the Department for the Special Keport on the Beet Sugar 
Industry of the United States, submitted by you to the President of 
the United States and by him transmitted to Congress, and published 
as Document No. 396 of the House of Representatives at the second 
session of the Fifty-fifth Congress. It is deemed advisable to secure 
tlie publication of this part of the report as a bulletin of the Chemical 
Division in order to preserve the continuity of the reports on the 
sugar industry of the United States as bulletins of that division. 
No changes have been made in the text, nor in the illustrations accom- 
panying it, from the document mentioned above. 

II. W. Wiley, 
Chief, Division of Chemistry. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary. 



COl^TEl^TS. 



RefiTences iu Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture to matters 

relating to the beet-sugar industry 12 

List of bulletins issued by tbe Division of Chemistry relating in -whole or in 

part to sugar beets 15 

Plan of investigations for 1897 16 

Climatology 21 

Other conditions 23 

Map of thermal belt 23 

Changes in the new maps 24 

Triple isothermal lines 21 

Beet zone •. 25 

Annual rainfall 25 

Study of particular localities 27 

North Carolina and West Virginia 27 

Eastern Shore of Maryland 27 

Delaware 28 

New Jersey 28 

Connecticut 29 

Massachusetts 29 

New Hampshire and ^'ermont 29 

New York 30 

Pennsyivania 31 

Ohio 31 

Michigan 32 

Indiana 32 

Illinois 32 

Wisconsin 32 

Minnesota 33 

Iowa 33 

North and South Dakota 34 

Nebraska 35 

The arid regions 35 

Data from different States 37 

Data obtained in the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture 40 

Cautious regarding the value of data 41 

Study of the analytical data 56 

Arizona 56 

Report by R. H. Forbes, chemist 56 

Arkansas 60 

California 60 

Colorado 61 

Report by AVilliam P. Headden, chemist 63 



6 CONTENTS. 

Study of the analytical data — Coutinred. Page. 

Idaho 64 

Illinois 68 

Indiana 69 

Report by H. A. Huston and J. M. Barrett 70 

Iowa 72 

Kansas 74 

Kentucky 76 

Maryland 77 

Michigan 78 

Minnesota 81 

Eejiort by Harry Snyder, chemist 82 

Missouri 83 

Montana • 85 

Nebraskar 86 

Report by H. H. Nicholson 86 

Nevada 87 

New .Jersey 88 

Experiments by James B. Vredenburgh 89 

New Mexico 90 

Report by C. T. Jordan, special agent 90 

New York 93 

Report by W. S.Jordan, director of experiment station at Geneva. ... 94 

Report by I. P. Roberts, xlirector of experiment station at Ithaca. . . . . 96 

Elevations of region of New York suited to beet culture 98 

North Dakota 99 

North Carolina 99 

Ohio 100 

Oklahoma 103 

Report by G. E. Morrow, director 103 

Oregon 103 

Report by G. W. Shaw 104 

Pennsylvania 108 

Rhode Island 110 

South Carolina 110 

South Dakota 110 

Texas 112 

Tennessee 113 

Vermont 124 

Report by Joseph L. Hills, director 125 

Virginia 114 

Report by William B. Alwood, vice-director 114 

Washington 115 

Report by Elton Fulmer, chemist 116 

Wisconsin 119 

Wyoming 123 

Influence of temperature on the quality of sngar beets 125 

Sugar beets as cattle food 128 

Use of beet pulps as cattle food 129 

Diffusion jiulps or exhausted cosettes 130 

Feeding experiments with beet pulp 131 

Beef cattle 131 

Oxen 131 

Milch cows 131 

Sheep 132 

Experiments made with ewes 132 

Experiments by Andouard and Dezaunai 132 



CONTENTS. 7 

Page. 

Summary of data collected in previous years 134 

Notes on preceding table 140 

InA'estigation in seed production 141 

Tennessee 144 

Keport l)y Charles W. Vanderford 145 

Kentucky 145 

Indiana 146 

Iowa 146 

Keport Ity C. F. Curtiss 147 

Wisconsin 147 

Analyses made in laboratory of Department of Agriculture 150 

New York 155 

Data of each variety 156 

Yilmorin's La Plus Riche 156 

Vilnioriu's Improved Schuyler seed 156 

Yilmorin's Improved 156 

Demesmay , 157 

Yilmorin's Improved Elite, grown by Dippe Bros 157 

High Grade Commercial Kleinwauzlebener 157 

Original Kleinwanzlebener (Holland) 157 

Kleinwauzlebener Elite 157 

Classification of the beets of all varieties 158 

Preservation of mother beets 158 

Growth of seed from mothers above described 158 

Necessity of seed development 158 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 
Plate 1. Map showing isothermal lines of 68"^, 69°, 70°, and 71° F. for the 
months of June, July, and August, and mean temperatures for the 
same months at other points in the State of New York and parts 

of adjacent States on the East 22 

2. Map showing the probable areas suited to beet culture in the United 

States 24 

9 



SPECIAL REPORT ON THE BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. 

H. W. Wiley. 



LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 

U. S. Department ok Agriculture, 
Division of Chemistry, 
Washington, D. C, March 2, 189S. 
Sir: I submit herewith for your consideration the manuscript containing the data 
of recent investigations on the growth of sugar beets and the manufacture of sugar 
therefrom. 

Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, 

Chief of Division of Chemistry. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of AyricuUure. 



PREFATORY NOTE. 

The investigatious conducted by the Departmeut of Agriculture for 
many years in the study of sugar-producing plants and methods of 
manufacturing sugar iu the United States were suspended by order of 
Secretary Morton in 1893. In resuming the study of this subject by 
order of Secretary Wilson, it is important that citations to the work 
already done be presented. The student of the subject will be able 
from these citations to have. a general idea of the scope of the work 
which has been accomplished, and will be guided in further research by 
the data contained in the brief resume which will be appended. It is 
not possible in such a list of citations to refer to the work which has 
been done by the agricultural experiment stations nor by private indi- 
viduals. A collection of the titles of all accessible works in English 
relating to the subject of the sugar beet has been issued by the library 
of this Department as the library bulletin for June, 1897, entitled Kef- 
erences to the Literature on the Sugar Beet, Exclusive of Works in 
Foreign Languages. 

11 



12 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

In the resume of citations given below are first noted the publica- 
tions which have been made in the annual reports of the Department 
of Agriculture, and afterwards a list of the special bulletins relating 
to beet sugar will be found. Many important papers have been pub- 
lished in the annual reports, which students of the beet-sugar industry 
might wish to consult. It is interesting to know that as early as 1867 
Dr. Antisell, at that time the Chemist of the Department, pointed out 
the probability that an area or belt suited to the culture of the beet 
might be mapped out. He gave also some of the jirobable data which 
would be used in determining the limits of this belt. The annual 
report for 1868 contains a reference to the fact that Henry Clay visited 
Europe and made a study of the beet sugar industry on the Continent, 
and presented the results of his studies in a speech delivered in the 
Congress of the United States. Careful search of the records has not 
been able to discover this report in i)rint. 

It is to be regretted that many of the agricultural reports are entirely 
out of print, and the same is true of the greater part of the bulletins 
which have been issued on the subject of beet sugar. It will therefore 
not be possible for the Superintendent of Public Documents to supply 
the bulletins which are marked out of print to those who may desire to 
secure them. 

Following the resume of the work already done is given an account 
of the investigations conducted under the supervision of the Chemical 
Division of this Department during the year 1897. 

REFERENCES IN ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL- 
TURE TO MATTERS RELATING TO THE SUGAR-BEET INDUSTRY. 

1862. 536. Relative to the compositiou of beet juice. 

1867. 32. Report of Thomas Autisell, Chemist, Department of Agriculture. 

Dr. Antisell indicates the following as the probable "beet belt," based on tempera- 
ture conditions : 

"The northern limit of the beet culture is doubtful. On the plains of Russia it ia 
grown where the isotheimal line is 10°. If this would hold good on this continent, 
there is no jiortion of the United States too cold for its culture. This vast extent of 
country is naturally divided into two regions, viz: (1) The middle division of the 
temperate zone of the United States, lying between parallels 39 and 43, comprising 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, southern Idaho, with an area of 453,000 
square miles, is favorable to beet culture, the mean annual temperature varying 
between 47° and 53° F; (2) the district between parallels 36° and 39°, embracing the 
border States, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
Missouri, with Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northern California, possessing 
an area of 675,000 square miles and a mean annual temperature of 58° to 60° F., is 
also favorable to the beet; so that a belt of country 7° wide in latitude and with an 
extent of 1,129,000 square miles is open to this industrial art." 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



13 



In experiments in beet culture on the Department grounds the maximum percent- 
age of sugar in the juice is given for each variety : 



Variety. 



White Silesian : 

Red top 

Green top 

White Masdeburg 

Improved White Imiierial 
Beta Imperialis : 

No.l 

No.2 

Vilmoriu's Improved 

Castlenaudry Yellow 



Kumber 


Per cent 


of tests. 


of 


sugar. 


12 




6.97 


10 




7.20 


12 




7.74 


11 




7.3-1: 


12 




6.70 


12 




7.40 


12 




7.40 


12 




8.00 



1867. 48. Methods of sugar manufacture in Europe. 

1868. 158. Report of Theodore Genuert to the Commissioner of Agriculture. A 
general article on the statistics and manufacture of lieet sugar. 

1868. 164. Notes on the manufacture of beet sugar in Europe. 

In 1867 the Department sent nine varieties of seed to Chatsworth, 111., for trial, 
with the followiuff results : 



Polarization. 

No. 1 11.90 

2 10.95 

3.. 12.59 

4 12.21 

5 11.57 

6 13.52 



No, 



Polarization. 

7 11.98 

8 13.67 

9 13.25 



Average 12. 40 



Mention is made in this article that while in Europe Henry Clay took much inter- 
est in the beet-sugar industry aud afterwards, in a speech in Congress, predicted 
great results from the introduction of the industry into the United States. 
1869. 334. A review of the manufacture of sugar in Europe. 

1869. 345. A letter included in the above review. It reviews the manufacture in 
Europe and mentions trials made in the United States. The first attempt to 
produce beet sugar in this country, mentioned in this review, was by .John 
Vaughn and James Ronaldson, Philadelphia. Seed was imported and beets 
were grown, but no factory was built. 

1870. 98. Report of the Chemist on Beet Sugar. He states that the retnrns of the 
growth of sugar beets in this country have not yet shown an approach to that 
amonnt of sugar which is yielded by the growth of France and northern 
Germany. Beets grown at Chatsworth, 111., from seeds supplied by the 
Department of Agriculture contained from 9.31 to 11.-24 per cent of sugar. 

1870. 215. Progress of the beet sugar industry in Europe. A brief statistical 
article. 

1870. 210. Largely historical. Three establishments were in operation — Chats- 
worth, 111., Alvarado, Cal., Sauk County, AVis. Capacity of the Chatsworth 
factory, 50 tons of beets per day. 

1872. 154. Report of Ryland T. Brown, Chemist, United States Department of 
Agriculture. Following are some of the chief points mentioned: 
The experiments of David L. Child, at Northampton, Mass., 1838, are probably the 

earliest recorded in this country. 
The factory of Bouesteel and Otto, at Fond du Lac, Wis., 1867, had a capacity of 

10 tons of beets per day ; capital, $12,000. 



14 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Analyses of beets grown on the experimental farm of the University of Virginia, 
1872, viz : 



Yariefv. 



"White Silesian (French seed ) 

Carter's Prize Nursery (English seed). 
Vilraorin's Improved (French seed) 



Weight. 



Ounces. 
24j 
16 
30* 



White sugar beet ( Philadelphia) i 33 J 



Sugar in 
the juice. 



Per cent. 
11.75 
13.72 
12.54 
10.17 



1872. 4.51. April, 1872, the legislature of New Jersey passed an act, operative for 
ten years, exempting beet-sugar factories from taxation. 

1873. 108. A brief report by the Statistician. 

The two California factories produced an estimated tot.Tl of 7.50 tons of sugar 
during 1873. 

1873. 287. Relative to the capacity and product of the Alvarado factory. Capacity, 
7,000 tons of beets per anuum. 

1875. 512. A resume of a German report on the composition of sugar beets. 

1876. 153. Statistics of the production of sugar in various countries. Mention is 
made in this article of a factory at Soquel, Santa Cruz County, Cal. The 
State Agricultural Society of California reported in 1874 that the production 
of beet sugar in the State amounted in 1870 to 500,000 pounds; in 1871 to 
800,000 pounds; in 1872 to 1,125,000 pounds, and in 1873 to 1,500,000 pounds. 

1876. 266. Statistics of the yield of beet sugar, by countries. 

1877. 243. A brief statement as to soils suitable for beets. 

1877. 579. German statistics. 

1878. 117. Analysis of a sample of beet-root sirup. 

1879. 67. Areport on the analysis of seven sugar beets received from various parts 
of the country. The percentage of sugar in the juice ranged from 8.9 to 14.3, 
the latter sample being from Oswego, N. Y. 

1879. 184. General sugar statistics. 

1880. 9. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture. A report of the condition of 
the Maine Beet Sugar Company and a statementof the experiments in Delaware 
were made. Capacity of the Maine factory, 150 tons per day. In 1877 the State 
legislature of Delaware appi'opriated $.300 as premiums to farmers for crops of 
sugar beets, and in 1878 $1,500 were appropriated for the same purpose. Imper- 
fect experiments were made in 1878 by the Delaware Beet Sugar Company. The 
total crop amounted to 350 tons of roots, yielding an average of 9 per cent of 
sugar. A new factory was built by Colwell Brothers, of New York, costing 
$30,000, with a capacity of 60 tons of roots per day of twenty-four hour's. The 
company did not make running expenses, but the experiment was encouraging. 

1880. 619. A letter from E. H. Dyer urging a bounty law. 

1881. 675. Statistics of sugar production. Statistics of domestic sugar are given 
in brief. Beet sugar was made successfully for thi'ee successive seasons in 
California in one factory. The Maine factory, which was in operation for 
three seasons, producing iu one year 1,200,000 pounds and in another 1,000,000 
pounds of sugar, was obliged to suspend operations for want of beets, whicli 
the farmers thought they could not grow at the prices ofiered, namely, $5 to $6 
per ton. 

1884. 22. Report of H. W. Wiley to the Commissioner of Agriculture on the North- 
ern sugar industry in 1883. This is an abstract of data given in Bulletin No. 3 
of the Division of Chemistry. 

1884. 529. Yield of beet sugar in Russia. 

1886. 341. An<alyses of sugar beets grown in various parts of the country. Most 
of these samples contained very little sugar, with one exception. This sample 
contained 18.84 per cent, and was from Menominee, Mich. The highest per- 
centage of sugar in the other samples was 11.71. Twenty-eight tests were made. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 15 

1889. 140. Cultivation of the sugar beet. Report of the Chemist. 

1890. 167. Experiments with sugar beets. Abstract of a report published in full 
in Bulletin No. 27 of the Division of Chemistry. 

1891. 150. Experiments with sugar beets. Abstract of a report published in full 
in Bulletin No. 30 of the Division of Chemistry. 

1891. 156. Laws relating to taxation and bounties in various countries. 

1892. 128. A resume of experiments with sugar beets. Full details of this work 
are published in Bulletin No. 36 of the Division of Chemistry. 

1892. 467. Statistics of beet-sugar production for the year 1892 : 

Pounds. 

Utah Beet Sugar Company 1, 473, 500 

Alameda Sugar Company 2, 506, 860 

Western Beet Sugar Company 11, 390, 921 

Chino Valley Beet Sugar Company 7, 903,541 

Oxnard Beet Sugar Company 2, 110, 100 

Norfolk Beet Sugar Company 1, 698, 400 

Total 27,083,322 

In 1891 these factories produced a total of 12,004,838 pounds. 

1893. 175. Experiments with sugar beets. This is an abstract of a report published 
in full in Bulletin No. 39 of the Division of Chemistry. 

1893. 184. Growth of beets at different altitudes. 

LIST OF BULLETINS ISSUED BY THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY 
RELATING IN WHOLE OR IN PART TO SUGAR BEETS. 

Bulletin No. 3, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. The Northern 
Sugar Industry; edited by H.W.Wiley, 1884; pp. 118 (out of print). Pages 
24 to 29 of this rejiort relate to the beet sugar industry. 

Bulletin No. 5, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. The Sugar Indus- 
try of the United States; edited by H. W. Wiley, 1885; pp. 224 (out of print). 

Part second of this report, including pp. 73 to 136, inclusive, 12 plates, relates to the 
beet-sugar industry. 

Bulletin No. 27, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. The Sugar Indus- 
try : Ciilture of the Siigar Beet, and Manufacture of Beet Sugar ; edited by 
H. W. Wiley, 1890; pp. 262 (out of print). 

Bulletin No. 30, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. Experiments 
with Sugar Beets in 1890; edited by H. W. Wiley, 1891; pp. 93 (out of print). 

Bulletin No. 33, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. Experiments 
with Sugar Beets in 1891; edited by H. W. Wiley, 1892; pp. 158 (out of print). 

Bulletin No. 36, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. Experiments 
with Sugar Beets in 1892; edited by H. W. Wiley, 1893; pp. 74 (out of print). 

Bulletin No. 39, Division of Chemistry, Department of Agriculture. Experiments 
with Sugar Beets in 1893; by Harvey W. Wiley, with the collaboration of 
Walter Maxwell, 1894; pp. 59. 

MISCELLANEOUS BULLETINS AND REPORT. 

Special Report No. 28, United States Department of Agriculture. Report on the 
Culture of the Sugar Beet and the Manufacture of Sugar Therefrom, in France 
and the United States; by Wm. McMurtrie, 1880; pp. 294 (out of jiriut). 

Farmers' Bulletin No. 3, United States Department of Agriculture. Culture of the 
Sugar Beet; by H. W. Wiley, 1891; pp. 24 (out of print). 

Farmers' Bulletin No. 52, United States Department of Agriculture. The Sugar 
Beet: Culture, Seed Development, Manufacture, and Statistics; by H. W. 
Wiley, 1897; pp. 48. 



16 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

PLAN OF THE INVESTIGATIONS FOR 1897. 

On the I Itli day of January, 1897, the followiug letter was addressed 
to the Secretary of Agriculture : 

Sir: Numerous inquiries for sugar-beet seed have come to this division instead of 
to the seed division, and I am unable to give any definite answer to our correspond- 
ents in respect of the policy of the Department regarding the distribution of the 
seeds in question. I would be glad to know if it would be possible for the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture to provide a few thousand packages of high-grade beet seed 
which could be distributed to inquiring fanners. There is a widespread interest in 
this country in the sugar-beet industry, and it appears to me that a part of the 
money voted by Congress for the distribution of seeds could be very profitably used 
in supplying experimenters with the best quality of sugar-beet seed. Farmers can 
not be certain in buying beet seeds from dealers that they are getting anything 
more than the ordinary quality of garden seeds. The guaranty of the Department, 
however, that they are securing high-grade sugar-beet seeds would be of great 
advantage. 

I am now engaged in a revision of Farmers' Bulletin No. 3, to be used in supplying 
the information which is so largelj^ asked for respecting the culture of the sugar 
beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom. It would be of interest to make a 
statement in this bulletin in regard to the possibility of securing the seeds from the 
Department, An early reply to this inquiry will be appreciated. 
I am, respectfully, 

H. W. Wiley, Chief of Division. 

The honorable the Secketary of Agriculture. 

In reply to this request, iu the following letter the information was 
conveyed that no funds were available for the purchase of beet seeds: 

United States Department of Agriculture, 

Office of the Assistant Secretary, 

Washl)i(/fon, D. C, January IS, 1897. 
Dear Sir : The Secretary has han<led me your letter of the 11th instant, calling his 
attention to the advisability of distributing some sugar-beet seed in connection with 
the present Congressional seed distribution. 

If this matter had been mentioned in time it would have been possible to purchase 
a supply of beet seed. As it is now, however, the whole appropriation for the pur- 
chase of seed is exhausted. There is not a dollar left with which sugar-beet seed 
could be purchased. If you will bring the matter up early next June it will be 
possible to include sugar-beet seed in the distribution of the following year. 
Very truly, yours, 

Chas. W. Dabney, Jr., Assistant Secretary. 
Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chemist. 

All further attemi^ts to reestablish the investigations looking to the 
introduction of the sugar-beet industry in the United Slates, which 
had been suspended during four years, were therefore deferred to await 
the action of the new Administration. 

Immediately after Secretary Wilson assumed the duties of his office, 
arrangements were made for a renewal of the investigations, but that 
date was entirely too late to purchase seeds directly from the growers 
in Europe; therefore arrangements were made with the Oxnard Beet 
Sugar Company, which kindly offered to donate the quantity of seed! 
required for the purpose. As rapidly as possible the seeds were sent] 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 17 

to ditterent parties in the Uuitecl States interested in the subject, 
special attention beiuj;" given to distributing- tbe seed in tliose localities 
where the theoretical conditions for the production of sugar were the 
best. Packages were sent directly to the addresses of j)arties in dif- 
ferent parts of the country, and large quantities of seed were distrib- 
uted through the media of agricultural experiment stations, boards of 
trade, business men's associations, and others interested particularly 
in the culture. It is imijossible, therefore, to determine the number of 
persons who were actively engaged in the work during the year. 

In so far as possible the cooperation of the agricultural experiment 
stations was secured, it being deemed advisable to conduct the exi>eri- 
meuts in each State under the direct auspices of the State authorities. 
It was only when such cooperation could not be secured or where 
preference was shown for direct communication with the Department 
of Agriculture, and in miscellaneous cases, that the experiments were 
conducted directly under the ansi)ices of the Department. Copies of 
Farmers' Bulletin No. 52, containing directions for planting- and culti- 
vating' the crop, were sent to every i)erson directly interested in the 
experiments, as well as to many others. 

The promiscuous method of investigation which has been practiced 
dnring this and preceding years is faulty and unsatisfactory. In former 
reports the objections to such investigations have been outlined. In 
Bnlletiu No. 27 of this division (on pages G, 7, and S) is found a number 
of statements relating to the general conduct of ex})erimental work, 
which are still pertinent. Inasmuch as this bulletin is out of print, it 
will be fonnd of interest to repeat these statements here: 

It mast be mulerstood that the object of this bulletin is not to give a complete 
treatise upon tlie culture of the sugar beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom, 
but eimplj^ to indicate, for the information of those interested, the general principles 
of this industry. One especial object which will be kept in view is to prevent those 
intending to eugag(? in this industry from going wrong in the beginning and scjuan- 
dering tlieir money and time in battling with problems which science has already 
met and overcome. It is further hop<'d that the careful study of the data presented 
will prevent any mistakes from being made which would end in financial disaster 
and which are so apt to attend the early history of every industry. 

There will probably be found for many years to come in the United States moi'e 
enthusiasm than knowledge connected with the sugar beet, and the result of this 
will be, unless great care is taken, that many ventures will be made which may 
result in linaueial disaster, disaster which could have been avoided by a thorough 
comprehension of the fundamental principles of the industry. 

In so far as the manufacture of sugar from the matured beet is coueerneil, we are 
able to start at the present time with the accumulated knowledge and experience of 
three-quarters of a century of investigation. So perfect have the processes of manu- 
facture become that nearly all of the sugar which is stored in the beet can be 
secured in merchantable form and by comparatively inexpensive methods. By the 
tei m inexpensive, however, it must be understood th it the actual processes of manu- 
facture are denoted and not the cost of the machinery. The various processes for 
the extraction of the sugar from the beet, the best methods of clarifying the juice 
and of evaporating it and for separating the sugar from the molasses, are thoroughly 
H. Doc. 396 2 



18 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

well understood and are no longer legitimate subjects for public experiment. The 
great problem in this country is the agricultural oue. The selection of suitable soil, 
the finding of the proper climatic conditions, and instruction in the method of plant- 
ing, cultivating, and harvesting the beets, are all matters of vital importance. With- 
out a careful study of these subjects, and without the proper knowledges thereof, it 
is a hoi)elcss task to attempt to introduce successfully the beet-sugar industry into 
this country. 

One of the great dangers to be avoided is the formation of hasty conclusions in 
regard to the proper localities for the production of the sugar beet. Often without 
any study whatever of the clinuitic conditions or of the character of the soil, cHbrts 
are made to build large and expensive factories, which as often have to be abandoned 
on account of having been wrongly located. The studies which have been nuule 
heretofore in regard to climatic conditions have been of such a nature as to locate, 
in a general way, the areas in the United States suitaltle for the culture of the 
sugar beet. 

It has been found in general that the coast valleys of California, and prob^ibly 
large areas in Oregon and Washington, certain parts of the Dakotas and Nebraska, 
localities in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, jiarts of northern Illinois, 
Indiana, Ohio, and New" York present favorable conditions for sugar-beet culture; 
but in the regions thus broadly intimated there are certain restricted areas most 
suitable to the sugar beet, and it is only these restricted areas to which we must 
look for success. The fact that in one locality, for instance in Nebraska, good sugar 
beets can be produced would be no warrant whatever for assuming that all 2>arts of 
that State were equally suitable for this i)nrpose, and this remark may be applied 
to every one of the States mentioned above. 

Sugar beets haA'o also been raised in other sections in tlie United States, notably 
in New England, New Jersey, Delaware, and Kansas, and while there may be areas 
in the New England States where beets can be successfully grown, it must be 
admitted that the States last named stand in the second rank of beet-sugar produc- 
ing localities. In Kansas, during the last year, as will be shown in the body of this 
report, sugar beets were grown and a considerable quantity of sugar manufactured 
therefrom. This, however, does not show that Kansas will be able to comjiete with 
more favorable States in the production of l»eet sugar. 

In general, it may bo said that the summers in Kansas are too hot to expect the 
production of a siagarbeet uniform in its nature and containing a high percentage of 
sugar. 

If the sugar-beet industry is to succeed in this country, the success must come 
from shari> competition with the same industry in older countries, where its condi- 
tions are better understood and where the localities suited to it have been selected 
by long and often costly experience. It must also compete with the sugar-cane 
industry, both of this country and of tropical countries, and for this leasou we can 
only expect it to survive in those regions where soil and climatic conditions, prox- 
imity to fuel, cheapness of labor, and other favorable environments are found. 

It is to be hoped that the mistakes which have so long threatened the sorghum- 
sugar industry with destruction may be avoided with the sugar beet. Calm judg- 
ment and sober reason nmst not give way to enthusiasm and extravagant expecta- 
tions. All conditions of success must be carefully studied, all the difficulties in the 
way of success must be intimately investigated and surmounted, and ample capital, 
coui)led with Judicious perseverance, must be enlisted in its behalf. 

.- ###»** 

For the proper erection and completion of a beet-sugar factory not less than twelve 
months should be allowed, and even in this time it can only be i)ro2)erly accomplished 
under experienced technical control. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 19 

In Bulletin N"o. oO (ou page 7) the following" observations are found: 

( )u]y iu a lew instauces were the diiectious of the DejiartLuent Ibllowed out to the 
letter. In most cas^s the plautiug and cultivation of the beet seed were conducted 
according to such methods as the agriculturist might hit upon at the time. From 
the information gathered it was found tliat the chief variation from the instructions 
was in the preparation of the soil. In very few cases was a subsoil plow used and 
most of the beets which were sent to the Department were evidently grown in soil 
of insufficient depth. In some cases, where the exact directions for cultivation were 
carried out, the character of the beets received showed by contrast with the others 
the absolute necessity of cmjjloying the best methods of agriculture for their pro- 
duction. 

In Bulletin l^o. 3.'> (on page 0) the following statement is made: 

One of the most striking features in regard to this nuthod (tf conducting experi- 
mental work is found in the fact that it is almost impossible to secure compliance with 
directions. It is evident, at once, that the value of experimental work depends upon 
the care with which it is done and the accuracy with which the directions prescribed 
are followed. It is nijt to be wondered at that farmers, busy with their other occu- 
pations, failed to comply with the minute directions necessary to secure the greatest 
advantage in experimental work. 

Very few of the blanks were returned properly tilled out. In many cases the data 
which were returned were palpably erroneous. In one instance a yield of 99 tons per 
acre was reported, and in a great nutny cases the reported yield per acre was so great 
as to show inaccuracy on the part of the measurement of the land or the weighing of 
the l»eets. In making out returns for such reported phenomenal yiekls the theoretical 
<)uantity of sugar per acre given was always questioned. We are accustomed to look 
with suspicion upon any yield of sugar beets wliich exceeds 25 tons per acre. While 
it is not impossible to secure a higher yield than this, and of beets of good saccharine 
quality, yet it is so rare as to throw doubt upon miscellaneous data showing an 
excess of that yield. 

Another point, wliich makes the returns obtained less valuable, is fouiul in the fact 
of the length of time which necessarily elapsed between the harvesting of the beets 
and their reception at the laboratory. Nearly all tlio samples received were I'roni 
distant States, requiring for packages of this kind from three to eight days in the 
mails. Although the beets were in most cases well wrapped, ac( onliug to directions, 
our experiments have shown that they must have lost a considerable quantity of mois- 
ture by evaporation during their long transit. The data, therefore, showing the con- 
tent of sugar in the juice would be uniformly too high for normal beets. It is estimated 
that not less than 10 per cent should be subtracted from the number for sugar to 
express the uornuil i)ercentage of sugar in the beets as originally harvested. 

In Bidletiu No. 33 (on i)age 28) the ideas oittlined above are some- 
what expanded in the following words: 

Before proceeding to discuss thedata in the jireceding tables, attention should bo 
called to the fact that in previous reports of this kind some dissatisfaction has been 
expressed in somi; States ou account of the poor showing of the samples therefrom. 
In former rejjorts attention has been particularly called to thfe probability that the 
data obtained by this method of experimentation are not wholly reliable and in all 
cases do not truly represent the capabilities of any locality for beet-sugar i^roduction. 
It is true that a large number of data received from a given State will indicate, iu a 
general way, whether or not that State is capable of jjroducing a good sugar ))eet, 
but where the number of data is limited, it may be that the agricultural conditions 
under which the samples were produced were so poor, or the season so exce])tional, 
as to prevent a fair judgment of the capabilities of the soil and climate. Ou the 



20 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

other hand, the culture whicli the samples received may have been so careful and 
the seasonal conditions so favorable as to produce a beet far above the average 
which could be produced in the whole State. 

Again, the loss of moisture during transportation, or the failure of the farmers to 
send their beets in as soon as harvested, may tend to reduce the amount of water 
present in the beet and to raise correspondingly the (juantity of sugar therein. Inas- 
much as the analyses are made on the expressed juice, this would tend to show 
always an increased amount of sugar over that present naturally in the beets. 

All these disturbing influences must be taken into consideration in judging the 
data which have been recorded. This has been said in general explanation so as to 
forestall any criticisms which may Ije made of the value of the data obtained. 

To illustrate more particularly what is meant, attention is called to the instance, 
say, of Colorado and Montana. From the State of Colorado one hundred and twenty- 
three samples were received for analysis, and from the State of Montana oulj^ one 
sample. Any comparison, therefore, between the average results of the two States 
would be simply absurd. While one hundred and twenty-three samples from Colo- 
rado, showing, as they do, fine possibilities of sugar-beet culture, indicate that the 
State of Colorado is capable of producing beets of high ([uality, the single sample 
from Montana, whether it proved exceptionally poor or exceptionally fine, could 
have been no criterion by which the capabilities of the State for beet sugar could be 
judged. 

In connection with the tentative results which have been obtained by this kind of 
work should be considered the characteristics of the soil and climate of each locality, 
and by putting the two together a fairly good idea can be formed of the possibilities 
of beet-sugar production. The reader should carefully bear the above explanation 
in min<l, both in looking over the data in the tables and in reading the remarks 
thereon which follow. 

In Bulletin No. 39 (on page 8) in commenting on the results of the 
year's work, the following statements are made: 

The general results of the work this year are somewhat discouraging as com- 
pared with previous years. Throughout a great part of the beet-growing region the 
summer was excessively dry, aiul large numbers of total failures were reported. 

In former reports attentiou has been called to the fact that the jjresent method of 
experiment is unsatisfactory, and the reasons therefor have been fully set forth. 
The farmers are so busy with other work that, as a rule, they are not able to give 
careful attention to the experimental details. They do not have the time to suitably 
prepare the soil for beet culture, nor do they give the growing beet proper attention. 
When the time for harvesting comes they are usually engaged in other farm work, 
so that the beets are not harvested at the right time, nor are data obtained by 
means of which any accurate estimate of the yield per acre can be determined. 
The analytical data, therefore, of such work are usually fragmentary and far from 
teaching any definite lesson in regard to the industry itself. In general, however, 
the data bear out those of previous years in showing the areas in this country where 
the best beets can be grown. It is in these regions that the development of the 
industry must be expected. 

There is probably not a State or Territory in the Union which is not capable of 
growing a fair article of sugar beets. Even in the far South beets of fair sugar con- 
tent have been produced, and with good tonnage; but when the competition of the 
world is to be met, with the price of sugar as low as it is now, only those parts of 
the country where the soil and climate are especially favorable can be expected to 
compete successfully with thts beet-sugar industry already firmly established in older 
countries. The sole valuable lesson, therefore, of the promiscuous distribution of 
beet seed is in the fact that, as a rule, those regions best suited to the growth of the 
sugar beet Avill gradually be outlined, and intending investors led to the proper 
localities for the establishment of factories. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 21 

The great success of the beet-sugar industry ou the Pacific coast leads to the con- 
clusion that if th<^ northern part of the eastern and central portions of our country 
is to become the seat of a great sugar industry, every possible advantage must be 
taken of soil and location, in order to compete successfully with the beet lields of 
California, Washington, and Oregon. 

The experience of the past seasou, as will be seen from the data in 
the following pages, has served only to give additional point to the 
observations made in iirevious bulletins. 

The sugar-beet iudustry in this country has now reached a point 
where it is incumbent upon the l!^ational Government to secure a com- 
plete and accurate agricultural survey of the country in res^iect of 
growing beets. The competition in sugar making is now so keen that 
only those localities where natural conditions are best will, in the end, 
be found sustaining the industry. If we depend upon costly experi- 
ment to delimit these localities, hundreds of thousands of dollars will 
be wasted in the attempt. At a compariitively small expense, the 
Department of Agri<;alture will be able to have made careful and 
accurate surveys, based upon experimental data, to point out the regions 
where the sugar industry is most likely to succeed. This, however, 
can not be done by the promiscuous kind of experimentation which the 
Department has been compelled heretofore to pursue. Up to this time 
a sufficient scientific interest in the matter has not been aroused among 
the people to secure the kind of a survey which is necessary. Kow, 
however, the conditions have changed. The agricultural experiment 
stations in most of tbe States are thoroughly aroused in this matter. 
They are willing, with the cooperation of the Department, to undertake 
an agricultural survey of their respective localities. In addition to 
this, intelligent men, either in their capacity of private citizens or as 
representatives of boards of trade, or of business men's associations, 
are ready to supervise, in limited districts, series of experiments 
which will give satisfactory answers to the questions which nuist be 
answered before the sugar-beet industry is fully established. It will 
therefore be the object of the Department in subsequent work, espe- 
cially that of 1898, to secure in each locality interested in the matter, a 
few carefully conducted experiments. To this end it is urged that the 
experiment stations in the various States arrange with 2;"), 50, lOO, or 
more representative farmers, who can be relied upon to do good work, 
to grow plats of beets in size of not less than half an acre. 

CLIMATOLOGY. 

It is evident that one of the first things to be considered, after the 
soil itself, in connection with the sugar-beet industry is the climate. 
The sugar beet is a plant very susceptible to climatic conditions. At 
the beginning of its growth the beet plant is peculiarly helpless. It 
can not lift, in passing from the germ to the new plant, the lightest 
clod. A rain which packs the surface of the soil immediately after 
germination will sometimes prevent the plant from reaching the light. 



22 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

After the plant is established it requires a considerable quantity of 
water for its proper growth; this water must be supplied either by the 
rainfall of the locality, by irrigation, or by the subsoil. High teuipera- 
tures extending over long periods of time are peculiarly iujurious to the 
storing of sugar in the tuber. While high temperatures may not dimin- 
ish the tonnage yielded by a field, nor apparently produce any injuri- 
ous effects, in so far as the external appearance of the mature plant is 
concerned, it will be found, as a rule, that plants grown under such condi- 
tions of temperature are less rich in sugar than others grown in a milder 
climate. Since the production of sugar in the leaf of a |)lant is a joint 
function of the chlorophyll cells and sunlight, it is found that the high 
northern latitudes, where the summer days are exceptionally long and 
the nights correspondingly short, tend to produce, other conditions 
being the same, a beet rich in sugar. The climatic conditions of this 
country are so different from those of Europe as to render of little value 
the general conclusions which exi)erience has drawn from the effect of 
climate, in the beet sugar producing countries of Europe, on the sugar 
content of the beet itself. Nevertheless, it is seen that in l^^urope the 
great centers of the beet sugar industry are in regions far to the north, 
in fact, so far north as to make it impracticable ever to expect, in this 
country, to establish the centers of the industry on the same parallels 
of latitude. When it is considered for a moment that the great cap"- 
tals of Europe — St. Petersburg, London, and Berlin — are situated 1,400, 
870, and 040 miles, respectiv^ely, north of Washington, and yet in i)ros- 
perous agricultural communities the above statement does not create 
STirprise. The vicissitudes of climatic (conditions in northern I^Airope are 
also less marked than they are in the United States. Throughout 
the beet growing area of Europe it is expected that the summers will 
be mild. They are not attended with many days of excessive heat. 
Spring comes early and permanently; the autumn comes slowly and late. 
In Erance and I5elgium a severe frost is not expected in Ma3% nor is it 
anticipated that ice of a considerable thickness will form in Octobei'. The 
summer days in these localities are considerably longer than even in the 
more northern i)ortions of our country, and at least an hour longer than 
in the centers of our greatest agricultural prosperity. We find, there- 
fore, so great a deviation in their climatic conditions that Ave can not 
•ipply with rigidity in this country the rules respecting the climate 
deduced from the experience of European countries. With those rules 
a})plicable in this country, it would be easily demonstrable that the 
great center of the sugar-beet industry on this continent would be in 
Canada, and not in the United States. We have, therefore, had to 
depend so far largely on theory in the application of the principles of 
climatology in the culture of the sugar beet in the United States. The 
experimental data which have been at our disposal have been fragmen- 
tary, and, as has already been noted, have not been secured in the system- 
atic way desirable. The result is, even to-day, that many of our theories 






n 



CORRECTIONS. 

For Plate 1 read Plate II. 
For Plate II read Plate I. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 23 

iu regard to climate are not yet subsfcautiated by facts. In the light of 
tlie data at Land, in the pnblication of previous reports it lias been 
assumed that the beet-sugar zone of the United States would be found 
located over an area of which the southern limit would be marked by 
the mean isotherm of 71° F. for the summer months of June, July, and 
August. While this temperature is considerably higher than the mean 
temperature of the European beet-sugar areas for the same period of 
time, it has always been evident that the beet area of the United States 
would necessarily be situated farther south than the like area of Europe. 
There are two reasons which make this location imi)erative. In the 
first place, the more northern latitudes not only have late springs, but 
even after the spring is once established the occurrence of a heavy frost 
is not unusual. In the second place, these same latitudes have short 
autumns, and the occurrence of heavy frosts in late October or early 
November are not at all unexpected. As a result of this, the season for 
the growth and harvest of the beet is too short if we should apply for 
the mean summer temperature the same rules as obtain iu Europe. It- 
is evident, however, that the assumption of the mean isotherm of 71^ 
for June, July, and August as the southern limit of the beet-sugar area 
is based upon so many iudepeudent conditions as to render it only use- 
ful as a working basis. 

OTHER CONDITIONS. 

In connection with the temperafure must be considered the rainfall, 
the contour and the nature of the soil, the possibility of irrigation, the 
abundance of subsoil moisture, the proximity of coal, limestone, and 
water, price of labor, facilities for distribution and transportation, and 
many other matters which are imiiortant in a discussion of the sul)jcct. 
It is farther evident that the tracing of a single isothermal line and the 
arbitrary addition thereto of a certain width of land on either side do 
not give even the proper theoretical thermal basis for a carefid study 
of climatic conditions. 

MAP OF THERMAL BELT. 

For this reason, the present report is supj)lied with a new map 
(Plate I), which has been kindlj^ prei)ared by the Weather Bureau at 
our request, in which the isothermal lines for June, July, and August 
have been traced with greater care and from data extending over a 
longer period of time.^ 

The result of these new studies has been to change from former maps, 
in some cases slightly and in some cases considerably, the i)osition of 
the mean isotherm of 70° for the three summer months luimed. This 
change, as will be seen by consulting the new map, is most marked iu 

'Data supplied, through the courtesy of Mr. Willis S. Moore, chief of the Weather 
Bureau, by Mr. A. J. Henry. The map was drawn by the draftsuieu of the Bureau 
under Mr. Henry's direction. 



24 BEET-SUGAR TNDTTSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

tlie case of the State of New York, where in former maps the mean 
isotherm of 70° was traced in a line running almost directly west from 
Albany to Buffalo. 

CHANGES IN THE NEW MAP. 

In the new map the influence of the Allegheny Mountains on tempera- 
ture has been more carefully studied, and as a result there has been a 
considerable deflection of the isotherm of 70° to the south and south- 
west. The general trend of this isotherm from Albany is in a south- 
westerly direction until the Allegheny Mountains {ire crossed, where it 
turns in a westerly direction until it reaches its former location practi- 
cally in the neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio. The position of this 
isotherm from this point westward is so nearly the same as that of the 
other map as to require no particular mention. The State of New York, 
however, especially that portion of it lying between Albany and Buffalo, 
has peculiar thermal conditions, and these are shown in a special map 
of that State (PI. II). A considerable area of the State with a mean 
summer temperature Df 70° is found in the northwestern part in the 
neighborhood of Bocbester, while between this area and the continuous 
isotherm of 70°, as traced upon the map, is a considerable space of 
territory wliere the mean summer temperature is considerably below 
70°. This area, however, corresponds more nearly to the beet areas of 
northern Europe than any other portions of our country. The tempera- 
ture and other climatic conditions in this area are more uniform by 
reason of the modifying effects of the Great Lakes on the winds which 
blow from the west and northwest. The experimental data which have 
been collected show, therefore, that this area, altliough in manj^ cases 
the mean summer temperature is below 70°, is peculiarly suited to the 
j)roduction of beets of a high sugar content. The comparatively mild 
springs and autumns also favor the ]>lanting and harvesting of the beet, 
so that the conditions of this area .are as favorable to tlie production of 
beets of the proper grade as those areas lying immediately contiguous 
to the mean isotherm of 70°. 

TRIPLE ISOTHERMAL LINES. 

Asa single isothermal line passing across tlie country affords a very 
narrow basis for study, it has been deemed advisable in the map hei^e- 
with presented to take as the nucleus of the isothermic sugar zone not 
merely the isotherm of 70°, but that belt of territory, varying in width, 
which is bounded by the isotherms of G9° upon the north and 71° upon 
the south. The isotherm of 70° is found between these two, usually 
occupying the center of the belt, or nearly so, but sometimes approach- 
ing more nearly the one or the other. If, now, we add to the outside 
of the belt of irregular width, thus outlined by the two isotherms men- 
tioned, on the south a strip of country of varying width and on the 
north an area bounded by the limit of dangerous frosts, this area will 



Map showing the probable Areas suited to Beet Culture. 



..■■■%^ 



^'"^-M , 



/ 



n. 







fUEPARtD BV KR H W WILEV 



tl 

is 
A 



tl 

C( 

w 
w 

tl 

CJ 

is 

01 

h. 
L 

01 

SI 

n 
is 
t( 

7< 
n 
tl 
r< 
b 
b 
tl 
P 
s] 
s< 
b 
t( 



n 
w 
n 

w 

tl 



ii 
o 

ti 
n 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



25 



practically include the whole of the United States which, from theo- 
retical conditions of temperature, is best suited to the growth of sugar 
beets of a high saccharine content. 

BEET ZONE. 

The shaded portions of the map herewith presented indicate in a 
general way this area. No attempt has been made to extend this lat- 
eral shading west of the Missouri River. Tlie paucity of data for the 
western part of the country, in connection with the extreme vicissitudes 
of climate, renders of little value any extension of the thermal belt. 

ANNUAL RAINFALL. 

Connected with this study, the annual precipitation is of the utmost 
importance. There has therefore been marked upon the map, in the 
area covered by this belt, the mean i)recipitation, in inches, from 50 to 
40, from 40 to 30, and so on down to the least recorded quantities 
of rainfall in the far western arid regions. 

The mean annual precipitation is, of course, of importance in deter- 
mining the relations of the different regions to the water supply and 
the need of irrigation. It is also important to know the mean precipi- 
tation for the months during which the chief growth of the crop and 
the harvest take place, namely, for April, May, June, July, August, 
September, and October. The mean pret-ipitation for each of these 
three months, as furnished by the Weather Bureau for the localities 
mentioned, is indicated in the following tables: 

Monthly averages of rainfall, Jpril-Octoter. 



stations. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

Amherst 

Boston 

FallKivor 

Fitchburg 

Lowell 

New Bedford 

Springfield 

Taunton 

Worcester 

CONNECTICUT. 

Hartford 

New Haven 

New London 

Middletown 

Soutliington 

Wallingford 

NEW YORK. 

Albany 

Buttalo 

Cooperstown 

Gouverneur 

Ithaca 

New York City 

Nor tU Salem 



Lati- 
tude. 



42 22 
42 21 

41 42 

42 36 
42 39 

41 39 

42 05 

41 54 

42 16 



41 45 
41 18 
41 21 
41 33 
41 H5 
41 27 



42 40 
42 53 
42 42 
44 25 
42 27 

40 43 

41 20 



Longi- Eleva- 
lude. tion. 



72 32 
71 04 
71 09 
71 50 

71 17 

70 56 

72 35 

71 05 
71 49 



72 40 
72 56 
72 05 
72 39 
72 51 
72 49 



73 45 
78 53 

74 57 

75 35 

76 30 
73 58 
73 34 



Num- 
ber of 
years. 



235 

12 

259 

433 

104 

100 

70 

30 

473 



38 
10 
8 
37 
152 
73 



32 

587 
1,300 
423 
375 
52 
361 



Apr. 



3.1 
3.8 
3.9 
2.9 
3.6 
3.6 
3.2 
3.6 
3.7 



3.0 
3.3 
3.7 
3.4 
3.1 
3.6 



2.8 
2.5 
2.6 
2.1 
2.2 
3.4 
3.4 



May. 



3.9 
3.7 
4.0 
3.8 
3.7 
3.8 
4.2 
3.3 
4.1 



3.6 
3.9 
3.6 
3.8 
3.2 
4.2 



3.6 
3.4 
3.6 

2.7 
3.4 
4.0 
4.4 



June. 



3.7 
3.2 
3.1 
3.3 
3.3 
3.0 
8.8 
2.5 
3.1 



3.0 
3.1 
3.2 
3.5 
2.8 
3.6 



4.1 
3.5 
4.1 
2.7 
3.7 
3.8 
3.5 



July. 



4.5 
3.6 
3.5 
3.7 
3.8 
3.1 
4.5 
3.5 
3.8 



4.1 
4.5 
4.0 
4.3 
3.9 
4.2 



4.2 

3.2 
4.3 
2.8 
3.5 
4.0 
4.0 



4.4 
4.3 
4.4 
4.3 
4.4 
3.9 
4.5 
4.2 
4.5 



4.6 
4.6 
4.7 
4.8 
4.6 
5.0 



4.0 
3.2 
4. 1 
2.3 
3.0 
4.7 
4.1 



Sept. 



3.4 
3.4 
3.3 
3.2 
3.3 
3.3 
3.4 
2.8 
3.5 



3.2 
3.8 
3.4 
3.6 
2.9 
3.6 



3.5 
3.3 
3.4 
3.1 
3.0 
3.4 
3.1 



3.9 
3.8 
4.5 
4.1 
3.8 
3.7 
4.2 
3.8 
4.4 



3.9 
3.8 
4.4 
4.1 
3.6 
4.2 



3.5 
3.6 
3.3 
3.4 
2.9 
3.6 
4.1 



Total. 



26.9 

25.8 
26.7 
25.3 
25.9 
24.4 
27.8 
23.7 
27.1 



25.4 
27.0 
27.0 
27.5 
24.1 
28.4 



25.7 
22.7 
25.4 
19.1 
21.7 
26.9 
26.6 



26 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Monthlij avcrar/es of rainfall, April-Ociohcr — Contiuiu'd. 



Section.s. 


Lati- 
tude. 


Longi- 
tude. 


Eleva- 
tion. 


Kuni- 
jerof 
years. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Total. 


NEW YORK— cont'd. 


o / 

43 29 
43 20 
43 08 
43 OG 

39 22 

40 23 
40 45 
40 30 
40 45 

40 14 
39 29 

41 23 

41 38 

42 07 

39 49 

40 10 

40 22 
39 53 

39 17 
39 39 
39 Ai 
39 24 

41 30 
39 58 

39 30 

40 11 

40 25 

41 40 
41 30 

40 04 

41 3G 
41 09 

39 40 

40 11 

41 05 

39 40 

40 28 
40 45 
39 37 
39 51 

39 48 

40 48 

39 ,57 

40 12 

41 47 
41 52 
41 10 

40 50 

41 27 

40 18 

41 16 

42 15 

39 29 
41 40 

41 22 

40 42 

39 59 

40 54 

42 15 

41 32 
41 31 


' 

76 35 

76 22 

77 42 
75 13 

74 25 
74 57 
74 10 
74 27 
74 15 

74 45 

75 01 

75 09 

75 18 

80 05 

77 15 

76 .53 

79 59 

75 10 

76 37 

78 45 

77 20 
77 24 

81 42 
83 00 

81 26 
83 35 

80 41 

83 34 

84 07 

82 46 

85 00 
85 30 
85 03 
85 10 
85 07 
80 10 
80 54 
80 22 
85 23 

84 53 

85 18 
85 49 

89 45 

90 57 

88 08 

87 38 

89 49 

90 22 
9d 06 
90 05 
89 21 

88 37 
88 24 
88 22 

88 48 

89 36 
88 OS 

88 40 

89 05 

90 38 
88 32 


335 

'"'494' 
473 

13 

■ 75 
13 
48 
141 
33 
97 

i'ioo 

686 
624 
320 
745 
32 

68 
639 
498 
415 

582 
812 
611 
1,030 
663 
579 
767 
850 

1,052 
863 
844 

1, 040 
815 
753 
607 
586 

850 

1, 063 

698 

800 
674 
648 
589 
505 
786 
845 
475 

"'sio' 

737 
670 
688 
452 
77! 
600 
730 
528 
656 


26 
42 
27 
41 

23 
25 
52 
43 
26 
24 
25 

25 
25 
2.3 
24 
25 
54 
72 

26 
24 
12 
15 

41 
17 
69 
25 
39 
26 
23 
35 

11 
16 
14 
14 
13 
27 
16 
19 
13 
26 
28 
10 

16 
19 
22 
30 
17 
12 
11 
U 
13 
45 
15 
16 
25 
41 
11 
6 
22 
14 
17 


2.1 
2.3 
2.5 
2.7 

3.3 
3.3 
3.5 
3.7 
3.3 
3.7 
3.3 

3.2 
2.5 
2.5 
3.5 
3.0 
3.0 
3.4 

3.4 
2.5 
3.5 
3.7 

2.7 
3.2 
3.3 
3.1 
3.4 
2.2 
3.0 
3.0 

2.9 
3.4 
3.7 
3..4 
3.2 
3.6 
3.7 
3.5 
3.5 
3.6 
2.9 
2.9 

4.1 
4.0 
3.2 
3.0 
3.2 
2.9 
2.7 
3.5 
3.0 
2.8 
4.2 
3.0 
2.9 
3.2 
3.8 
2.2 
3.3 
2.7 
3.7 


2.8 
2.8 
3.3 
3.5 

3.1 
4.4 
4.0 
3.9 
3.2 
4.1 
3.9 

4.0 
3.4 
3.8 
4.0 
4.6 
3.5 
3.8 

3.8 
3.4 
4.0 
4.4 

3.5 
4.2 
3.9 
3.9 
3.9 
3.4 
4.2 
3.4 

4.5 
4.5 
4.4 
4.7 
3.9 
4.0 
4.8 
5.0 
4.2 
4.3 
3.8 
4.2 

4.8 
4.1 
4.0 
3.7 
4.1 
3.5 
3.1 
3.6 
3.7 
3.9 
5.0 
3.9 
4.0 
3.8 
4.2 
3.2 
4.0 
3.9 
4.6 


3.4 
3.3 
3.3 
4.3 

3.0 
3.8 
3.5 
3.9 
3.6 
3.9 
3.3 

4.1 
3.1 
3.9 
3.5 
4.4 
3.6 
3.8 

4.0 
3.8 
3.9 
4.6 

3.9 
3.5 
4.1- 
4.0 
4.0 
3.4 
4.1 
3.8 

3.7 
4.1 
4.3 
4.0 
3.8 
4.5 
4.2 
4.2 
4.5 
3.9 
4.4 
4.6 

5.7 
4.1 
3.8 
3.7 
4.1 
4.0 
3.8 
4.2 
4.1 
4.3 
4.8 
4.0 
3.6 
3,7 
4.2 
3.2 
4.8 
3.9 
4.3 


3.1 
3.3 
3.0 
4.7 

3.5 
4.4 
4.4 
4.7 
4.9 
5.5 
4.3 

5.0 
4.6 
2.8 
3.4 

4.2 
4.0 
4.0 

4.7 
3.4 
3.4 
3.5 

3.4 
3.2 
' -4.4 
4.4 
4.0 
3.1 
3.4 
3.9 

•2.7 
3.2 
2.4 
2.8 
4.9 
4.2 
3.7 
2.9 
2.2 
3.5 
4.1 
3.4 

3.4 
4.8 
3.3 
3.4 
3.2 
3.7 
2.9 
4.0 
3.0 
3.7 
3.9 
3.1 
3.0 
4.0 
2.7 
2.2 
3.6 
3.7 
4.5 


2.6 
2.7 
3.0 
3.5 

4.3 
4.9 
5.0 
4.9 
5.2 
5.3 
4.9 

4.9 
3.8 
3.3 
3.6 
3.9 
3.4 
4.3 

4.0 
3.2 
3.3 

2.7 

3.1 
3.2 
3.9 
3.3 
3.9 
2.7 
2.7 
3.3 

2.7 
2.7 
2.7 
3.5 
3.4 
3.3 
3.5 
2.9 
2.7 
3.9 
3.3 
3.0 

3.0 
3.0 
3.4 
2.9 
3.0 
4.2 
3.0 
2.5 
2.8 
3.7 
3.4 
3.0 
2.9 
3.0 
2.1 
1.5 
3.2 
3.3 
4.5 


2.8 
3.2 
2.4 
3.5 

3.2 
4.3 
.3.8 
3.8 
4.0 
4.0 
4.0 

3.1 
2.8 
4.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.9 
3.5 

3,9 
2.8 
3.8 
17 

3.6 
2.6 
3.1 
3.2 
3.5 
2.4 
2.6 
3.1 

3.8 
3.9 
2.6 
3.6 
3.2 
3.1 
2.7 
3.1 
3.1 
4.1 
3.1 
2.5 

3.3 
4.1 
3.2 
3.0 
3.3 
4.1 
3.6 
3.8 
2.C 
3.8 
2.9 
2.8 
2.9 
3.5 
3.3 
1.7 
2.4 
3.2 
3.5 


3.3 
3.4 
2.9 
3.5 

.3.2 
3.6 
3.6 
3.4 
3.7 
4.0 
3.4 

3.6 
3.3 
4.1 
3.1 
3.3 
2.8 
3.2 

2.9 
2.3 
3.8 
2.5 

2.8 
2.6 
3.1 
2.2 
3.1 
2.4 
2.6 
2.1 

2.3 
1.9 
2.2 
2.0 
3.0 
2.8 
2.2 
2.5 
2.5 
2.8 
2 2 

sio 

2.5 
2.9 
2.9 
2.7 
2.1 
2.0 
2.7 
2.2 
2.7 
2.4 
2.8 
2.8 
2.3 
2.5 
1.7 
1.5 
3.2 
l.C 
2.5 


20.1 


Palermo [ 

Rochester 

Utica 

NEW JERSEY. 

Atlnntie City 


21.0 
20.4 
25.7 

23.6 

28.7 


Newarlv 

New Biunswick 


27.8 
28.3 
27.9 


Trenton 


30.5 
27.1 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

Blooming Grove 

Dyberry 


27.9 
23.5 
24.4 




24.1 




27.0 




23.2 


Pbiladelpbia 


26.0 


MARYLAND. 


26.7 




21.4 




26.3 




2.5.1 


OHIO. 

Cleveland 

('olumbus 


2.3.0 
22.5 
25.8 


Nortl) Lewisbiirg 

Steubenvillo 


24.1 
25. 8 
19.6 




22.0 


Wester ville 


22.6 


INDIANA. 


22.0 


Columbia City 

Conners ville 

Farmland 

Flirt Wayne 

Iiidianapolis 

Lal'ayette 

LoKan.sport 

Mauzy 

Itic.bniond 


23.7 
22. 3 
24.0 
25.4 
25. 5 
24.8 
24.1 
22.7 
26.1 
23.8 


Waba.sb 

ILLINOIS. 


24. 2 

26.8 


Augu.sta 


27.6 
23.8 


(Jbicago 

IClmira 

(lalesburg 

(Jcnesco 

Havana 

H'^niiepin 


22.4 
23.6 
25.0 
21.8 
24.4 
21.9 
24.6 




27.0 


Oswego 

Ottawa 

I'eoria 

Fbilo 


22.6 
22.2 
23.7 
22.0 


I'imtiar 


15. 5 
24.5 


Kock Island Arsenal . 
Sandwich 


22 3 
27^6 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



27 



Monihhj arcraf/cs of ralnfuU, Jpril-Ocloher — Coiitiuucd. 



Sections. 



ILLINOIS — rontitiried 

Springtielil 

Svfnmore 

Wiitscka 

M'iiuiebago , 

AVyanct 

WISCONSIN. 

Beloit 

L:i Oos.se 

M:uli.soii 

Miiiiitowoc 

Milwaukee , 

MICHIGAN. 

Detroit 

Grand Haven 

Gr.Tiid Kajiid.s 

Kalamazoo , 

Laii.sing 

Port H urou 



Lati- 
tude. 



39 48 
42 00 

40 48 
42 17 

41 30 



42 30 

43 49 

43 05 

44 07 
43 02 



42 20 

43 05 
42 57 
42 20 

42 44 

43 00 



Longi- 
tude. 



89 89 

88 42 
87 45 

89 12 
89 45 



80 11 
91 15 
89 24 
87 46 
87 54 



83 03 
86 18 
85 40 
85 38 

84 32 
82 26 



Eleva- 
tion. 



Num- 
ber of 
years. 



614 

800 
640 
861 
750 



741 
057 
857 
593 
591 



580 
593 
604 
770 
836 
584 



Apr. 



3.7 
3.6 
3.7 
3.2 
3.8 



2.9 
2.4 
2.6 
2.4 

2.8 



2.6 
2.8 
2.6 
2.4 
2.1 



May. 


June. 


5.0 


4.4 


4.3 


5.0 


5.6 


3.7 


4.0 


4.1 


4.6 


4.5 



July. 



3.2 
3.3 
3.5 
2.6 
3.4 



3.1 
3.4 
3.6 
4.4 
3.4 
3.4 



4.0 
4.5 
4.5 
3.6 
3.8 



3.8 
3.8 
4.2 
4.5 
4.0 
3.5 



2.8 
3.6 
3.0 
3.5 
4.2 



3.5 
4.0 
4.0 
3.5 
3.2 



3.6 
2.8 
2.4 
3.2 
3.1 
2.4 



Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


2.4 


3.2 


2.7 


2.9 


3.0 


3.1 


2.4 


2.9 


2.6 


3.2 


3.0 


2.3 


4.7 


4.8 


2.4 


3.0 


3.4 


2.5 


3.2 


4.2 


2.3 


3.1 

P 9 


3 1 
5 n 


2.6 

•> R 



2.7 



2.6 

2.7 
2.4 
2.6 
2.7 
2.6 



3.0 
3.6 
3.4 
3.2 
2.9 
2.6 



2.6 
3.2 
2.5 

2.8 
2.5 
2.8 



Total. 



24.2 
25. 5 
23. 9 
2i. 9 
29.0 



23.1 
, 2:i.9 
23.4 
20.9 
21.1 



21.3 
22.1 
21.3 
23.3 
21.0 
19.4 



STUDY OF PARTICULAR LOCALITIES. 

North Carolina and West Virginia. 

The elevated areas of tlie mountain regions of North Carolina and 
West Virginia afford conditions of temperature and precipitation which 
are favorable to the growth of sugar beets. The rough and moun- 
tainous character of this portion of the country, however, presents 
mechanical difficulties in cultivation of sufficient magnitude to warrant 
the statement that the beet industry on a large scale is not likely to be 
established within it. A portion of the region specified has a mean 
annual rainfall of more than 50 inches, while the most of it is supplied 
with a rainfall of 40 inches. It is not probable, on account of the con- 
sideration mentioned above, that the beet-sugar indnstiy, on a scale 
of any magnitude, will ever be established in the regions specified. 

Eastern Shore of Maryland. 

The isotherm of 71° enters Maryland at a point about the center 
of the Atlantic coast of the eastern shore, and runs north by nortli- 
cast almost to Ponghkeepsie, iST. Y. It is evident, therefore, that 
the temperature conditions of this region are similar to those on or 
south of the isotherm of 71"^ in other parts of the country, although 
here in this area the region lies to the west of this isotherm. Judged 
l)y this factor, and also by the mean annual rainfall, which is 40 inches 
for this locality, the cultivation of the sugar beet might be success- 
fully inaugurated along the Atlantic const of the eastern shore; in fact, 
practically over the whole of the southern portion of the eastern shore 
of Maryland. The character of the soil in this locality is mostly sandy, 
and its natural fertility has been considerably diminished by long years 



28 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

of cultivation. There is no reason to doubt, however, the fact that 
with proper fertilization and cultivation the requisite degree of fertility 
for the production of sugar beets could be secured. The general tend- 
ency in this region is in the direction of a too high temperature and 
too few hours of sunshine. The above observations ajiply also to 
Accoiuac County, Va. 

Delaware. 

The observations which have been made in regard to the eastern 
shore of Maryland also apply to the eastern region of Delaware. On 
account of the ravages of the "yellows" among the peach orchards of 
southern Delaware, it might be worth while for the agricultural experi- 
ment station to make a careful survey of the southeastern portion of 
the State with reference to the possibility of producing sugar beets of 
the rerpiisite degree of saccharine strength. The surface of the soil is 
generally level; a good deal of it is of a sandy nature, and so far as 
its physical properties are concerned, it may be regarded as favorable 
to beet growth. 

New Jersey. 

The mean isotherm of 71° degrees passes northward almost parallel 
to the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, and at varying distances there- 
from. The part of New Jersey lying between this isotherm and the 
seacoast is mostly com])osed of sandy soils, reasonably level. There 
are no mechanical difticulties of any magnitude connected with the 
culture of the beet, and the problem of fertilization of the soil is one 
which is easily solved. The same observations in regard to possibilities 
of beet culture may be made of this region of New Jersey as have 
been made in respect of Maryland and Delaware. This general obser- 
vation relating to the whole may be added : 

We have in this area a mean summer temperature of 71°. In no 
jilace does it reach the isotherm of 70°. The whole region may there- 
fore be regarded as representing that of a maximum temperature com- 
patible with beet culture. It may be further said that the culture of 
the beet should only be i)ushed south and beyond the isotherm of 71°, 
where peculiar natural advantages, independent of thermal fjictors, are 
aflbrded. These natural advantages consist of exceptionally fertile 
soil, favorable contour of the surface, cheapness of fuel, facilities for 
transportation, etc. A large portion of the region which has been 
mentioned is devoted to truck fanning for the markets of large cities, 
and it is doubtful if this remunerative form of agric^ulture could be 
replaced successfully with sugar-beet culture in competition with more 
northern localities, where richer beets can be produced. Nevertheless, 
the possible production of fairly good beets in tlie region indicated 
must be admitted from the point of view of temperature and precipi- 
tation alone. 



BEET-SUGAE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 29 

Connecticut. 

It will be observed that, both in respect of precipitation and tem- 
I)eratnre, the whole of Conue(;ticut may be regarded as lying in the 
beet belt. From theoretical considerations, therefore, it could be pre- 
dicted that beets grown in Connecticut would show a satisfactory 
content of sugar and possess a high iiurit3\ So favorable are the theo- 
retical conditions in that locality that it would be advisable for the 
agricultural experiment stations of the State to make a systematic 
agricultural survey of the ])ossibilities of growing beets. The valley 
of the Connecticut Kiver aflbrds a fertile field of exi)eriment where 
the mechanical conditions of culture and the natural conditions of the 
soil are factors which favor success. There are large areas of the State, 
however, so broken in contour as to render the possibilities of beet cul 
ture unpromising, but wherever large bodies of fairly level land with 
good fertility can be found it is fair to presume that the culture of the 
sugar beet would be attended with success. Conditions which obtain 
in Connecticut are also found in the State of Khode Island, althongh a 
portion of that State lies north of the isotherm of 05)°. As will be 
seen farther along, however, in discussing the conditions of growth in 
New York, there are many localities in the United States north of the 
isotherm of 09'^ where beets flourish; in fact, it may be said that the 
possibilities of growing beets north of the isotherm of 00°, where rea- 
sonably mild autumns can be expected, are much better than south of 
the isotherm of 71°. 

Massachusetts. 

The valley of the Connecticut, in the State of Massachusetts, 1oubt- 
less attbrds as tine facilities for beet culture as in the State of Con- 
necticut. The greater part of the State lies north of the isotherm of 
69°. As in the case of Connecticut, there are doubtless many regions 
in this State north of the isotherm of 09° where, owing to the mild 
autumns, the sugar beet may be expected to grow satisfactorily for 
sugar-making purposes. A large part of the State is unfitted, by rea- 
son of its contour and the nature of the soil, for the culture of beets, 
but at least the Connecticut Valley and similar stretches of soil might 
be used to good advantage for this purpose. 

New Hampshire and Vekmont. 

These States, lying north of the isotherm of 09°, will have to contend 
in the growth of beets with the shorter growing season and less heac 
for the three months of Juue, July, and August for forcing the beets to 
maturity. Nevertheless, it is doubtless true that for a distance of 100 
miles, or even more, north of the isotherm of 09° beet culture could be 
practiced with success on account of the longer summer days. Samples 
of beets received from Vermont and analyzed in this laboratory show 



30 BEET-SUGAU INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

fiivorable contents of sugar, and high purities. Those grown also at 
tlie ex[)eriinent station of Vermont, as will be seen farther on, aflord 
encouraging data. The thing to be feared in these localities is not 
inability to grow a beet rich in sugar, but the ])ossibility of being able 
to liarvest and secure it pro]>erly before the advent of winter. These 
areas do not enjoy the iuiniunity frosu sudden changes of temperature, 
due to the lake breezes, which is characteristic of the great plain of the 
State of New York between Albany and Buffalo. 

Nkw Vokk. 

In this State we have a reuiarkable variety of thei- lal conditions. 
The mean isotherms of (id' and TO"^ i^ass in a southwesterly direction 
from Albany into the State of Pennsylvania, following, in general, the 
trend of the ranges of the Allegheny Mountains. The influence of 
these high altitudes is seen in forcing these isotherms to the south. 
The southeastern i^ortion of the State of New York lies, therefore, 
withiu the belt of isotherms peculiarly favorable to beet culture, with 
the exception of the valley of the Hudson from a point a few miles 
above Poughkeepsie to the mouth of the river. This valley, including 
the city of New York, has a higher temperature than that deemed 
most suitable to beet culture. As this valley is, however, uuhtted 
by reason of its contour to the culture of beets, the above fact is of 
little importance. Passing to the west of Albany, the mean summer 
temperatures for the three months of June, July, and August are con- 
siderably below the standards which have been mentioned until the 
region immediately east of Kochester is reached, where again we find 
a mean isotherm of 70°, and about Palmyra of almost 71°. South- 
west of this the mean temi)eratures of the summer are again below 09°. 
Nevertheless, a fairly satisfactory agricultural survey of this region 
has shown that it is capable of i^roduciug beets of high quality; and 
the effects of the lake breezes upon the climate have doubtless much 
to do with this condition. For instance, in regions in this area where 
the mean summer temperature is below 69° the autumns are far more 
mild than in the similar regions in Minnesota, so that the months of 
October and November can both be relied upon with great certainty 
for securing the harvest of the beets. As has been before mentioned, 
we have in this region a nearer approach to the conditions of beet 
growing in northern Europe than in any other place in the United 
States. This whole region, therelbre, must be considered and included 
in the area of our country where the theoretical conditions, and where 
the actual conditions, of temperature and precipitation favor the pro- 
duction of a beet of high saccharine content. If we should leave out 
of the calculation the southern deflection of the isotherms of 09° and 
70°, due to the Appalachian system, and connect directly the area, in the 
neighborhood of Rochester, where these temperatures obtain, with 
Albany, neglecting the intermediate temperatures, we should have the 
isotherms occupying practically the same position in this new map that 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 31 

they were made to occui^y iu the former iiuips furnished by the Signal 
Oflice for this Dei)artmeut. In the absence of definite information on 
the subject, it is fair to presume that the former maps wore made in 
this way, and this accounts for the discrepancy in the position of the 
isotherm of TC^ found in these maps and in the one now presented. 
Abundant experimental data go to show that the total area of the 
State of ISTew York south of Saratoga is well suited to the growth of 
beets, wherever the physical conditions of contour are favorable and the 
soil suitable. The map of the beet area has therefore been extended 
so as to include this region in the beet belt. 

Pennsylvania. 

A large portion of the State of Pennsylvania, from the thermal point 
of view aloue, is well suited to the growth of beets. The position occu- 
pied by the belt of territory included between the isotherms of 69° and 
71°, however, iu the State of Pennsylvania indicates an area which, for 
physical reasons, is mostly unsuited to beet culture, as it covers prin- 
cipally the mountainous region of that State. The northwestern part 
of the State, especially the i)ortion bordering on Lake Erie, has the 
same favorable conditions for beet culture as are found in the great 
valley of the State of New York ; and the principal development of the 
industiy iu that State, for the physical reasons mentioned above, must 
be looked for in that section. South of the isotherm of 71° there may be 
favorable regions in the southern and eastern portions of the State, but 
the altitude has pushed the isotherms too far south to look for the best 
results in the southwestern part of the State, on account of the shorter 
days due to the more southern latitude. Where conditions of contour 
and fertility of soil are fav^orable, the whole i)ortiou of Pennsylvania 
north and west of the isotherm of 71° may be regarded as favorable to 
beet culture. The precipitation immediately west of the Allegheny 
Mountains is not so great as on the east, but there is an area in the 
extreme northwestern part of the State where the mean average pre- 
cipitation is nearly the same as that east of the mountains, uamelj', 
between 40 and 50 inches. 

Ohio. 

The northeastern and northern parts of Ohio are well situated for 
beet culture. In general, the contour of the land is iavorable, being 
reasonably level, and the soil is fairly fertile. The conditions in these 
localities are fairly comi)arable with those in the State of Kew York, 
except that the mean temperature is higher, the mean isotherm of 70° 
running in a northwesterly direction across the northern part of Ohio 
and entering the lake near Sandusky. It is probable also that to a 
considerable distance south of the isotherm of 71°, good beets can be 
grown, but where so large an area is found with more favoring climatic 
conditions, it is not well to push the industry too far south until more 
favorable localities are fully exploited. 



32 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Michigan. 

A large part of the southern peniusiila of Michigan is directly iii the 
heart of the beet belt. The contour of the soil is also favorable, being 
reasonably level, with an average fertility, and tlie data which have 
been secured in actual experiments in those regions are of the most 
encouraging kind. There seems to be no doubt of the fact that this 
locality is among the best in the United Slates ibr beet culture, and the 
modifying influence of the lake on the autumnal climate must not be 
lost sight of. 

Indiana. 

The northern counties of Indiana, especially the northwestern, are 
situated in the beet area, and it is probable that tbe culture of the beet 
may be extended southward, as in the case of Ohio, as far as Fort 
Wayne and Lafayette, although it is not advisable for intending 
investors to locate in the more southern areas until the more north- 
ern have been fully exploited. The agricultural survey of the northern 
part of the State, undertaken by the experiment station at Lafayette, 
in conjunction with the work of this Department, will indicate liually 
with more accuracy than a mere theoretical map the most favorable 
conditions of culture. Great interest has been manifested in Indiana 
in the extreme southwestern portion, near Evansville, in the culture 
of the beet, and, as will be seen in tlie following data, many samples 
have been secured from that portion of the State. In many respects 
this region is most favorable to beet culture, particularly on account of 
the facilities for transportation, cheapness of fuel, and the fertility of 
the soil. The mean summer temperature, however, is so high as to 
cause grave doubts concerning the future success of beet growth in 
that locality. 

The soil in northern Indiana is much like that of Michigan — sandy, 
reasonably level, and fairly fertile — and there is reason to believe that 
an industry profitable both to the farmer and manufacturer may grow 
u]) in that part of the country. 

Ij.linoi.s. 

The northern part of Illinois is in the beet-sugar belt, and the con- 
ditions in respect of contour of the surface and fertility of the soil, 
facilities and cheapness of transportation, etc., are excellent for the 
sugar-beet industry. The character of the soil in northern IlUnois, 
however, is quite different from that of northern Indiana and the 
southern peninsula of Michigan. It is mostly a. prairie soil, dark and 
underlaid with clay, so that the physical conditions of culture are 
probably not so favorable as in the other sections just named. 

Wisconsin. 

Southern Wisconsin occupies a most favorable position for beet 
culture, and the data which have been obtained from that State by 
the agricultural exi^eriment station at Madison, in conjunction with the 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IIN THE UNITED STATES. 33 

woi'lc of this Departmeut, are favorable, aud show great possibilities of 
success for the iudiistry in that regiou. We begiu to notice here the 
efl'ects of the southwestern breezes in forcing northward the isotherms 
of 70^ and OO*^, aud these hot breezes cut otf from the culture of the 
beet large areas whei^e soil and other conditions are extremely favor- 
able. The same remark should be applied to the belt of country imme- 
diately south of the isotherm of 71° that has heretofore been made, 
namely, that there are doubtless numy sections where the successful 
culture of the beet nuiy be secured. This is dependent upon local 
conditions which must be determined by careful agricultural surveys 
in the future. 

Minnesota. 

The deflection in a northwesterly dire<!tion of the isotherms of 70° 
and 69° includes in the sugar-beet area a large portion of the State of 
Minnesota, especially the southeastern portion. Here there is no 
question of the growth of the crop and the production of beets of high 
saccharine qualities. The great point to be feared in this locality is 
the early approach of winter, and this is true of all the cis-montane 
western regions. We find here a drop in the rainfall from an annual 
average of 30 to 40 inches to one of from 20 to 30 inches. We there- 
fore meet here a greater possibility of suffering from a dry season 
than in the regions of the East. As a rule, however, the quantity of 
rainfall during the growing season is sufficient for the production of a 
good crop. 

Iowa. 

A remarkable deflection of the isotherms of 09° and 70° is noticed 
in passing from Minnesota to Iowa. Not only are these isotherms 
deflected toward the south, but they actually take a backward course 
toward the east, so that their direction for a considerable distance is 
east of south. This brings the theoretical beet belt, so far as tempera- 
ture is concerned, almost through the center of the State of Iowa. 
The well-known fertility of the soil of this State, with the generally 
level character of the surface, shows that the agricultural possibilities 
for the growth of sugar beets are great. In the greater part of the 
State the rainfall reaches 30 inches per annum, but in the northwestern 
part the approach to the arid region is shown by a dropping off of the 
average rainfall, so that it is between 20 and 30 inches. Nevertheless, 
ex])erience shows that, as a rule, a sufficient rainfall is provided in all 
parts of the State for the growth of ordinary agricultural cro])s. The 
isotherms of 69° and 70°, after passing partly across the State of Iowa, 
take a sudden turn toward the north and west and pass out of the State 
again into Minnesota, where they reach a more northern latitude than 
Minneapolis. With the exception of the southwestern counties of 
Iowa it is fair to presume that almost the whole of the area of the 
State, in so far as thermal conditions and rainfall are concerned, is 
H. Doc. 396 3 



34 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

suited to the growth of beets. Of course, in this iiuitter, it should be 
remembered, that local conditions of soil, transportation, fuel supply, 
and other factors must be taken into consideration. Iowa also occupies 
a position where there is no tempering influence of the northwestern 
winds, so that it begins to feel the rigors of the winter at an earlier 
date than is experienced on the same isotherms east of the Great Lakes. 

XoKTH AND South Dakota. 

The conditions which prevail in North and South Dakota are some- 
what unique. From the highest position attained in Minnesota, at the 
border line between that State and Nortli and South Dakota, the iso- 
therm of 09° turns again east and south and suffers a considerable 
deflection, due doubtless to the lower altitude of the Red River Valley. 
Passing-, however, into Dakota the isotherms are rapidly pushed north- 
ward by reason of the hot southwest winds which are so often experi- 
enced in the summer time in those localities. For these reasons the 
isotherm of 09° reaches almost as far north as Bismarck, and the iso- 
therm of 70° is only a few miles south of it. From this point the 
isotherms of 09° and 70° run almost due south from North Dakota 
entirely across the State of South Dakota and into Nebraska. The 
most favorable beet-sugar belt, in so far as the temperature alone is 
concerned, would be the area bounded by the isotherms of 71 and 09 
degrees, occupying a belt of considerable breadth running north and 
south through South Dakota into North Dakota, and southeast through 
North Dakota back into South Dakota. The depression due to the 
Missouri River causes an area of higher temperature to extend in a 
northwesterly direction into South Dakota. This area, although per- 
haps not so favorable to beet growth as the other, is still situated in a 
fertile country, and doubtless has many advantages for growing beets 
not i^ossessed by the higher lands to the east and west of it. There is 
no question of the ability of both the regions within the area specified 
to grow beets of flne saccliarine strength. Abundant experimental 
data have been secured from both the States to substantiate this state- 
ment. Caution, however, must again be given in regard to the sudden 
advent of the winters, especially in North Dakota, where sometimes in 
October, and usually in November, temperatures approaching zero or 
even below zero, degrees Fahrenheit, are observed. These sudden falls 
of temperature would prove disastrous to the beet harvests, and hence 
tend to restrict to a certain degree the spread of the industry in that 
country. Again, attention should be called to the fac;t that the whole 
of the areas in the two Dakotas, where the thermal conditions are 
best suited to beet culture, has an average annual rainfall of only 
from 15 to 20 inches. The danger of drought and the possible shortage 
or loss of the crop from that source are therefore increased, and we begin 
to approach an area where artificial irrigation must be looked to in 
many seasons. Probably, however, in the majority of seasons the rain- 
fall in this vicinity would be sutiicient to secure a good crop. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 35 

Neukaska. 

A study of tbe position of the isotherms sliows tLat the best part of 
the State of Xebraska, both as resi)ects soil aud rainfall, has au average 
temperature of more than 71° duriug the summer mouths. The most 
favorable conditious of temperature are louud almost iu the ceuter of 
the State over au area of somewhat irregular shape, aud occupying a 
Ijositiou where the extreme distance separatiug the isotherms of 71° 
aud 09° is the greatest of any iu the couutiy. In Nebraska the two 
isotherms of GJ)° aud 70° ruu almost parallel, but the isotherm of 71° 
runs first in a southeasterly direction, then almost south, aud finally 
almost due west, forming a stomach-shaped area occupying a portion 
of Dakota aud the central portion of Nebraska. The agricultural and 
analytical data which have been obtained in Nebraska are very exten- 
sive, and it will be observed that both of the sugar factories which liave 
been established in that State are south of the limit of 71°. It has been 
observed also, by those who have had access to the analytical data of 
these two factories, that the saccharine contents of the beets which have 
been delivered to them have not been equal to those of beets grown in 
more favorable localities iu the United States. On the other hand, the 
insufficiency of the rainfall iu the central and western portions of the 
State renders less certain the growth of sugar beets, aud tends to crowd 
the sugar factories and the sugar industry into the wetter and more 
fertile portions, in sjute of the fact that the temperature is higher. 

The Akii) Regions. 

It will now be necessary to trace the theoretical sugar-beet belt, so 
far as thermal conditions are concerned, by States through the arid 
regions. There is so little of the area embraced in this belt wliich is 
subject to irrigation, that it is understood at once that the possible beet- 
sugar industry of that region must be confined to the most favorable 
localities. It is interesting to see, however, how the elevation produced 
by the Kocky Mountain range defiects the isotherms which have been 
traced in a generally westerly direction up to this point so far to the 
south. Passing from Nebraska, the isotherm of 70° runs iu a south- 
westerly direction to a point southwest of Denver, whence it turns iu a 
southeasterly direction to New Mexico, thence almost due south to near 
the Mexican border. Being deflected to the west, it ascends on the 
other side of the Eocky Mountain range in a general northerly and 
westerly direction, passing in a northwesterly direction through Utah, 
thence turning west and south iu Nevada, being deflected again to the 
south by the Sierra Nevada range of mountains, which it crosses, pass- 
ing from Nevada into California, whence it passes northward agaiu 
along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains uutil it comes 
near the coast line in the northern part of California. Tlience the 
isotherm of 70° is deflected southward, almost parallel with the coast 
line, until it passes into lower California. It is seen that all the coast 



36 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

valleys of California are included in the tlicrmal belt most favorable to 
beet culture. The greater part of the area included in the thermal 
belt which has just been traced across the arid region is totally unsuited, 
on account of the mountainous and rough region of the surface, for 
agricultural uses. It is therefore evident that it is only in isolated 
places, where the surface of the land is smooth and irrigation can be 
practiced, that beet culture can be established. In connection with the 
thermal belt, the map shows that the mean average rainfall in many 
cases does not exceed 5 inches per annum. 

In addition to the continuous belt thus marked out, there are some 
areas of varying temperature which demand attention, as, for instance, 
the elliptical area bounded by the isotherm of l^P in Idaho, of which 
Boise City is the center, and another area bounded by the isotherm of 
70"^, within which an isotherm of 71'^ is found, in the State of Washing- 
ton. There is also one locality in Montana, on the Yellowstone River, 
where the average summer temperature is 71°. 

In so far as thermal conditions are concerned, vast areas of the arid 
regions could be devoted to beet culture if the other conditions of cul- 
ture were favorable. The diflFerences of elevation of the plateaus cause 
numerous sudden changes of temperature, so that there are doubtless 
many localities not marked on the map where the mean summer tem- 
perature is almost identical with that which has been already maj)ped 
out. By reason of the meagerness of data, experimental and other- 
wise, relating to this whole region west of the Missouri Hiver, the 
shading showing the probable extension of the beet area beyond the 
borders of the basic thermal belt has been omitted. The general dis- 
cussion of this thermal belt, accompanied as it is by the chart of pre- 
cipitation, is not necessary at this point. In general, in connection 
with this study, the remarks which are made in Bulletin No. 1'7, on 
page 109, and repeated in Farmers' Bulletin No. 52, may be recalled 
with profit: 

The mistake must not be made of snpi3osing tliat all the reyion included within 
the boundaries of this zone is suitable for beet culture. Eivers, hills, and numu- 
tains occupy a large portion of it, and much of the rest would be excluded for vari- 
ous reasons. In the western portion, perhaps all but a suiall part of it would be 
excluded by mountains and drought. Beginning at a point midway between the one 
huudrodth and one hundredth and first meridian, as indicated by the dotted line, 
beets could be grown only in exceptional i)laces without irrigation. On the Pacific 
coast only that pcn'tion of the zone lying near the ocean will be found suitable for 
beet culture. 

On the other hand, there are many localities lying outside the indicated belt, both 
north and south, where doubtless the sugar beet will be found to thrive. The map, 
therefore, must be taken to indicate only in a general way those localities at or near 
which we should expect success to attend the growth of sugar beets in the most 
favorable conditions other than temi)erature alone. 

The present map (Plate 1) gives in greater detail than ever before 
the boundaries of this thermal belt, by reason of the fact that the 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 61 

observations of the Weather Bureau have been more uumerous, and 
have been compiled in a more systematic manner. It would be idle to 
assert that subsequent observations of the Weather Bureau may not 
chano-e in a marked decree the boundaries of the belt which has been 
mapped. It is nlso quite true that the agricultural surveys which will 
be conducted by the several States will locate definitely, beyond the 
limits already outlined, the areas where successful beet culture will be 
practiced. I may venture the prediction, however, that these areas 
will be contiguous to the /one which is already nmpped out, aiul that 
the future beet-sugar industry of the United States, when it shall have 
reached a magnitude sufHcient to supply to our people a large part of 
the sugar they consume, will be located almost entirely within the areas 
which have thus been traced. 

DATA FROM DIFFERENT STATES. 

Two methods of collecting the data from States have been pursued. 
In the first place, those receiving seeds directly from the J)epartment 
of Agriculture were supplied with Farmers' Bulletin No. 52, giving 
instructions for preparing the soil, and planting aiul cultivating the 
beets. Each person was also supplied with a series of blanks for the 
purpose of obtaining cultural and climatic data, and for securing as 
great accuracy as possible in the reports which were made. The data 
blanks used are represented in the following forms: 

Unitkd States Department of Agricitlture. 

WashiiKjtoii, 1>. C, Au{/iist 15, 1897. 

DiEErTIONS FOR TAKING SAMPLES OF SUGAR BEETS FOR ANALYSIS. 

Prepared by H. W. Wiley, Cliief of Division of Chemistry. 

When the beets appear to bo mature (September 15 to November 15, according to 
latitude and time of planting) and before any second growth can take place, select 
an average row or rows, and gather every plant along a distance which should vary 
as lollows, according to the width between rows : 
From rows 16 inches apart, length 75 [ From rows 22 inches apart, length .54i 

feet. j feet. 

From rows 13 inches apart, length 66 i From rows 24 inches npart, length 50 



feet. 
From rows 20 inches apart, length 59 
feet. 



feet. 
From rows 28 inches apart, length 42-i^o" 
feet. 



The beets growing in the row, of the length above mentioned, are counted. The 
tops are removed, leaving about an inch of the stems, the l)eets carefully washed 
fre(> of all dirt and wiped with a towel. Where the row is not long enough to meet 
the conditions, take enough from the adjacent row or rows to make up the required 
leugth. Rows of average excellence miist be selected; avoid the best or poorest. 
Throw the beets promiscuously in a pile and divide tbe pile into two jiarts. This 
subdivision, of one-half each time, is continued until there are about ten beets in a 
pile. From these ten select two of medium size. Be careful not to select the largest 
or smallest. 



38 BEET-STTGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Fn.nwall of the rest of tho iK-ots, save those two, the neol.s are rem^^^^^^ 
Jifeat the point inclicat..d by the, .lotted line m the hguve (hg. 1). Ihe hctts. 
including the two saved as a san^ple, are then weighed. ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ 

harvested multiplied 
hy 435.1) will give the 
total number per acre. 
The total wciglit of 
beets harvested nuilti- 
plied by 435.6 will give 
the yield per acre. 

^^'rap the two sam- 
pl.' lieets carefully in 
soft paper, and write 
yoiir uanie legibly 
thereon. The beets 
must be perfectly dry. 
Fill out the blank de- 
scribing the beets, in- 
close it in the envelope, 
and sew it up in the 
bag with the beets. 
Attach the inclo.sed 
shipping tag to the 
bag and send the pack- 
age by mail. 

No beets will be ana- 
lyzed which are not 
saniplefl as described 
above and iiroperly 
identilied. 

Miscellaneous anal- 
yses of sanqdes with- 
out accurate descrip- 
tion are of no value. 

Blanks are sent to 
each one for two sets 
of samples. From two 
to four weeks should 
elapse between the 
times of sending the 
two sets of samples. 
y^n 1 —Illustration for removal of top of l.e.ct. ^f ..additional analy- 

.es be desired, other blanks will be sent on applicath>n l>nt uot more than t.ur 
•nvUvses can be made for any one person, excep in special cases. 
A model, showing how blanks should be filled out, is inclosed. 




[Model B.] 
IT. S. DEPARTMENT OV AGRICULTTITIE. 

MODK.. FOR DKSCRiniNG SAMPLK OF SUOAR BEETS. 

rropared by H. AT. W.lkv, Clnof of Division of C^bemi.stry. 
Variety : Kleinwanx.leltener. 
Date planted : May 3, 1897. 
Date thinned: .Tunc 3, 1897.^ 
Date liarvested : November 5, 1807 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



39 



Character of soil : Black pi'airie loam; iu cultivation for 20 years, cliiefly in corn; 
level, tile-drained ; last crop, oats ; no fertilizer was used ; bai'uyard manure applied 
in 1895. 

Character of cultivation (dates, implements, etc.): Plowed November, 1896, 8 
inches deej), snbsoiled (5 inches; harrowed with disk harrow May 1, 1897; rolled; 
seed planted with hand drill one-half inch deep ; plants up May l(i ; stand excellent ; 
hoed hy hand May 22; jilowed with horse hoe May 28 and June 8, 16, 21, July 3, 10, 
and 17. 

Length of row harvested (feet) : 66. 

Width between rows (inches) : 18. 

Number of beets harvested : 88. 

Total weight of beets, less necks and tojis (pounds) : 88. 

AVeathcr for each month: May, dry; .Tune, copious rains; .July, line growing 
weather; August, hot and dry; September, dry until tlie 21th, when a heavy rain 
fell. 

State: Iowa. 

Post-office : Hanover, Buena Vista County. 

Date : November 17, 1897. 

Name: Robert Simpson. 

Note. — lieets will not he analyzed unless accompanied -with description as above. 

It is evident tliat in promiscuons exi>eriuientation of this kind, even 
when directions are closely followed, and when all the operations are 
conducted in accordance with the directions in Farmers' Bulletin No. 
ol2, and the procedure described in the blanks for taking samples faith- 
fully followed, the data are still of an unsatisfactory nature. For 
instance, wben a plot of beets has been harvested and quartered until 
the two beets reipiired for a sample have been selected in accordance 
with directions, we still have an uncertainty prevailing as to whether 
the two beets correctly represent the whole lot. In fact, it is well 
known that the variations in the character of beets grown side by side 
are very great, far more so than is the ca'se with sugar canes. As an 
illustration of this, the following analyses, giving the weight and sugar 
content of every beet grown in a row at the experiment station of 
Kentucky, is sufficient evidence: 





Analyses of all the beets in a 


roir, Ken 


tnelci/ statiou. 




Serial 
No. 


Weight 

alter 
topping. 


Sucrose 
in beets. 


Serial 
No. 


Weight 

after 
topping. 


Sucrose 
in beets. 


Serial 
No. 


Weight 

after 
topping. 


Sucrose 
in beets. 




Owicc.i. 


J'er cent. 




Ounces. 


Per cent. 




Ounce's. 


Per cent. 


1985 


27 


7.7 


2009 


8 


8.2 


2033 


10 


8.1 


1980 


25 


9.9 


2010 


4 


9.3 


2034 


10 


7.2 


1987 


24 


10.4 


2011 


1 


9.9 


2035 


12J 


9.1 


1988 


24 


10.0 


2012 


1 


10.5 


2036 


11 


9.0 


1989 


20 


8.6 


2013 


2 


9.6 


2037 


11 


9.8 


1990 


20 


7.9 


2014 


U 


10.9 


2038 


9 


8.8 


1991 


28 


6.7 


2015 


3i 


9.9 


2039 


9 


7.4 


1992 


31 


9.0 


2010 


34" 


8.2 


2040 


8 


9.7 


1993 


18 


10.4 


2017 


27 


7.0 


- 2041 


11 


8.9 


1994 


24 


9.0 


2018 


20 


9.3 


2042 


8 


9.3 


1995 


53 


4.8 


2019 


S 


11.9 


2043 


9 


0.9 


1996 


19 


8.2 


2020 


16 


6.2 


2044 


8 


10.4 


1997 


33 


2.0 


2021 


22 


8.0 


2045 


7 


9.4 


1098 


16 


9.9 


2022 


15 


6.8 


2046 


5 


8.2 


1999 


2 


10.7 


2023 


20 


9.8 


2047 


4 


8.4 


2000 


2 


8.8 


2024 


20 


9.0 


2048 


5 


8.6 


2001 


2 


9.0 


2025 


10 


9.4 


2049 


4 


8.7 


2002 


13 


8.9 


2026 


18 


9.7 


20.50 


4 


10.5 


2003 


8 


9.6 


2027 


18 


6 


2051 


4 


9.3 


2004 


12 


11.0 


2028 


15 


8.0 


2052 


3 


10.7 


2005 


6 


10.5 


2029 


11 


9.3 


2053 


2 


12.2 


2006 


3 


11.1 


2030 


17 


4.9 


2054 


n 


10.0 


2007 


5 


10.6 


2031 


12 


6.8 


2055 


1 


9.9 


2008 


It 


10.2 


2032 


12 


6.9 


2056 


n 


11.2 



40 REET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Tlie great variations wbicli exist, both in size and quality of beets, 
are most strikingly sliown by the above figures. The variation in size 
extends from 1 to 53 ounces, and in sugar content from 2.G to 12.2 per 
cent. When, however, it is considered that all overgrown and under- 
grown beets are rejected in talcing the samples, and only those of 
medium size and i)erfect form selected, it is evident that the chances 
of the sample representing fairly tlie average of the whole lot are very 
nuich improved. Even granting this, however, it is unsatisfactory to 
depend ui)on the analysis of two or three sami^les alone for determin- 
ing the character of the whole plot. It is evident, however, that on 
account of the nature of the method of investigation and the undesira- 
bility of burdening the mails with too many samples, it is impracticable 
to do better than has been done in this matter. The analyses of all of 
the samples which were sent to the Department of Agriculture from 
each of the States and Territories are given in the tables which are 
found farther along. For convenience of reference, the analyses are 
tabulated by counties in each case. 

The second method of collecting data was through the cooperation 
of the agricultural experiment stations. To facilitate this, the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture appointed the directors of these stations special 
correspondents of the Department for distributing the seed and collect- 
ing the beets for analysis. The analyses were made by the chemists 
of the several stations, and they are given below, grouped under the 
various States. Where the cooperation of the agricultural exi^eriment 
stations was secured, the reports are giv^en by the director or officer in 
charge. Inasmuch as the details of these analyses are published by the 
various stations, including the names and residences of the persons 
who grew tlie beets, in the present report only the averages of the 
analyses l)y counties or sections, together with such observations as 
have seemed desirable, are given. The reports of the directors and 
other officers in charge contain much interesting material, and in some 
cases are given without abbreviation. 

DATA OBTAINED IN THE LAEORATORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 

AGRICUI/IURE. 

Tlie analytical data obtained during tlie season of 1S07 in the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture have been classified as follows: 

The data obtained from each State or Territory collected by counties 
or sections and the general average for each county are as follows: 

The analytical tables showing the data of the Department samples 
contain the names of the States and counties arranged alphabetically. 
The name of each county is followed by. a symbol in the shape of a 
S(juare ti) designate the position of the county in the State. The plain 
square shows that the county is situated in the central ])ortion, while a 
straight line attached to the center of the top of the square shows the 
county is in the northern part of the State; attached in a diagonal 



BEET-SUGAE INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES 41 

direction to tlie upper rig'lit-liaiid corner, that it is in tlie northeastern 
portion of the State; attached to the center of the right side, shows it 
is in the eastern portion of the State; attached to the lower right-liand 
corner, that it is in the sontheastern portion; attached to the center of 
the lower side of the square, that it is in the southern part; to the 
lower left-liand corner, in the southwestern; to the center of the left- 
liand side of the square, in the western part, and to the uj^per left-hand 
corner, in the northwestern. 

The tables also state the number of samples received from each 
county, the average weiglit of the samples in ounces, the average per 
cent of sugar in the beet, the average purity coefiQcient of the juice, 
and the maxima and minima i)ercentag'es of sugar in the juice and 
the coefticients of purity. 

In many cases the quantity of juice was too small to compute the 
purity in the usual way, and in others the low percentage of sugar 
rendered the ascertainment of the purity unnecessary. These two rea- 
sons account for the omission in many instances of the number exju-ess- 
ing the purity of tlie juice. 

CAUTIONS REGARDING THE VALUE OF THE DATA, 

It is highly important that the persons using the analytical data 
contained in the following tables be cautioned in regard to the value 
which should be attached thereto. It is evident, in the first idace, 
that samples which have been grown in such a promiscuous way as 
those received by the ])e])artment, in so many different characters of soil, 
under so many different climatic conditions, and with such variable 
culture, water supply, and fertilizing materials, must lack that uni- 
formiry of value which should characterize scientilic data in general. 
Attention has already been called, moreover, to the fact that the few 
samples of beets which have been sent can not be regarded as exactly 
representing the whole inass of which they originally formed a part. 
The variations in individuals are so great under practically identical 
conditions as to render somewh.at doubtful data which are based ui)on 
a few samjdes alone. For instance, in the comparison of different 
States in respect of sugar-producing qualities, it may be that one 
State is represented by perhaps less than 50 samples, while others may 
have 500 or 1,000. In such cases the average of the 50 samples does 
not in any way present such convincing data as the average of 1,000. 
The greater the number of samples examined, the more nearly will 
the disturbing influences of individuals be eliminated. When it comes 
to a comparison of the counties in the several States, the same remarks 
are true. In many instances a county may be represented by a single 
sample. It may be that the sample is extremely good or extremely poor. 
In neither case is it representative. It would be unjust, therefore, to 
compare a county with one sample with another from which 50, 100, or 
200 samples have been received. Even in the averages representing 



42 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

tlie samples from a single county or locality care must be taken not to 
l)e misled. The samples may include, tbi' instance, a very small beet 
with au excessive sugar content, or a very large one with a deficient 
sugar content. In case only two or three samples constitute the whole 
number, the influence of these abnormal samples is raised to a maximum. 
As an illusti-ation of this, the analysis of samples from Clinton County, 
111., may be cited as a type of many others. Three samples were received 
from this county, the average weight of which was 13 ounces, and the 
average sugar content 15.7 ])er cent. One of these samples, however, 
weighed only 4 ounces, and had the abnormal sugar content of 21.2 ])er 
cent. It is evident, therefore, that the average percentage of sugar in 
the three samples is very nmch higher than it would have been had they 
all been normal in size. 

Another point must not be forgotten, and that is, granting that the 
samples of any locality are representative, they represent only one 
season. That season may have been peculiarly favorable or unfavorable, 
and hence no section should be judged by the results of a single year's 
experiment. The reader who wishes to study critically the data which 
follow must take all these facts into consideration, and tlie judgment 
which he may form in regard to any particular section must be sub- 
ject to the rectifications indicated by the variable factors mentioned 
above. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES 



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56 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

STUDY OF THE ANALYTICAL DATA. 

In further elucidation of tlie data contained in the preceding tables 

a brief discussion of them for each State is appended, supplemented 

by a summary of those secured by the experiment stations in tlie 

several States. 

Arizona. 

The samples from Arizona consist of one from Apache County, and 
six from the agricultural experiment station in Pima County. In the 
foregoing tables the averages of weight are given to the nearest ounce 
to avoid the fractions of an ounce, which would necessarily increase the 
si^ace required for printing. Inasmuch as the weight of the cut heet is 
so easily varied by a slight difference of the position of the knife in cut- 
ting, it is evident that this method of estimation is practically sufficient. 

In the analytical data obtained from Arizona, as will be seen by 
referring to the preceding data, the mean weight of the beets examined 
was 23 ounces and the mean percentage of sugar in the samples 9.3. 
On account of the poor quality of the beets, the purity of the juices was 
not determined. The highest observed percentage of sugar in the beet 
was 12 and the lowest 7 A). 

The following report of his investigations and observations in regard 
to the sugar beets grown in Arizona, during the season of 1897, was 
made by Eobert H. Forbes, chemist of the Agricultural Experiment 
Station of Arizona. 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH SUGAR BEETS IN ARIZONA FOR 1S97. 
By R. H. F'ORBES, Cliemist. 

Brioily stated, tlio average for 157 analyses of beets from all over the Territory is 
8.56 per ceut of sugar in the juice, with a purity oi' 61.8. At first glance these are 
discouraging figures indeed, hut taken as they stand they are misleading, and their 
trvie significance can only he gotten at by examining the whole series of analyses 
for differences due to the effect of such important factors as care and skill in grow- 
ing, different kinds of soil, differences of climate found in various localities and at 
different times of the year, and the variety of beets planted. 

In order to show the results of careful cultivation upon the quality of the beets, 
I have divided the samples received from Salt River Valley into three lots. 

The first lot consists of 13 samples grown by Dr. Clallin on the experimental sub- 
station grounds near Phoenix. These beets were given the most excellent care. 
The second lot consists of 24 samples obtained from 12 growers near Pha^nix, Glen- 
dale, and Mesa. These beets received a fair amount of care during growth, but on 
the average were probably not as carefully attended to as Dr. Clatlin's 13 samples. The 
third lot consists of 60 samples from the same localities, but which were cared for 
scarcely at all excepting for an occasional irrigation. The results speak for them- 
selves. Dr. Claflin's 13 samples averaged 11.23 per cent of sugar in the juice with 
a purity of 68.3. The 24 cultivated samples from other growers averaged 9.42 per 
ceut of sugar in the juice, with a purity of 66.3. The 60 neglected samples gave 8.35 
per cent of sugar in the juice, with a purity of 53.4. 

These figures confirm the well-known fact that intelligent and skillful care is 
essential in beet culture; more so, I dare say, than in the production of any other 
great staple, and careless or ignorant treatment of our vegetable thoroughbred will 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



57 



inevitably end in disaster. The sugar lieet is no exception to the well-known rule 
that plants, which have been developed through cultivation, if neglected or allowed 
to run wild, quickly return to their former primitive condition. 

Because of the unusual facility with Avhich the sugar beet returns to its former 
unprofitable condition, it is evident that beet culture is a high art, and in this coun- 
try the more intelligence is required in its treatment because the conditions are in 
many ways unusual, and the rules which are successfully applied in other countries 
must be changed or modified here. 

In a general way, however, we may insist that deep and thorough preparation of 
the soil, careful irrigation, and repeated cultivations and hoeings as long as the 
crop will iiermit are no less essential here than elsewhere. 

The eifect of climate is also perceptible in our analyses. Samples have been 
received from St. Johns, St. Joseph, Holbrook, Duncan, Buckeye, Thatcher, Skull 
Valley, Tomlistone, Taylor, Fort Thomas, and other more elevated or more northerly 
points. Almost without exception, the beets from these places were much above the 
average in richness and purity. The richest samples we have as yet received came 
from St. Joseph and contained 16.3 per cent of sugar in the juice, with a purity of 
81; 17 samples received from the above places averaged 12.37 per cent of sugar in 
the juice, with a purity of 75.5. 

In order to make the comparison more rigid, we select the Kleinwanzlebeuer 
variety only from among them, and find that 7 samples average 12.4 per cent sugar, 
with a purity of 76.3, as against 10.22 per cent sugar and a purity of 67.82 for this 
same variety in Salt River Valley. 

Knowing the great influence of temperature upon the composition of the beet, it is 
difficult to lay these dift'erences to any other cause than the cooler temperature of 
these higher and more northerly localities. 

It is a matter of regret that arable land is so scarce in these parts of the Territoiy. 
Our observations, however, may guide us in obtaining better results in warmer 
localities, and in this way: Most of the Salt River Valley plantings were made in 
March and April, so that almost from the start the plants were subject to the hot 
6U iimer weather, the temperature throughout the months of June, July, August, 
and September being much above the point generally regarded as most favorable 
to sugar l)eets. Now, it is possible that liy planting earlier in the year a cooler 
temperature maybe secured for the first three or four months of the life of the 
plants. Of course the risk from frost will be increased, but that there is some possi- 
bility of success in the plan is suggested by the fact that on June 14 we analyzed a 
sample of beets from Fowler Brothers, near Phn^nix, which gave 15.2 per cent of 
sugar in the juice, with a purity of 76. The seed for this lot was planted Feb- 
ruary 12 and the beets Avere probably not mature. 

We can not safely draw conclusions from a single instance, but the high percentage 
and purity in this extremely early sample are suggestive of the possible advantage 
in early planting. 

Selecting the Kleiuwauzlebener beets received from the northern i»laces and com- 
paring them with those obtained from Plicenix, Glendale, Tempe, and Mesa, in the 
Salt River Valley, we obtain the following results : 



Showing effect of climate. 



Kleinwanzle'bener : 

From more nortlierly or elevated localities, 14 samples . 
From Salt River Valley, 18 samples 



Average 
weight 
of beets. 



Ounces. 
18 
18.2 



Sugar in 
juice. 



Per cent. 
13.35 
10.48 



Sugar in 
beets. 



Per cent. 
12.35 
9.69 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



69.5 



The average mean monthly temperatures for Phcenix, Prescott, and Fort Thomas 
during several years past are shown in the following table. Phnenix is in the Salt 
River Valley, Prescott represents the cooler northern parts of the Territory from 



58 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



which beets were receiverl, :ind Fort Thomas is in the fertile, irrigated portion of 
Graham County, in Southeastern Arizona. 





Mean temperature. 




Jan. 


Peb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 




49 
34 

47 


54 
38 
48 


°!F. 
61 
44 
55 


op 
67 
51 
61 


OF. 
74 
59 
70 


OF. 
82 
06 
79 


°F. ■ 
90 
74 
86 


°F. 
88 
72 
83 


°F. 
80 
65 
75 


°F. 
70 
54 
62 


°F. 
61 
42 
49 


°F. 
55 
39 
44 













Filially, ;i8 to the soil, it is much iiioie difficult to trace any connection between 
the quality of beets produced and the numerous varieties of soil, for which this 
region is famous and on which they have been grown. Fortunately, however, we 
have recently conipl('t('<l the analysis of a series of twenty representative Salt River 
Valley soils and certain general characteristics of the soils of this region have been 
determined. 

From a chemical point of \iew the Ibllowing statements may be made about five 
of the most important soil constituents, viz, potash, lime, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, 
and liumiis. 

Potash is everywhere present in abundant (luantities. We have found from 0.47 
to 1.96 per cent in our samples, the lower tigure being ample for a fertile soil. 

Lime also is present in great sufficiency, the samples showing from 57 to 4.2 per 
cent. 

Nitrogen, however, is deficient almost everywhere, the average for tlie series being 
0.048 per cent, and in only two instances rising above 0.10 per cent, which is con- 
sidered to be a- needful amount to insure nitrogen fertility. 

This deficiency probably affects the richness of sugar beets less than it does their 
size. It is well known that an excess of nitrogen produces beets of an enormous 
size, but of very poor quality. In one instance we received a beet weighing 5 
pounds, which had been grown on heavily manured and abundantly irrigated soil. 
The sample gave only 1.7 per cent of sugar in the juice, with a purity of 23. This 
result was probably due, in part at least, to excessive nitrogen. 

The small average size of the beets received, however, points to a poverty of nitro- 
gen in the soil for this crop. This will hold for other crops as well as beets, and I 
am told that in one case near here two neighboring orange orchards were planted, 
one on virgin mesa soil, the other on plowed alfalfa ground. It is stated that the 
latter orchard has jirosjiered far more than its neighbor. This was doubtless due to 
the nitrogen which alfalfa and other leguminous crops contribute to the soil. In 
selecting beet ground, therefore, other things being equal, it would be well in this 
region to choose that which has previously been in alfalfa. 

In support of this view I would state that Dr. Claflin's samples were grown on 
ground that had previously been in alfalfa, so that his excellent record may have 
been due in part to this cause. 

Phosphoric acid is usually present in sufficiency, though never very abundant. 
In some cases a serious lack of phosphoric acid has been noted. The average for the 
valley is 0.13 per cent. It is stated that the eft'ect of phosphoric acid in beet culture 
is to increase the sugar and hasten maturity. It is supplied to advantage in connec- 
tion with nitrogen, tliis combination tending to increase the size of the beets and 
also maintain their richness. 

This desirable combination of nitrogen and phosphoric acid is found in guanos 
and in bone superphosphates, and it is probable that the application of these fer- 
tilizers will, so far as beet culture is concerned, greatly improve the soils of this 
region. The question of cost, of course, enters here, but it is one which must in any 
case soon be solved. At Chino, Cal., with an exceedingly fertile soil, the need of 
commercial fertilizers is already felt, after the lands haviug been cropped for five or 
six years. 



BEET-8UGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 59 

Barn mauiire is of value for beets only aftei' other crops have been ;^rown on the 
land, and the manure thereby thoroughly incorporated ^vith the soil. If applied 
just before planting the beet seed, it will prove injurious both to the stand of plants 
and the quality of the product. 

Humus, or vegetable matter, is deficient in all arid soils, our own among the 
number. Humus and lime are A'aluable largely because they impart better tilling 
qualities to the soil, give it greater water-holding power, and lessen the tendency to 
hardness when dry. Hunms results from barn manure, and the application of tliis 
material with suitable precautions should bo beneficial. 

As to alkali and its effect ui)on beets, it may be said that when the plants are once 
established in thrifty growth they will stand more alkali than most other crojis. It 
has been observed also at Chino that the quality of the beets is not impaired by 
alkaline ground. It is probable, however, as a matter of opinion, that young plants 
are injured by the crust formed on the surface of the soil through the action of allvali, 
and this may account in part for the exceedingly jioor stand of plants obtained in 
most of the experiments this year. Almost without exception, the reports state that 
the seed did not come up well or that the young plants died. This difficulty may 
possibly be overcome by planting earlier in the year, by using more and better seed, 
and by taking more care to keep the surface soil loose during the germination of 
the seed and the first weeks of plant growth. Salt River Valley is not excessively 
alkaline ; much less so, it is stated, than the Pecos Valley in New Mexico, where beet 
culture is now attempted. 

So much for the result of one season's experimental work. The lessons we have 
learned are : (1) That here as elsewhere sugar beets must be grown with the utmost 
care; (2) that the cooler portions of the Territory, so far as observed, jiroduce 
better beets than the warmer localities, and that experiments should be made as to 
what early planting will do in these warmer localities; (3) that the Kleinwanzle- 
bener A^ariety, so far as yet known, yields the best results in Arizona; and (4) that 
the soils of the valley stand in need of nitrogen and organic matter, jiossibly phos- 
phoric acid also, and that previous occupation of the groimd with alfalfa or othtsr 
means of fertilization should be secured. 

Though many of the results are unfavorable, the occasional successes that have 
been secured show that there is ample reason for a continuance of the work. 

If, during the next year, a half dozen first-class farmers of this valley will each 
put in an acre of Kleinwanzelebeuer beets early in the year, on ground that has been 
in alfalfa, and will care for them as they ought to be cared for, I believer that we 
may have something much more faA'orable to report on this subject. 

Fiirtlier details of the above experiments with beets are publislied in 
Bulletin No. 26 of the Arizona experiment station, issued in December, 
1897. 

The poor results obtained in Arizona are somewhat surprising, 
although in general it may be said that the climate of Arizona is too 
warm for securing the best results. The remarks made by Mr. Forbes 
in regard to careful culture should be given due consideration. The 
probabilities are, however, that inasmuch as the beets in Arizona were 
all grown with irrigation, the ai)plication of the water was of such 
a character as to prevent, in some respects, the development of the 
highest saccharine content. It may be remarked in general, in regard 
to the beets grown with irrigation, that much is yet to be learned in 
regard to the manner of supplying the water, the time at which it is to 
be applied, and the quantity which is to be used. It would be expected 
that the ideal conditions of moisture could be secured by irrigation, 
and yet in practice the results have not been the most encouraging. 



60 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

This lias been true in regard to the growth of beets in Utah and New 
Mexico under irrigation. There is no factor connected with the sugar- 
beet industry which is of more practical interest than a- careful study 
of the conditions under which irrigated beets should be grown. The 
fertile soils of the arid regions are undoubtedly able to produce large 
crojjs of beets under irrigation, when the proper conditions are under- 
stood. Complaints have also been made in respect of the effects of 
alkali upon beets in these soils, and also of insect pests. It is impor- 
tant that a study be nmde of the bacteria, molds, and insect pests of 
sugar beets, together with the effects of the alkali. After allowing for 
all these conditions, howexer, it must be confessed that the Arizona 
data are somewhat disai^pointing, and unless great improvement can 
be made there is little prospect of the industry being established on a 
secure foundation in that region. 

Arkansas. 

Arkansas lies so far south of the beet belt as to make a discussion 
of the possibilities of beet growing in that vicinity unnecessary. Only 
two samples were received from the State, and as might be expected, 
these do not show any very favorable qualities. A few general remarks 
may be made about growing beets in warmer climates than those best 
suited to obtaining the highest grade of beets, namely : 

First, that it is quite possible to get fine harvests of beets with 
favorable tonnage per acre. 

Second, that it is possible to grow beets containing quantities of 
sugar which would have made them valuable for nmnufacturing pur- 
poses several years ago, before the beet reached its present high state 
of development, and 

Third, that such beets could probably be grown with great profit for 
stock-feeding purposes in all these localities. The full value of the 
beet and beet pulp will be discussed in a separate portion of this rejiort. 

The average weight of the two samples received from Arkansas was 
18 ounces, and the average content of sugar in the beet 11.3 per cent. 

California. 

California is recognized as the principal beet sugar producing. State 
in the Union. Only one sample of beets was received from this 
State, and it had a weight of 20 ounces and contained 16.8 per cent 
of sugar. All of the coast valleys of California are favorably situated, 
in respect of temperature, for the production of sugar beets, and the 
same may be said of certain lands, the limits of which are not yet well 
defined, in other parts of the State. Even in the Sacramento Yalley, as 
far inland as the point of junction with the San Joaquin River, where 
the temperature is liigher than that considered best for beets, it has 
been found that good beets can be grown. In experiments conducted 
on Union Island, near Stockton, Cal., during the years 188-1-85, under 
direction of the chief chemist of the Department of Agriculture, very 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 61 

encouraging results were obtained, both in the quantity and tlie char- 
acter of the beets produced. These beets were grown upon the reclaimed 
lands of the delta of the San Joaquin at its Junction with the Sacra- 
mento River. The lands were protected from overflow by strong levees, 
but the conditions were not theoretically the most favorable for the 
production of high-grade beets. 

Unfortunately, however, large portions of the coast lands, by reason 
of their contour, are not well suited to the cultivation of beets. On 
page 90 of Bulletin No. 5 of the Division of Chemistry, published in 
1885, the following observation is made: "In the interior and eastern 
divisions of California only the high Sierra regions have a temperature 
low enough for beets, and in tliat locality there is no land adapted to beet 
culture. The beet region of California, therefore, is confined to the coast 
valleys." This statement may have to be modified to some extent by 
reason of the data mentioned above from Union Island. These obser- 
vations are corroborated by the analyses made by Director Hilgard, 
during 1897, of beets grown in Sacramento County. This localitj^ adjoins 
Union Island, where the experiments conducted by the Department of 
Agriculture were made. The average size of the beets examined by 
Director Hilgard was satisfactory, and the content of sugar in the beets 
was a little over IG per cent, with a high purity reaching almost 85 for 
a whole series of analyses. These data show that in the Sacramento 
Valley, at least where the temperature is somewhat higher than that 
regarded as most favorable, beets of fine sugar- producing qualities can 
be grown. After a careful personal study of the climatic and soil con- 
ditions in California, made in 1884, it is stated on page 100 of Bulletin 
No. 5 of the Division of Chemistry that there are in California about 
5,830 square miles of land suitable to beet culture, provided the whole 
of it could be supplied with a sufficient quantity of water. Even if only 
one-third of this area should be found eventually fit for the culture of 
beets, it would be possible for the State of California alone to produce 
nearly 500,000 tons of beet sugar and still practice a proper rotation of 
crops. In view of the foct that the beet-sugar industry has been so 
carefully studied in California, both by the agricultural experiment 
station and by those engaged in the manufacture of sugar, it is not 
necessary here to dwell further upon the possibilities of its extension 
in that State. 

COLOKADO. 

The number of sami)les received from the State of Colorado at the 
Department of Agriculture was 174. The average weight of the beets 
received was 20 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 
13.6, and the mean purity 70. 7. The conditions which obtain in Colo- 
rado are so different from those of tlie Eastern States as to warrant a 
detailed discussion of the data. This, however, in the present condition 
of affairs, would be somewhat in-emature. It is advisable to wait until 
a more thorough agricultural survey of the State be made, under the 
immediate supervision of the agricultural experiment station. When 



62 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

the aualytical table of the data received from Colorado is consulted, it 
is seen that most remarkable differences exist in the returns from the 
different counties. Since in most cases only a very few samples have 
been received from any given county, it is not fair to make any judgment 
of the possibilities of any one county from data of so limited a nature. 
The great variations in altitude in the State, causing sharp differences 
of temperature, must also be taken into consideration. In addition to 
this, it is fair to presume that the samples have all been grown under 
irrigation, and it is impossible, in such data as ai-e collected from the 
farmers, to determine with any certainty what the proper conduct of 
the irrigation should be. In general, the data are entirely satisfactory, 
especially in respect of content of sugar. As regards the mean purity 
of the juices, the data are somewhat unsatisfactory, since it falls more 
than three points below the minimum of good beets. This may be due 
to the great amount of mineral salts which the soils of Colorado contain, 
and to the well-known property of the sugar beet of absorbing these 
salts from the soil. For this reason, it may be suggested that in many 
cases cultivation of the sugar beet could be advantageously i^racticed, 
not alone on account of the profit in the beet itself, but because of the 
improvement in the soil which would result from the extraction of the 
alkaline materials. Among the counties where the samples have been 
somewhat numerous and the results most encouraging may be men- 
tioned Boulder, lying to the northwest of Denver and mostly within the 
favorable thermal area, where the average content of sugar in the beet 
was over 15, and the purity nearly 81. This most favorable result was 
obtained with exceptionally large beets, the average weight of which 
was 31 ounces. This fact makes the data even more valuable and 
suggestive. 

Another county where the data were extremely favorable, although 
the number of samples was only two, is Delta, a county lying within 
the theoretical thermal area, and where the average size of the samples 
was 20 ounces, the average content of sugar over 17, and the purity 80.5. 

Another favorable result may be reported from Garfteld County, 
although the average size of the beets is a little low. The mean per- 
centage of sugar in the beets was 16.0, and the purity 83.2. This 
county also lies mostly in the thermal belt. 

In contrast with the above should be cited the returns from Logan 
County, showing not only small beets, but exceptionally low contents 
of sugar and purities. Logan County, nevertheless, is contained almost 
wholly within the thermal belt, which is most favorable to the growth 
of beets. The poor results obtained must therefore be due to causes 
which are not made known. 

Upon the whole, the data from Colorado are exceedingly encouraging 
and lead to the belief that there are mauy parts of that State where, 
with proper conditions of tillage and irrigation, the sugar beet Industry 
may be established with profit. 

In connection with the work done by the Department of Agriculture, 



l^EET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 63 

it is interesting to consider the report of the director and chemist of 
the agricultural experiment station of Colorado at Fort Collins: 

15RIE1' REPOHT.S KlCCiAKDIXG SUGAR BEET EXPERIMENTS FOR, THE YEAR 1897, AT 
THE COLORADO STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 

Chemical section. 

The work of the chemical department on sugar beets c;ni be smiiiiiarized brielly 
as follows: 

We began taking weekly samples on September 2. The varieties represented were 
Vilmorin, two plots; Kleiuwanzlebener, two plots; Leon Brand,' one i)lot; and 
Imperial, one plot. The amount of sugar in the beets was determined from week to 
week. Wo did not lind a very rapid increase as the season advanced until the beets 
approached maturity, when we observed a sudden increase of about 3.5 per cent. 
Our samples varied greatly in their sugar content, but agreed in indicating that the 
crop in this country was not sufficiently matured to yield marketable beets before 
the middle of Octol)er. The average of the beets aiuilyzed snbsequtuit to this date, 
debarring one lot, the most of which were grown under unfavorable conditions, and 
a few samples which were clearly unmarketable beets, is 14 per cent, the runge 
being from 10 per cent to 18.25 per cent of sugar. The coefficient of purity has 
ranged from 70 to 89, and has averaged 80.7. We believe the average percentage of 
sugar given to be high enough, but the coefficicmt of purity — 80.7 — is lower than the 
actual coefficient rather than higher.-^ 

Respectfully submitted. William P. Heauden, 

Station Cheinist. 



Agricultural section. 
(From Report of the Director.) 

In a general way it can be said tliat the results of this season's work are very favor- 
able to the establishment of the beet-sugar industry in C'<dorado. The following 
figures are to be judged in the light of the statements that come from all the beet- 
sugar luanufacturing States of the Union, that the season of 1897 was especially 
unfavorable to the industry. If in this poor year Colorado can make such a good 
showing, what may we expect of her in ordinary or favorable years? 

The above report of the chemist of our Experiment Station gives the figures for 
the beets raised on the College P"'arm. But lew analyses were made here of beets 
raised elsewhere, since the iailure to get into our new chemical building last fall left 
the Chemical Dejiartment in poor shape for doing much outside work. 

Practically all the analyses of Colorado beets not grown at Fort Collins were 
made in the Chemistry Division of the Department of Agriculture at Washington. 
It has seemed best to give here merely a summary with reference to our local 
conditions. 

For the purpose of sugar-beet raising Colorado may be divided into five sections: 

(1) The valley of the South Platte and its tributaries. 

v2) The divide south of Denver, and the plains region where beets aregroxAU witli- 
out irrigation. 

(3) The valley of the Arkansas River. 

(I) The valley of the Grand River. 

(5) The San Luis Valley. 

All these, except the second, use irrigation, 'i'here are two features of the raising 
of sugar liects that require special study — namely, the (juality of the beets when 
they are ripe and the time of the year when they reach that degree of ripeness. The 



' This variety is unknown to me. — H. W. W. 

*It is not clear what is meant l)y this expression. — H. W. W. 



64 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



earlier iu tlie season they reach a profitable degree of sugar and purity the longer 
season the factory will have to manufacture the crop, and the larger the amount of 
crop that can be handled by a factory of a given size. 

Many tests were made of sugar beets dug in September, but only a lew showed 
beets suited for use in sugar making. Nevertheless, the fact that a few samples, 
even by Seiitember 18, exceeded 12 per cent sugar and a purity of 80, shows that 
when our farmers are more used to growing sugar beets they can bring them t(t 
maturity several days, and probably two weeks, earlier than the average croji of 
1897. With the lirst days of October the crops ripened rapidly. 

The following table presents a summary of the season of l!S*J7, with reference to 
the (quality of the beets, and the time of ripening in different jiarts of Colorado : 



Section of State 



The valley of the South Platto. 

The divide and the plains 

The valley of the Arkansas 

The valley of the Grand 

The Sau Luis Valley 



Samples dug he- 
tween Oct. 1 and 10. 



o Purity CO- 

S'^S^'^- efficient. 



Per cent. 
14.1 
12.5 



16.3 
13.7 



80.7 
73.7 



83.6 
79.2 



Samples dug be- 
tween Oct. 10 and 15. 



Sugar. 



Per cent. 
14.6 
15.1 
13.1 



12.4 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



Samples dug after 
Oct. 15. 



Sn.rar Purity 00- 
^'^^^^- efficient. 



77.9 



78.5 



Per cent. 
15.4 
14.8 
15.3 



81.1 
78.3 
81.9 



14.8 



Idaho. 

The number of samples received at this laboratory from tlie State of 
Idalio was ouly seveu, represeutiug two counties. The average weight 
of the beets received was 21 ounces, the average coutent of sugar therein 
15.5 per cent, and the average purity 79.4. Both in respect of size of 
the beets and content of sugar the results are very encouraging. The 
average coefficient of purity is almost up to the minimum standard, and 
doubtless could be improved later on. The alkalinity of the soil, which 
has been mentioned in connection with the lowering of the average in 
Colorado, is doubtless active in Idaho. There are large areas in Idaho 
where the thermal conditions are favorable, but they are detached 
from the main thermal belt crossing the continent. There are two 
centers of thermal conditions iu Idaho which serve as nuclei for deter- 
mining the conditions most favorable. One of these lies almost wholly 
in the State, and Boise City may be regarded as the center of it, and 
the other extends into the western and northern part of the State from 
the State of Washington. In general, it may be said that the thermal 
conditions in Idaho, if they alone are to be considered, are sufficiently 
favorable for the culture of the beet, in so far as the growing season is 
concerned. The data obtained, while meager, are sufficiently encour- 
aging to warrant a more thorough survey of the State, and also the 
belief that the conditions for the successful establishment of the sugar 
industry maybe found wherever the character of the soil, in respect of 
contour and fertility, and the facilities for irrigation and other factors 
favorable to the growth of the sugar beet and the manufacture of 
sugar can be secured. The report of the chemist of the station contains 
much valuable information in respect of the sugar-beet industry iu the 
State of Idaho, and is herewith apjiended : 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 65 

RESULTS OF EXPEIUMENTS IN IDAHO. 

lu the first jilace, the results of the past season are quite disiipjiointing and unsat- 
isfactory, due to several causes which will be eliminated largely in the cxperimeiits 
of next year. 

The climatic conditions of Idaho are quite varied, the growing season o])ening 
several weeks earlier in South Idaho, along the Snake River and in the Boise Basin, 
than along the Clearwater or in North Idaho. The seed furnished gratis to this 
station by the Department of Agriculture arrived late, and before it could be dis- 
tributed — May 4 to June 2 — the season was well advanced, hence the seed that was 
planted either failed of germination, or the young plants were killed by severe 
climatic changes of heat and drought, or of cold and wet soil, which latter condition 
prevailed in tlie Palouse region. Much of the seed sown in our station plats failed 
to grow. The stand was irregular, weak, and of poor (juality, so that the tonnage per 
acre could not l)e estimated with any degree of ^eliabilitJ^ It is therefore omitted 
from the tables. 

Seeil was mailed to 114 farmers, representing 41 different sections of the State, 
yet samjiles of beets for analysis were received at this Department from only 20 
farmers, representing 13 localities. This apparent apathy on the jjart of our fnrmer 
friends is explainable in part: In many cases the seed Ciid not reach its destination, 
or when planted it failed to germinate, or the young plants were destroyed by insects 
or jack rabbits. In a few cases there was not sufficient interest manifested in the 
experiment to induce projier cultivation of the young i3laut8, therefore no sami)le8 
worthy of shipment were grown. 

Sugar-beet growing is a new industry to the American farmer, and he has yet to 
learn that the ordinary farm methods are not always applicable and sufficient to 
grow and mature a typical sugar beet. The Idaho rancher is not an exception. He 
has yet to learn the value of intensive methods, from the preparation of the seed 
bed to the marketing of his crop. The neglect to plow deeply, to pulverize finely, 
to place the seed with care, to thin the' plants judiciously, to cut out the weeds, 
withal to cultivate and hoe the growing plants regularly, resulted in partial or 
entire failure of the experiment. The sugar beet is a thoroughlired, and must be 
given care in keeping with its regal characteristics if high sugar content and purity 
are to be attained. The successful sugar-beet grower has learned that the sucrose is 
practically hoed into the root. This knowledge and its application our farmers 
evidently were not in possession of, or the number of samples forwarded would have 
been greatly augmented. It is a matter of education, however, which will be 
overcome in time by the dissemination of information through the press, the station 
bulletin, and closer competition induced by immigration from older States, where 
better methods of farming prevail. 

The 41 samples analyzed averaged in sugar content 15.17 per cent; in purity, 87.55. 
The 20 samples grown by the Station gave in sugar 15 28 per cent; in purity, 92.55. 
The 21 samples grown elsewhere averaged 15.07 per cent of sugar, and 82.78 in purity. 
The highest and lowest results gave 19 and 10.2 per cent in sugar; and 95.10 and 
81.81 pui'ity, respectively. 

OTHER SUGAR BEET DATA NOT HITHERTO GIVEN TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC. 

During the fall of 1894, 192 analyses of sugar beets were nuide by the Station, 
which gave an average of 13.7 per cent of sugar and a purity of 76.08 degrees. Some 
of the samples were large, others had been frozen, still others were immature, while 
a few varieties were not at all adapted to our soil and climate. This reduced an 
otherwise much higher average. Excluding about 20 samples, the remainder, 55 
samples of Vilmorin's Improved gave an average of 11.77 per cent of sugar and a 
purity of 75.55 degrees. 

Forty- four samples of Kleinwauzlebener beets averaged 14.16 per cent of sugar 
■with a purity of 82.80. 

Thirty samples of Imperial averaged in sugar 14.1 per cent, in purity, 85.42. 

H. Doc. 396 5 



6Q 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Ten samples of Frcuih Red Top gave au average of 13.05 per cent of sugar with a 
purity of 82.70. 

The average of 10 samples of Laue's was 13.41 per c«nt of sugar with a purity of 
81.69. 

Eight samples of New Danish gave au average of 13.83 per cent of sugar aud a 
purity of 81.81. 

The highest and lowest percentages of sugar in each \aricty were as follows: 



Variety. 


Highe-t. 

J'cr cent. 
10.6 
19.6 
18.4 
18.2 
15.7 
15.9 
15.2 


Lowest. 


Vilmorin's 


Per cent. 
14 4 


Kleinwanzlebener 


14 6 


Mett e 


14 6 




10 6 


Lane's 


10 6 


Ked Top 


• 10 7 




10.8 







The places rejircsented in the cxperinieut were the University of Idaho, Cteur 
d'Alene, Sand I'oiut, Moscow, Keudrick, Leuville, Princeton, CoruAvall, Genesee, 
substation at Graugcville, substation at Idaho Falls, substation at Nanipa. 

The average yield throughout the State was estimated at 20 tons per acre.' 

ANALYSES OF BEETS GROWN IN 1895. 

The experiments in sugar beets for 1895 were covered by 312 analyses of beets 
grown by the University of Idaho and by farmers residing near Grangevillc, Nampa, 
Moscow, Weii)pe, Vollmer, Palouso, Spokane Bridge, Westlake, Starner, Newport, 
Salmonn, and Paris. 

The average sugar content of the crop was 15.19 per cent; coefficient of purity, 
79.91. In the analyses were included 15 samples of red or table beets. These 15 
contained an average of 13.75 per cent of sugar in the juice and a coefficient of 
purity of 75.57. 

Several analyses were made for the purpose of determining what bearing, if any, 
the size of the sample beet had upon the sugar content and purity. Among others 
I select four varieties, and submit the results without comment : 

VILMORINS IMPROVED. 



Size. 



■vtr^i^ut^ Sugar in Purity co- 
^^^Sht.' ^|et_ efficient. 



1. Large... 

2. Medium 

3. Small... 



Ounces. 
21.4 
15.2 



Per cent. 
14. 02 
14.31 
14.07 



79,96 
81.26 
78.58 



1. Large 

2. Medium . 

3. Small... 



FLGRIMGND DESPREZ. 



LANE'S IMPERIAL. 



KLEINWANZLEBENER. 




1 This estimate, as is usual in such cases, is doubtless too high.— H. W. W. 



83.95 
84.00 
80.25 





24.1 
13.3 
8.0 


13.62 
13.69 
13.38 


80.92 


*> Tu^/nt.TM 


82.17 


*\ ^mnll 


82.07 








BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



67 



ANALYSES OF BEETS GEOWN IN 1896. 

The work of the year was confined very largely to the station, and consisted of a 
special effort in the way of growing typic.il sugar beets. The effect of deep and 
shallow plowing, regular cultivation, fertilization, and irrigation, as compared with 
the average treatment given the root under natural couditions as to soil, moisture, 
aiul cultivation, was noted. The seed bed was prepared and the seed sown from the 
21st to the ;iOth of May. Very heavy rains prevailed on June 5 and again on June 
9. All of the seed had germinated by .Tune 11. The average per cent of stand 
June .3 was 10.7; June 24 it was 29; one month later it had reached 61.8 per cent. 
The crop was harvested and analyzed during October. The number of analyses 
made was 60; the per cent of sucrose in juice was 14.18; coefficient of purity, 77.30; 
yield per acre, 48,510 pounds. 

The sugar-beet experiments connected with this station during 1894, 1895, 1896, 
and the inauguration of the work of 1897 were under the direction and control of the 
Agricultural Department, the chemist being responsible only for the analytical data. 
In .July, 1897, under the redistribution of the powers of the station staff, the rather 
unsatisfactory data thus collected were assigned to the chemical dejiartment for 
compilation and publication, together with the power of supervision of such experi- 
ments in the future. 

METEOROLOGICAL RECORD. 

The better to understand the possibilities of the sugar-beet industry in the Palouse 
country of Idaho, as well as other experiments that may hereafter be undertaken by 
the station upon the "university farm, "the following meteorological data are included 
in this report. We are under obligations to Prof. J. E. Bonebright, meteorologist of 
the station, for the results tabulated : 

Tahle 11.— Meteorological record for Moscow. 



Maxi- Mini- Average 

mum tern- iiuim tem tempera- 
p»irature. perature. tare. 



1894. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

1895. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

1896. 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

1897. 

April 

]VIay 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 



76.0 
86.0 
84.0 
93.0 
96.0 
85.0 
74.0 



76.0 
81.0 
96.0 
92.0 
94.0 
84.0 
74.0 



68.0 
84.0 
92.0 
97.0 
93.0 
85.0 
76.0 



63.1 
78.8 
65.6 
82.0 
81.6 
69.9 
66.4 



25.0 
30.0 
32.0 
40.0 
34.0 
32.0 
28.0 



26.0 
30.0 
33.0 

41.0 
33.0 
'J8. 
21.0 



26.0 
31.0 
34.0 
14.0 
38.0 
30.0 
28.0 



36.5 
38.8 
46.0 
48.5 
46.4 
38.4 
36.4 



47.40 
57.40 
62.00 
78.00 
70. 50 
58.80 
40.40 



48.10 
51.90 
59. 40 
72.70 
74.50 
49.80 
46.10 



42.53 
46.50 
61.10 
70.41 
67.17 
54.65 
46.33 



Humid- 
itv. 



Per cent. 
76.0 
63.0 
74.0 
65.0 
46.0 
72.0 
85.0 



70. 
68.0 
52.0 
38.0 
47.0 
70.0 
72.0 



Rainfall . 



85.5 
61.7 
55.6 
55.4 
72.2 



72.2 



53.80 


77.4 


70.00 


45.4 


71.50 


40.3 


59.20 


77.6 



Inches. 

1.38 

1.53 

L23 

.12 

.25 

.89 

3.70 



1.30 

2.17 

.41 

.90 

.32 

3.33 

Trace. 



.57 
3.60 
2.21 

.17 
1.38 

.81 
L07 



.40 
1.20 
2.72 
.85 
.35 
1.07 
1.10 



Days 
fair. 



clear. 



Days 
cloudy. 



68 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES, 



Illinois. 



The samples received from the State of Illiuois by the Department of 
Agriculture were 32 in number. The average weight of the samples 
was 17 ounces, percentage of sugar 13.1, and the ])arity 75.5. Twelve 
of these samples were from the uorthern, 8 from the central, and IL* 
from the southern belt. 

When judged by the few samples analyzed by the Department of 
Agriculture, it is seen that Illinois presents an exception to the estab- 
lished rule, inasmuch as the beets grown in the northern belt are infe- 
rior to those grown in the central belt. The data, however, are not 
numerous enough to base any certain conclusions upon them, and. the 
usual rule is established from the more numerous analyses conducted 
by the agricultural experiment station, as will be seen farther along. 
Summarized, the results obtained at the Department of Agriculture 
from the northern, central, and southern belts in Illinois are as follows: 



Sinnmari/ of luialyms of ungar ierts from IlUttois. 
fCompileil from analyses ol' the United States Deiiartment of Agriculture.] 



Northern belt 
Central belt.. 
Southern belt. 



Number 
of sam- 
ples. 



Average 
■weight. 



Ounces. 
19 
20 
13 



Sugar in Turity co- 
beets. ! efficient. 



Per cent. \ 
12.6 I 
13.8 i 
13.2 1 



76.2 
76.5 
73.3 



At the agricultural experiment station of Illinois, at Urbana, 312 
samples of beets were received and analyzed. The following summary 
shows the analytical data and the distribution of the samples by 
counties : 

Summary of analyses of sugar beets from Illinois, iy coimlies. 



Count V. 



^ 


<s> 




bi:^ 


fe^ 


ceS 






E = 


O'S 


3 « 


'- ^ 


^" 


-< 




Ounces. 


1 


20 


2 


]' 



NORTHERN BELT 

Stephensou 

Winnebago 

McHeury 

Carroll I 4 I 20 

Whiteside U . 22 

Ogle 3 23 

Lee 8 10 

Dekalb 7 20 

Dupage I 1 ! 21 

Codk 3 24 

Ko.k Island 1 16 

Homy 6 I 18 

I'uiTaii 3 33 

Lasalle ' 31 22 

KeiKhdl 2 14 

Gvundv I 1 18 

AVill..: 23 28 

Mercer I 1 17 



(=1 




" 




^ a: 


urity 
Bfficiei 




Per ci. 


P-i 1 




10.7 


70.0 


13.4 


75.8 


15.1 


84.3 


13.8 


81.4 


13.9 


79.2 


12.6 


74.6 


13.8 


80.6 


13.4 


78.3 


15. U 


82.2 


14.3 


82.7 


14.9 


82.5 


12.7 


78.3 


10.5 


76.5 


13.1 


76.4 


13.8 


82.8 i 


13.9 


80.2 1 


12.9 


74.6 


12.6 


79.7 



County. 



CENTRAL BELT 

Kankakee 

Henderson 

Knox 

Stark 

Peoria 

Marshall 

Woodford 

Livingston 

Iroquois , 

Hancock 

Fulton 

Tazewell 

McLean 

Pord 

Adams 

Mason 

Logan 

Dewitt 



t-i tc 
Or-; 






Per ct. 
12.9 
9.2 
11.0 
14.4 
13.0 
14.3 
13.3 
14.0 
11.3 
10.0 
11.2 
12.3 
12.0 
10.8 
12.4 
ILl 
9.8 
13.8 



79.3 

70.8 
75. 1 

7.S. :; 
8,1. I 
8 !. ■.! 

8J 1 
HI. '.I 

7.'), :i 
64.0 
77.1 
78.8 
77.6 
77.0 
75.5 
73.7 
69.6 
81.7 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



69 



Siivimarij of analyses of smjar beets from Illinois, by counties — Continued. 



County. 



CENTRAL BELT- 

continued. 

Miiron 

Piatt 

Champaign 

\'erniilion ., 

Pike 

Scott , 

Morgan 

Sangamon 

Christian 

Shelby 

Douglas 

Edgar 

Caflioun 

Greene 

Macoupin 

Montgomery ... 







a 


6^ 


aa 
3 s 


U fc£l 


3"^ 




^'" 


-A 


m 


Ph 




Oiinces. 


Per ct. 




1 


18 


8.0 


64.9 


2 


20 


12.7 


81.0 


10 


21 


11.7 


79.6 1 


2 


19 


11.3 


75.2 1 


1 


10 


9.6 


69.4 


1 


10 


9.7 


64.3 i 


4 


22 


10.3 


74.3 


2 


17 


11.2 


76.8 1 


2 


19 


11.8 


76.5 


3 


21 


10.9 


71.9 


3 


24 


11.2 


77.5 


2 


16 


12.1 


74.9 


2 


14 


9.4 


72.1 


3 


14 


8.5 


68.3 


6 


17 


11.6 


72.2 


5 


11 


13.0 


76.9 



County. 



CENTRAL BELT- 

continued. 
Clark 

SOUTHERN BELT 

Etlingham 

Madison " 

Bond 

St. Clair 

Washington 

Jetlerson 

Wavne 

Clay 

Edwards 

Jackson 

Saline 






-1 



Ounces. 
11 



Per ct. 
13.6 



12.6 
10.3 
10.3 
12, 3 
11.9 
12.1 
14.3 
11.8 

8.7 
10.8 

9.3 



P-I 



74.6 
74.0 

80.8 
77.7 
75.2 
85.0 
77.0 
68.3 
58.7 
73.8 



■ The average weight of the beets received was 20 ounces, tlie mean 
percentage of sugar therein 11,0, and the mean purity 76.4. Distrib- 
uted geographically into northern, central, and southern sections, we 
lind each of the sections represented by the number of samples of the 
mean average composition indicated in the following summary: 

Summary of analyses of sugar beef s from Illinois. 
[Compiled from the experiment station report.] 



Number 
i of 
samples. 


Average 
weight. 


Sugar in 
beets. 


Purity co- 
etlicient. 




104 


Ounces. 
22 
20 
19 


Per cent. 
13.2 
11.5 
11.1 


79.3 

75,4 
74.7 


Central belt 


165 


Soutliern belt 


43 


Average, etc 


1 312 


20 


11.9 


76.4 



Here we see the regular rule illustrated, and the beets derived from 
the northern are superior in every respect to those from the central and 
southern belts. It is evident, however, judged by the data obtained 
during the present year, that Illinois is not so well adapted to the 
growing of high-grade beets as some of the States to the east of it. 
Nevertheless, it is quite certain that, with proi)er drainage, scientific 
cultivation and fertilization, and good culture, high-grade beets can be 
grown in many of the northern counties of Illinois, and it would prob-- 
ably be safe to say that for a distance of 100 miles from the boundary 
between Wisconsin and Illinois the sugar-beet industry could be suc- 
cessfully established where the conditions of soil and factors favorable 
to manufacture are suitable. 

Indiana. 

One hundred and three samples were received at the Department of 
Agriculture from the State of Indiana, representing several different 



70 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

parts of the State, but mostly from the northern portions. The largest 
number of samples, however, from any one county was from Vander- 
burg, in the extreme southwestern part of the State. The average size 
of the beets from Indiana was small, the percentage of sugar in the beet 
fair, and the purity a little below the minimum for good beets. In 
general, the best beets were grown in the northern portion of the State, 
near or in the thermal beet belt, although a few samples received from 
the central ami eastern parts of the State were very satisfactory. 
Among the counties furnishing the largest number of samples may be 
mentioned Henry, in the central eastern part of the State, from which 8 
samples were received, having an average weight of 17 ounces, contain- 
ing 13.1 per cent of su-uar, with a purity of 78.5. The averages for 
Henry County in sugar and purity were almost exactly those for the 
whole State. Three samples from Marion County, in the central por- 
tion of the State, show excellent results, both in percentage of sugar 
and in purity, and having an average size of a pound. The best results 
are reported from Stark County, in the northwestern portion of the 
State, where the percentage of sugar was 15.7 and purity 81,8. The 
beets, however, from this region were small, the average size being only 
12.8 ounces. The beets received from the agricultural experiment sta- 
tion were very much undergrown, the average weight being less than 7 
ounces. The percentage of sugar in the beets was good — 15.1 — and the 
purity also above the minimum. The causes of the poor yield of beets 
are discussed farther on in the report of the chemist of the station. 
The largest number of beets from any one county was received from 
Vanderburg, namely, 40 samples. The people of this county have been 
particularly interested in the industry, and especially to Mr. H. Cordes 
are we indebted for the large number of samples received. In spite of 
the very fertile soil and other favorable conditions of culture, the beets 
had an average size of only 14 ounces, and both the percentage of sugar 
in the beet and the i)urity were below the minima. In general, it 
may be said of Indiana that the northern i)ortions of the State, where 
the character of the soil is favorable, are best suited to the culture of 
the sugar beet, namely, those portions either lying in the area of favor- 
able thermal conditions, or extending to a varying distance to the 
south thereof and covering the greater portion of the northern part of 
the State. The central counties of the State, judged by the few sam- 
ples received, may also be expected to grow beets of fair quality. A 
more careful agricultural survey of the State is needed, and the data 
above are supplemented by the more valuable data collected by the 
agricultural experiment station under the supervision of the chemist, 
Mr. H. A. Huston. 

NOTES ON SUGAR BEETS KAISED IN INDIANA IN 1897. 

(From Report of H. A. Huston.) 

The early part of the season was fairly lavorable to the growth of the crop. In 
many cases, however, the beets were planted quite late and were much below normal 
size when the drought came on in August. From the middle of August until the 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



71 



end of the usual growing season very little rain fell. This tended to produce heets 
of high sugar content and small size. The popular interest in the subject has been 
much greater than in previous years and a much better return than usual was 
secured from tlie seed sent out. 

At three points in the State parties are now engaged in iilacing contracts for 
sufficient acreage to insure a three years' supply of beets for a 300-ton factory. 
Reports from these localities indicate that the required acreage will be secured. 

Nearly all farmers who have raised experimental crops of beets for the past few 
years report that they believe the crop would be a profitable one at $4 per ton. This 
estimate is based solely on their own experience with the crop. 

The total number of samples analyzed at tlie agricultural experiment 
station of Indiana was 205. Arranged by counties, tlie following table 
gives the most important data connected with the analyses : 

Tests of sugar beets grown in Indiana in 1897 under the direction of the Indiana agricul- 
tural experiment station. U. A. Huston and J. M, Barrett. 



County. 



g.2 
p<.9 
2 '^ 



Ozs. 

L.ake "a 51 

Porter "d 12 

Laportetl 22 

St. Joseph 6 24 

Elkhart 6 12 

Lagrange cf 12 

Starke b 14 

Newton "D 11 

Jasper "Q 2 

Allen 0" 23 

Benton -a 31 

Whitetl 20 

Cass i 17 

Wabash 6 14 

Huntington cf 25 

Warren -d ; 18 

Tippecanoe -a i 15 

Carroll n I 11 



8.3 
13.7 

9.0 
13.0 
14.8 
16.6 
14.1 
13.7 
17.9 
13.5 
11.2 
10.3 
12.1 
13.0 
11.8 
12.2 
12.5 
12.4 



3 

a 

bjD 
cS 



68.0 
84.0 
64.3 

85.0 
83.6 
87.4 
85.0 
96.4 
84.4 
82.4 
79.6 
66.0 
77.2 
77.8 
78.0 
83.0 
84.6 
82.0 



County. 



Ozs. 

Grant n i 12 

Jay D- i 26 

Fountain -d 31 

Clinton n 18 

Boone n 13 

Tipton a 20 

Madison n 33 

Randolph n- 24 

Parke -n 8 

Marion n 17 

Hancock n 23 

Henry □- 19 

Morgan a 14 

Greene p 12 

Jackson p 8 

Vanderburg p 15 



P..9 

4) t-i 



13.6 
13.3 
10.1 
13.2 
13.6 



<1 



70.1 
79.5 
68.6 
83.2 
82.0 



13.5 [ 82.3 
9.2 i 70.2 



12.9 
10.2 
12.7 
14.0 
12.9 
13.9 
12.8 
10.0 
10.6 



79.0 
56.7 
83.5 
87.4 
78.0 
82.8 
84.4 
72.8 
77.7 



0) m 



Averages, etc . . . 17. 8 I 12. 6 I 80. 7 



As will be seen above, nearly all the counties represented are in the 
northern part of the State. Only a few counties are represented in the 
central and southern portions of the State. Making an average of 
the results from the different counties by sections of the State, it is 
seen that they vary considerably, as is shown in the following summary: 

Summary of results. 





Average 
■weight. 


Average 

per cent of 

sugar in 

juice. 


Average 

purity 

coefficient. 


Number 
beets. 




Ounces. 
18.9 
18.5 
14.2 


13.3 
12.9 
10.7 


81.9 
80.7 
78.0 


97 


Central belt 


Southern belt 


41 





72 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

It is seen that there are considerable areas in the northern part 
of the State wliere both soil and climatic conditions are extremely 
favorable to the culture of the sugar beet. The proximity of these 
counties to Chicago insures a market for all the products of the fac- 
tory. In many cases these counties are situated in or near the gas area 
of the State, so that fuel is comparatively cheap. All of them are 
within easy distance of the great coal fields of Indiana, and the supply 
of water and limestone is abundant. It is evident, therefore, that all 
the conditions favorable to the growth and manufacture of the beets 
exist in the northern part of the State of Indiana, and there is no rea- 
son to doubt the speedy foundation and healthy growth of the industry 
in that locality. 

Iowa. 

The thermal conditions for the growth of beets in Iowa are favorable 
over almost the whole of the State from north to south. The southern 
counties are probably a little too warm for the best results, and the 
northern counties too much exposed to severe cold weather during 
harvest time. 

One hundred and thirty samples of beets were sent directly from 
Iowa to the Department of Agriculture for analysis. 

In the results as tabulated by counties it will be observed that a 
great many of the counties are represented by a single sample, and 
therefore it is not possible to base any conclusions on the work done 
in respect of the possibilities of growth of beets in such counties. 
Benton County sent 6 samples, with an average weight of 16 ounces ; 
13.8 per cent of sugar in the beet, with a i»urity of 76.9. Clinton 
County furnished 5 samples. The beets were very small, averaging 
only 11 ounces. The content of sugar was high, namely, 16.8 j^er 
cent, and the purity low, 75.8. Greene County sent 39 sami)les of good 
size, namely, 21 ounces; rather low content of sugar, namely, 12.7 per 
cent, and a low purity, namely, 76.3. Guthrie County sent 6 samples of 
good size, namely, 23 ounces; rather low content of sugar, 12.5 per cent, 
with a purity of 78.8. The averages for the 130 samples from the 
State are as follows: Weight, 18 ounces; sugar in beets, 13.3 per cent; 
purity, 73.7. 

Under the direction of the agricultural experiment station of the 
State, in cooperation with this Department, a large number of samples 
of seed was distributed, and 642 samples of beets sent to the station 
for analysis. Following is an abstract of the report of Prof. C. F. 
Curtiss, director of the Iowa station : 

Total number of samples analyzed, (142. 

One and seven-tenths per cent of the samples contained 17 per cent 
or more of sugar; 73 per cent of these had a purity coeiBcient of 80 
or above, and 50 per cent of these samples weighed 14 ounces or above. 

Four and three-tenths per cent of the samples contained 16 per cent 
and over of sugar and less than 17 per cent; of these samples 86 per 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



73 



cent had a purity coefficient of 80 degrees or above, and 2,0 per cent 
weighed 14 ounces or above. 

Twenty-two and three-tenths per cent of the samples contained 14 
per cent or over of sugar and less than 10 i)or cent; ot these samples 
50 per cent had a purity coefficient of SO or abo\'e, and 02 per cent 
weighed 10 ounces or above. 

Forty-one and four-tenths per cent of tlie samples contained 12 per 
cent and over of sugar and less than 14 per cent; of these samples 
14.7 per cent had a purity coefficient of 80 or above, and 69 per cent 
weighed 10 ounces or above. 

Sixty-nine and three tenths per cent of the total number of samples 
contained 12 per cent or more of sugar. 

The above percentages are based on the weight of the juice. 

The mean weight of the samples received at tlie Iowa station was 19 
ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 12.4, and the mean 
purity 70.0. The results by counties are given in the following table: 

Analyses of sw/ar heels grown in Iowa and anah/zed hi/ Ihc Iow<t agriciiUural erpcriment 

station. 



County. 



Adair 

Adams 

Allamakee.. 
Ai)i)auoose . 
Audubon . . . 

Benton 

Blackhawk . 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buclianau . . 
Buena Vista 

Butler 

Calhouu . . . - 

Carroll 

Cass 

Cedar 

Cherokee . . . 
Chickasaw . 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford . . . 

Dallas 

Davis 

Decatur 

Delaware . . . 
Dickinson . . 
Dubuque ... 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Franklin . . . 

Fremont 

(ireene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton ... 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison ... 

Henry 

Howard 

Ida 

Jasper 

Jetierson . . . 



Average 
weight 
per root. 



Ounces. 

19 
21 

20 



Puritj' 
coef- 
ficient. 



Per cent. 
13. 40 
13.26 
14.26 
16.11 
13.09 
13.30 
13. 98 
13.33 
11.24 
14.24 
13.62 
10.77 
15. 80 
12.34 
12. 03 
12. 56 
13.34 
13.34 
12.08 
13.48 
15.81 
10.55 
13.46 
15. 78 
14.14 
13.23 

12. 81 
14.14 
14.02 
12.77 
12.62 
12.15 

13. 04 
12.00 
12.60 
12. 58 
11.92 
12.88 
12.65 

14. 24 
13.33 
12.79 
13.06 
12.36 



77.45 
75.30 
78.87 
82. 80 

78. 36 
76. 68 
79.64 
76.81 
78.71 
7fi. 25 
77.70 
74.45 
81. 46 
75.51 
75.34 
74.48 
77.01 
75. 54 
74.00 
78.47 
78.97 
68.24 

79. 33 
73. 94 
79.27 
75.76 
75.16 
60.76 

80. 33 
75. 01 
73. 23 
71.37 
77.42 
73.91 
74.98 
75.24 

75. 84 
77.01 

76. 57 
78.64 
77.48 
77.49 
76.86 
76.27 



County. 



Johnson 

Jones 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lyon 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mills 

Mitchell 

Monona 

Montgomery . 

Muscatine 

O'Brien..^..- . 

Osceola 

Paa,e 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth . . . . 
Pocahontas. . . 

Polk 

PottawattaniH 
Poweshiek . . . 

Kinggold 

Scott 

Shelby 

Sioux 

Story 

Tarna 

Taylor 

Union 

Wapello .---.. 

Warren 

Washington . . 

Wayne 

Webster 

Winnebago. . . 
Winneshiek . . 

Woodbury 

Worth . . .' 

Wright 

Aver:i£e 



Average 
weight 
per root. 



Sugar. 



Ounces. 
20 
17 
23 
25 
17 
10 
19 
18 
21 
22 
19 
20 
27 
25 
20 
16 
14 
23 
22 
26 
20 
22 
19 
20 
17 
16 
24 
28 
22 
17 
11 
15 
19 
20 
21 
13 
18 
22 
19 
20 
18 
15 



Per cent. 
12.54 
14.05 
14.06 
12.58 
12. 08 
12.65 
14.07 
12.55 
12.80 
12.51 
12.94 

12. 37 

13. 86 
12.33 
14.44 
14.38 
14.16 
12.56 
12.88 
12.49 
n. 76 
12.96 
13.04 
12.87 
12.54 
13.73 
13.43 
12.44 
12.30 
12.55 
11.82 
13.98 
13. 70 
13. 62 
13. 84 
15. 15 
12.57 
12.21 
13.57 
12.72 
13.34 
12.22 



19 12. 98 

I 



Purity 
coef- 
ficient. 



76.98 
77.52 
76.46 
77. 26 
74.02 
74.54 
79.33 
74.34 
74.66 
74.85 
70.94 
76.21 
80.87 
76.52 
80:92 
92. 77 
81.48 
74.22 
106. 85 
79.39 
78.46 
76.09 
78.13 
77.52 
75. 58 
76.59 
78.58 
73.79 
76.51 
77.04 
70.39 
76.54 
76.74 
75.79 
77.84 
70.92 
76.14 
76.87 
76.42 
74.34 
78.77 
75.48 



76.56 



74 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

The results contained in the above table are not as satisfactory as 
would be expected from the-location of Iowa in respect of thermal 
and other climatic influences. The poor results obtained are due 
either to the seasonal inlluences, which might have been particularly 
bad for the season in question, or to some unsuitability of the soil 
or climate to the production of high grade beets. In general, it has 
been observed that soils particularly rich in humus and of a black 
color do not produce as high-grade beets as sandy and somewhat lighter- 
colored soils. The character of the subsoil and of the stratum under- 
lying it must also be taken into consideration before we can have an 
idea of the condition of aeration of the soil and the possibilities of the 
roots of the beets extending to the proper depth. It is fortunate that 
the agricultural experiment station of Iowa will continue these experi- 
ments in a more careful manner and under more efficient control of 
the station or some of its representatives. It is evident that with the 
possible exception of the southern tier of counties a large portion of 
the State of Iowa with favorable soil conditions should produce beets 
of high saccharine strength. The causes which have dei^ressed both 
the content of sugar and the (;oefiicient of jjurity should be carefully 
investigated. 

Kansas. 

Several years ago extensive experiments in growing beets in Kansas 
were made at Medicine Lodge, and accounts of the work are given in 
former bulletins on this subject. At that time it was stated, in dis- 
cussing the results, that the climate of Kansas was i^articularly unfa- 
vorable to beet culture. The extremely dry weather to which much of 
the State is frequently subjected, in conjunction with the hot winds 
which swee}) over the vast plains almost every year from the southwest, 
renders the growth of the beet extremely precarious. At times excel- 
lent beets can be grown; in fact, beets of fine character were produced 
at the time mentioned at Medicine Lodge. It is not to be expected, 
however, that from year to year beets of high grade can be grown in 
sufficient quantities to warrant the building of factories in the State. 
Nevertheless, considerable interest is taken in the work by the farmers 
in various parts of the State, and also by the agricultural college and 
experiment station. Forty-one samples were received by the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. The average size of these samples was rather 
large, namely, 27 ounces. The sugar content was low, 11.4 per cent, 
and the purity quite low, 73.8. While it is evident that large quanti- 
ties of sugar can be made from beets of this character, it is also plain, 
without argument, that such a quality of beets would not be able to 
comi^ete with those grown in more favorable localities. 

The agricultural experiment station of Kansas, in cooperation with 
the ])epartment of Agriculture, also conducted a series of experiments 
and received for analysis 157 samples. A detailed report of this work 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



75 



will be found in the bulletins of the agricultural experiment station of 
Kansas, and the following summary sufficiently indicates the character 
of the results obtained. The number of samples analyzed was 157. The 
average net weight of the beets received was 17 ounces; the average 
content of sugar in the beets, 11.0 per cent, and the average coetificient of 
purity of the juice, 77. The percentage of the whole number of beets 
containing 13 per cent of sucrose or over was 15.2. The percentage of 
beets containing 13 per cent of sugar or over, having a coefficient of 
purity of the juice of 80 per cent or over, was 07. The ijercentage 
of beets containing 13 per cent and over of sugar and weighing IG 
ounces or more, net, was 42. 

The analyses made at the agricultural experiment station of Kansas 
have been consolidated and tabulated by counties. The table of 
analyses follows : 

Summary of analyses of beefs from Kansas. 
[Compiled from report of experiment station.] 



Alleu 

Atchison 

Barber 

Barton 

Bourbon 

Brown 

Butler 

Chase 

Cheyenne 

Clay 

Cloud 

Coil'ey 

Crawford 

Do 

Dicliinson ... 

Doniphan 

Douglas 

Edwards 

Elk 

Ellsworth 

Finney 

Franklin . . . . 

Gear J' 

Graham 

Grant 

Harvey 

Do 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jewell 

.Johnson 

Labette 

Lane 

Leavenworth 

Lincoln 

Logan 




County. 



Lyon 

Marion 

Marshall 

McPherson 

Montgomery. . 

Morri.s 

Nemaha 

Osage 

Osborne 

Ottawa 

Pawnee 

Phillips 

Pottawatomie 

Pratt 

Kawlins 

Keno 

Republic 

Rice 

Riley 

Rooks 

Rush 

Russell 

'■ Saline 

Sedgwick 

Shawnee 

Sheridan 

I Smith 

i Sumner 

Waubaunsee.. 

I Wallace 

I Washington . . 

Wichita 

Wilson 

Woodson 

1 Wyandotte . . . 



Ozs. 

1(5 
16 
25 

7 

15 
15 
23 
16 
16 
22 

4 
19 
16 

8 
16 
12 
18 
14 
21 
16 
20 
10 

9 
12 
15 

28 
18 
15 
19 
27 
14 
14 
7 
14 



Per ct. 
13.29 

11. 23 

12. 20 
13.08 
11.39 
14.01 
10.30 
12.17 
12. 39 
12.90 

8.52 
12.16 
12.20 
12. 19 

9.57 
13.78 
10.69 
11.71 

8.98 
13.39 
11.88 
11.19 
15.78 
11.23 
12.19 
11.59 
11.12 
13.38 

12. 14 
11.58 
10.79 
11.24 

13. 12 

14. 32 
14 11 



4) >-i 



79.5 
71.8 
79.4 
76.0 
74.6 
74.5 
74.2 
77.2 
70.0 
78.2 
70.0 
79.5 
83.6 
75.0 
73.0 
79.5 
74.5 
74.5 
70. 3 
80.5 
77.0 
71.0 
84.0 
74.0 
77.3 
78.5 
78.0 
76.0 
77.5 
76 
75.2 
79.0 
81.0 
73.0 
75.0 



The data obtained at the Kansas station corroborate in every respect 
those secured at the Department of Agriculture. It is evident that 



76 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

fairly good beets can be grown in Kansas, and there are donbtless 
seasons when exceptionally rich beets might be secured, lii general, 
however, it maybe said tiiat there is no immediate prospect of the suc- 
cessful establishment of the sugar-beet industry in that Stiite, unless it 
might be in some of the extreme western or northwestern counties, where 
irrigation might be practiced, and where the altitude is sufficiently high 
to secure a lowering of the temperature. One of the great causes of 
danger, however, is found in the hot southwest winds, which frequently 
blow over the State with disastrous couseijuences at the period when the 
crops are growing most rapidly. It will be seen that in many instances 
individual analyses obtained in Kansas are extremely satisfactory, as 
for instance, in Elk County, where two samples, including 14 different 
beets, showed an average weight of 21 ounces, an average content of 
sugar in the juice of 14 per cent, and an average purity of 83. Another 
sample is found in Saline County, where 16 beets, forming two samples, 
showed a sugar content of 15.8 per cent in the juice, with an average 
purity of 84. In this case, however, the beets were very much under 
size, the average weight being only 9 ounces. When, however, the 
data received from the counties are compared with similar data from 
the State of New York, the discrepancy observed is so great as to 
indicate, without further elucidation, the proper locality where the first 
development of the sugar-beet industry should be looked for. 

In the light of our previous experiments, it must be evident that 
high-grade sorghum, developed from carefully selected seeds, has a 
better prospect in Kansas of being a profitable sugar-producing plant 
than the sugar beet. 

Kentucky, 

Only a few samples, with the exception of those sent by the experi- 
ment station, have been received from Kentucky. This State being- 
situated far south of the theoretical sugar-beet belt, it is not to be 
exjiected that the results of the analyses would be particularly encour- 
aging. The mean weight of the six samples received was 16 ounces, 
the mean percentage of sugar 11.9, and the puritj^ 71.5. The six sam- 
ples included four from the experiment station. The beets received 
were small, and tlie percentage of sugar only a trifle under the mini- 
mum which is advisable for profitable sugar making. The i^urity, 
however, is excessively low, and this seems to be characteristic of beets 
grown too far south, the ])urity coefficient usually falling in a more 
rapid proportion than the content of sugar. 

Large numbers of samples were received from the experiment sta- 
tion in addition to those analyzed above, which were grown upon the 
special plot, which will be mentioned later on, and under the most 
favorable conditions of culture. The beets which were sent to the 
De])artment were of good size and mostly of a favorable shape, but the 
analytical data were very disappointing, falling a great deal lower than 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 77 

wasexpected. Nine samples of White Imi)roved I mperial Elite, planted 
May 8 and harvested December 9, had an average weight of 33 onnces, 
with 4.9 per cent of sugar. Three samples of original Kleinwanzlebener 
had an average weight of 23 onnces, with 10.8 per cent of sugar. Six- 
teen samples of Yihnorin's Iniproved had an average weight of L*5 
ounces, with 0.4 per cent of sugar. Thirty-nine samples of the Demes- 
may variety had an average weight of 29 ounces, with 5.3 per cent of 
sugar. All of these beets were somewhat overgrown, but not suflti- 
ciently so to account for the extremely low percentage of sugar. A 
large additional number of samples had been selected for analysis, but 
the results of the preceding analyses were so discouraging as to render 
the further prosecution of the analytical work unnecessary. This sub- 
ject will be mentioned again when the experiments in the specially 
cultivated plots with high grade seeds are discussed. 

MaRYLANJ). 

All the analyses of the samples of beets grown in Maryland were made 
in the laboratory of this division, the agricultural station at College 
Park not having undertaken any work of this kind. The whole num- 
ber of samples received from the State was 29. The mean size of the 
beets was 19 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beets 11.1, 
and the mean purity of the juices 79.1. In respect of size, the samples 
from Maryland are about the mean. The pui-ity of the juice is almost 
up to the minimum standard, but the percentage of sugar in the beet 
is about 0.() less than is advisable for manufacture. 

In regard to climatic conditions, as has been before intimated, the 
State of Maryland occupies a somewhat peculiar position. There is a 
considerable area along the eastern shore, next to the ocean, where the 
average summer temperature is 71°. In the western i)art of the State, 
after a long deflection to the north, the isotherm of 70'^ may again be 
found. Lying immediately south of the isotherm of 71°, in the north- 
ern portion of Maryland, are found some very fine valley lands where 
the conditions of culture may be considered favorable. These lands 
are underlaid by limestone, which in many cases comes to the surface. 
Theoretically they are a little too warm for the most successful culture, 
but lying so near the favorable thermal belt there may be reasonable 
hopes of successful culture in many localities. In the western portion 
of the State, where the thermal conditions are favorable, we find the 
mountain ranges, and the low temperature of the summer is due to the 
high elevation. The quantity of table lands upon the tops of the moun- 
tains, however, is not sufficiently great to warrant the expectation of 
the founding of a great industry. There is no doubt, however, of the 
possibility of growing very rich beets on these table lands. In general 
it may be said that the State of Maryland is not very favorably situated 
for the culture of sugar beets, but there are circumscribed localities 



78 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Tvitbiu the State where it is desirable to conduct further experiments. 
It is therefore earnestly hoped that the agricultural experiment station 
of tlie State will make a more careful agricultural survey of the possi- 
bilities of the culture of sugar beets therein. 

Michigan. 

The southern peninsula of Michigan is favorably situated for the 
culture of sugar beets, both in respect of thermal conditions and rain- 
fall. The soil is also for the most part well suited to sugar-beet culture. 
In going northward, however, it becomes more sandy until finally the 
pine regions are reached, where a soil without fertilization would not be 
sufficiently rich to produce large crops. The well-known tendency of a 
sandy soil, with proper meteorological conditions, to produce beets of a 
high purity is well illustrated in the samples wliich have been received 
from Michigan. In all, 450 samples from the State were sent to this 
laboratory for analysis, 400 of them being from Saginaw County and 
grown under the supervision of Messrs. Higgins & Lenders. 

In regard to the results from particular counties, attention should be 
called to the fact that the samples from Allegan were all enormously 
overgrown, the average weight of the beets being 02 ounces and the 
corresponding content of sugar and the coefficient of purity low. The 
results from Calhoun County, in the southern part of the State, are par- 
ticularly favorable, the average weight of the samples being 17 ounces, 
average content of sugar in the beet 15.8, and the average purity 83.2. 
The greater part of the samples having come from Saginaw County, the 
average data for this county are almost the same as those of the State, 
with the exception that the purity is considerably higher. The average 
composition of the 400 samples from Saginaw County was as follows: 
Average weight, 22 ounces ; sugar content in the beet, 14.8 per cent, 
and purity, 83.o. For the whole State — 450 samples — the average 
weight was 22 ounces, average sugar content 14.7 per cent, and average 
purity 81.1. 

The agricultural experiment station of Michigan, in cooperation with 
the Department of Agriculture, also made an extensive series of inves- 
tigations, a resume of which is given below : 

RESULTS BY COUNTIES OV THE CULTIVATION OF SUGAR BEETS IN MICHIGAN IN 

1897. 

The followiug table is given containing the number of samples sent to the station 
from each county, the average per cent of sugar in the juice, and coefiScient of purity 
of all samples sent. Seed was distributed in sixty-eight counties, and from the table 
belovr it will be seen that samples have been received from sixty-four of them. The 
average per cent of sugar in the juice of beets of the whole State, when gi'own on 
the proper kind of soil and from the right kind of seed, is 16.40, and the coefficient 
of X)virity is 84. An average of 16.40 per cent of sugar for the whole State, far 
exceeding the best districts in France and Germany, is both surprising and gratiiyiug.' 

'These data are obtained by omitting from the table the analyses of samples 
which were known to have Ijeeu grown under unfavorable conditions. — H. W, W. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



79 



Analyses of siKjar beets f/roivn in Michigan and analyzed by the Mh-hiyan ayricitlliiral 

experiment station . 



County. 



Total 
number 

of 
samples. 



Sugar iu 
juice. 



Coeffi- 
cient of 
purity. 



Samples 
rejected 
for bad 
soil or 
seed. 



Number 

of sam- I Sugar iu 
pies on : .juice in 
right soil! such 
and prop-i samples, 
er seed. 



Coeffi- 
cient of 
purity. 



Alger 

Allegan 

Alpena 

Antrim 

Arenac 

Baraga 

Barry 

Bay 

Berrien 

Branch 

Calhouu 

Cass 

Charlevoix 

Clare 

Clinton 

Crawford 

Eaton 

Emmet 

Genesee 

Grand Traverse . 

Gratiot 

Hillsdale 

Huron 

Ingliam 

louia 

Iosco 

Iron 

Isabella 

Jackson 

Kalamazoo 

Kalkaska 

Kent 

Lapeer 

Leelanaw 

Lenawee 

Livingston 

Mackinac 

Macomb 

Manistee 

Mason 

Mecosta 

Menominee 

Midland 

Missaukee 

Monroe 

ilontcalm 

Muskegon 

Newaygo 

Oakland 

Oceana 

Ontonagon 

Osceola 

Otsego 

Ottawa 

Saginaw 

St. Clair 

St. Joseph 

Sanilac 

Sliiawassee 

Tuscola 

Van Buren 

Washtenaw 

"Wayne 

Wexford 



36 

4 

6 

1 

4 

7 
17 I 

2 I 
16 

2 1 

3 ! 
5 I 
2 I 
1 

11 1 

6 

5 

4 

6 

2 

1 

2 

2 

9 
13 

7 
11 

4 

2 

1 

14 

127 

31 

1 
11 

4 

1 

4 

4 



Per cent. 
14.22 
15.67 
15.01 
15.97 
16.77 
14.10 
14. 90 
15.53 
17. 83 
16.62 
15.82 
15.44 
17.58 
16.80 
15.89 
15.25 
17.50 
15.02 
14.75 
15.75 
16.09 
16.71 
17.47 
16.43 
16.36 
13.18 
18.18 
14.09 
19.74 
15.45 
16.91 
15.55 
17.71 
18.77 
15.90 
14.34 
10. 22 
16.11 
17.09 
16.54 
16.67 
16.58 
17.62 
15.79 
16.41 
17.64 
16.03 
16.11 
15.29 
16.54 
15.15 
16.55 
18.00 
16.47 
15.99 
17.53 
12.16 
18.15 
16.89 
18.94 
13.82 
16.10 
16.12 
14.59 



82 



3 
1 
5 
1 
5 
5 

2 
6 

35 
4 
5 
1 
3 
2 

14 
2 

14 
2 
3 
5 
2 
1 
9 
6 
5 
4 
6 
2 
1 
2 
2 
9 

12 
6 

11 
4 
2 
1 

14 
123 

30 
1 

11 
4 
1 
4 

44 



Per cent. 
14.22 
15.67 
15.01 

15. 97 
16.77 
14.10 
14.90 
16.00 
17.83 
16.62 
15.82 
15.44 
17.58 
16.80 
16.05 
15.25 
17.50 
15.02 
16.14 
15.91 
16.09 
16.71 
17.47 
16.53 
16.36 
14.22 
18.18 
16.41 
18.16 
15.87 
16.91 
15.85 
17.71 
18.77 
15.96 
14.34 
16.22 
16.91 
17.09 
16.54 
16.67 
16.58 
17.62 
15.79 
16.41 

. 17. 64 
16.03 
16.54 

16. 20 
16.54 
15.15 
16. 55 
18.00 
16.47 
16.13 
17.64 
12.16 
18.15 
16.89 
18.94 
13.82 
16.10 
17.08 
15.25 



Total. 



16.08 



Five samples from Oceana County are not included in results of analyses, because 
they were dried and damaged by keeping. 



80 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Interesting" data in regard to cost of culture were obtained at the 
Micliigau .station. The ])hits were phiuted on the 8th of May, and 
harvested on the Gth of October. After throwing the dirt away from 
the beets by a plow they were i^ulled by hand and the leaves and stems 
removed. Owing to the deep subsoiling and thorough x>reparation of 
the ground, the beets were found wliolly embedded in the soil, none of 
them having been pushed above the surface. The average weight of 
the beets bcfoie the removal of the necks was about 2h pounds. The 
following table gives the total labor, calculated to 1 acre, required for 
growing and liarvestina' the beets: 



Man and 
I team. 



Plowing and siibsoilinf 

Harrowing 

Marking 

Planting 



Hours. 

12.00 

3.75 

.80 



Man. 



Hours. 



3.25 



Cultivating ' 15. 00 I 

Thinning and hoeing ; 75. 90 

Harvesting ~ 4.60 ; 130.75 



Total . 



36. 15 I 209. 90 



The hand labor in harvesting was performed by boys at 8 cents an 
hour. The work of hoeing and thinning was performed by men at 12i 
cents an hour. The cost of team work is computed at 2.") cents an hour 
for man and team. On the above basis, the total cost of planting, culti- 
vating, and harvesting an acre of beets at the Michigan Experiment 
{Station was $29.40. The yield per acre, the percentage of sugar in the 
juice, and the purity for each variety grown are shown in the following 
table : 



Variety. 



Wohanka 

Inijjroved Kleiuwanzlebeiier 

Original Kleiuwanzlebeuer 

Goveruineiit Kleiuwanziebener 

Lal'hisliicho 

Government Kh^inwanzlebener . 

Hoernliig's Improved 

Floto'.s Improved 

Klein wanzlebeiior on muck 



Yield per 
acre. 



Pounds. 

23, 615 
25, 678 
27, 368 
25, 6.18 
29, 205 
32, 327 

24, 500 
20, 2(10 



Sugar. 



Per cent. 
15.22 
16.40 
18.27 
17.78 
18.78 
17.78 
15.20 
13. 21 
12.96 



Purity. 



75 



Full details of all the experiments conducted in Michigan by the 
agricultural experiment station are found in Bulletin JS'o. 150 of that 
station, issued in December, 1897, by Director C. D. Smith and Chemist 
E. C. Kedzie. 

The study of the two sets of data secured at the Department of Agri- 
culture and by the agricultural experiment station of Michigan is suf- 
ficient to demonstrate the fact that the southern peninsula of Michigan 
has great possibilities for the development of the sugar-beet industry. 
AVhen it is remembered that the most of those who grew the samples 
had had no i)revious experience in the matter, that no systematic 
fertilization was attempted, and that in many instances the soil was 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 81 

improperly prepared, the remarkably favorable results obtained are the 
more conviucing. It is evident that all the southern jiortion of the 
Southern Michigan Peninsula, in conjunction with the northern part 
of Indiana, forms an area in which the future will see a remarkable 
development of the sugar-beet industry. 

Minnesota. 

Forty-nine samples from the State of Minnesota were received for 
analysis at the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. The 
mean weight of the samples received was 24 ounces, the mean percent- 
age of sugar in the beet 11, and the mean purity coefficient 79.2. 

Great variations are shown in the samples received from different 
j)arts of the State. One of the best series of results was obtained from 
Freeborn County, in the southern part of the State, from which twelve 
samples were received, having an average weight of 20 ounces, an 
average content of sugar in the beet of 11.1 per cent, and an average 
coefficient of purity of 82.3. 

Another good series of samples, though less in number, was from 
Ottertail County, in the M^esteru part of the State, from which four 
samples were received, having an average weight of 23 ounces, a mean 
content of sugar in the beets of 14.9 per cent, and a mean coefficient of 
purity of 82.1. The general average from the State was lowered by a 
large number of very poor samj^les, which evidently had been grown 
under extremely unfavorable conditions. 

The period of growth in Minnesota, while a little short, is neverthe- 
less favorable from other considerations, especially in the southern and 
eastern portions of the State. Toward the northwestern portion of the 
State the rainfall is somewhat uncertain, and the autumn is perhaps a 
little too cold. As has been intimated before, the chief difficulty in 
Minnesota in the establishment of the beet-sugar industry is not in 
securing a proper growing season, but in having a sufficient time to 
properly harvest and protect the beets. The sudden, and often early, 
advent of winter in the northern and western portions of the State will 
be the cause of difficulties of a serious nature in the harvesting and 
siloing of the beets. These are factors which intending investors will 
do well to carefully consider. In general, the conditions of growth are 
so favorable as to warrant the careful study of the soils of the State by 
the agricultural experiment station with a view to selecting those locali- 
ties where the conditions of culture are most favorable. In a State of 
such vast area it is far better to determine those restricted sections 
where the conditions are most favorable rather than try to establish 
the industry indiscriminately in every portion of the State. 

In cooperation with the Department of Agriculture, the agricultural 
experiment station of Minnesota conducted an extensive series of cul- 
ture experiments in various parts of the State. The general results 
of the experiments are indicated in the report of the chemist of the 
station, which follows. 
H. Doc. 396 6 



82 



BEET-SUGAli INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE AiiRICULTURAL EXJ'ERIMENT STATION OF 

MINNESOTA. 

The seed from wliicli the beets were grown was obtained from a variety of sonrces. 
Some procured seed from the stock which the legislature directed the State treas- 
urer to purchase. About 100 pounds of seed were obtained from the United States 
Department of Agriculture and distributed by the experiment station. Some seed 
was obtained direct from Germany, while a few obtained seed from seed dealers and 
other sources. As a rule, the seed was of good quality. Only a few instances of poor 
seed were reported. There was but little difference as to the quality of the beets 
produced by the seed furnished by the State and by the Department of Agriculture. 
At the experiment station the average of four plots of Kleinwanzlebener beets grown 
from State seed showed 17.5 per cent sugar, with a purity coefficient of Sti.T, while the 
average of four plots of Kleinwanzlebener beets grown from United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture seed gave 17.4 per cent sugar and a purity coefficient of 87.8. • 

Tlie past season has not been one particularly favorable to the production of the 
highest quality of beets. It has been the most unfavorable season in nine years. 
As a whole, however, the results have been satisfactory, and I consider them of 
unusual value, because they indicate the quality of the beets which are produced 
in an unfavorable rather than a favorable season. 

At the experiment station the average of those plots which were grown under 
normal conditions gave a sugar content of 17.4 per cent and a purity coefficient of 
87.3. 

There is one factor in our favor which I think has been overlooked in considering 
desirable locations for sugar-beet factories, and that is, we have never lost a sugar- 
beet crop from hot, dry winds, which occasionally occur in some of the prairie 
States. 

About three hun<lred samples of beets have been tested during the season. In 
many cases the results were lower than they would have been if the beets had lieen 
properly cultivated. In one of tlie t<i))les the results are given of some of the beets 
which have been grown under abnormal conditions. In one case twenty-live min- 
utes' time was spent on a quarter acre of beets, while in another case the seeds were 
planted five inches. These results, while they possess no value as indicating the 
quality of sugar beets which may be produced in a locality, are nevertheless valua- 
ble, because they emphasize the importance of the right kind of cultivation for 
sugar-beet production. 

Sugar beets (jioivii at the Minnesota Exxyeriment Station. 





No. No. 
plot, tests. 


Sugar. 


Purity 
coefficient. 


Average 
weight. 


Highest results: Eows 18 inches apart and heets 4 






Per cent 
18.5 

14.2 

10.0 

15.8 

15.9 

17.4 


Per cent. 
92.5 

78.0 

8C. 1 

85.5 

85.4 

87.3 


Otinces. 
12.8 


Lowest results: Rows 30 inches apart and beets 10 






18.4 


Average of rows : 

24 and 30 inches apart and beets 4 to 6 inches in row. 
24 and 30 inches apart and beets 6 to 10 inches in 


8 

8 
8 
8 


16 
10 
It) 
l(i 


15.1 
14.9 


14 and 18 inches apart and beets 8 and 10 inches in 


14.1 


14 and 18 inches apart and heets 4 and 6 inclies in 


11.6 











The cultivation of the beets was under the supervision of the Agricultural Divi- 
sion. The analyses were all made by the chemist of the station. 

The analytical data obtained are summarized from the details of the 
chemist's report in the following table: 

Total number of analyses reported 143 

Average weight of the beets (ounces) '. 17 

Average per cent of sugar in the juice 13. 8 

Average coefficient of purity 81.8 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 83 

The classification of results is made in several portions, namely, 
aualy.ses of miscellaneous samples from tlie State at large and analyses 
of special samples from definite localities. In tbe analyses of mis- 
cellaneous beets collected from different parts of the State, with the 
exception of those specially mentioned below, thirty four samjiles were 
examined. The mean weight of the beet is not given in this table of 
analyses. The mean percentage of sugar in the juice is 14.25 and the 
mean purity coefficient 82. 

Sixteen samples grown at Mankato, Minn., showed an average weight 
of 21.9 ounces, a mean percentage of sugar in the juice of 12.8, and a 
purity coefficient of 80.2. 

Ten samples grown at Winton and Stockton had an average weight 
of 17.1 ounces, contained 13.7 per cent of sugar in the juice, and had 
a purity coefficient of 81.9. 

Eighty three san)ples grown at Albert Lea had an average weight of 
IG.O ounces, contained 13.8 per cent of sugar in the juice, and had a 
purity coefficient of 82.1. 

In general, it will be observed that the results obtained on the samples 
sent directly to the station were better than those secured at the lab- 
oratory in Wasliington. Upon the whole, the results of the work done 
at the experiment station are eminently satisfactory, especially as they 
were accompanied with the statement of the director that the condi- 
tions were the most unfavorable, for the development of a crop of sngar 
beets, which had been known in the State since the commencement of 
the experiments in this direction, in 1888. 

The results of the analyses of the beets grown at the station are 
extremely satisfactory. The average weight of the beet, to be sure, is 
somewhat low, but this doubtless was due to an unfavorable growing 
season. The mean percentage of sugar in the beets grown in different 
plots is exceptionally fine, and the coefficient of purity in one instance 
is higher than could reasonably be expected with the best kind of 
culture. Only in one of the plots cultivated on the station are the 
results unsatisfactory, and in this case it is the coefficient of purity 
esj)ecially which has fallen below the standard. 

Missouri. 

Very extensive experiments were made in Missouri, about 4,000 sam- 
ples of seed having been distributed, and over (500 returns made. 
There were sent directly to the Department of Agriculture 324 sam- 
ples, detailed analyses of which are found in the pr^^eding tables. 
The average weight of the samples received was 20 ounces. The mean 
percentage of sngar in the beet was 11.7 and the mean purity 73.5, 
Many individual samples from the State show excellent qualities, but 
reliable judgment, as intimated before, can only be based upon large 
numbers of analyses. Among the counties furnishing beets of high 
quality may be mentioned Barton, in the southwestern part of the 
State. Three samples were received from this county, all of them of 



84 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



rather large size and fine content of sugar, the mean size being 27 
ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beet 15.3 per cent; only the 
purity in all cases was a little low, the mean being 77.3. Benton 
County, in the center of the State, also showed good results, five sam- 
ples having an average weight of 16 ounces, an average sugar content 
of 15.5 per cent, and an average purity of 77.1. The best single sam- 
ple received was from Pulaski County, in the center of the State, the 
percentage of sugar being 18.3, the purity 86.1 ; but the weight was 
low, namely, only 12 ounces. 

Two hundred and ninety-nine samples of beets were sent directly to 
the agricultural experiment station of Missouri and analyzed in the 
laboratory of that station. The mean results, by counties, obtained oh 
analysis are given in the following table: 

Summary of analyses of heels grown in Missouri. 
[From Keport of Missouri Experiment Station.] 



County. 



Adair 

Andrew 

Audrain ... 

Barry 

Jiarton 

Bates 

Benton 

JSoone - 

Buchanan .. 

Butler 

Caldwell ... 
f-'allaway. .. 

('arroU 

Cass 

Cedar 

Chariton ... 
Christian . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Cooper 

Crawford... 

Dade 

Dallas 

Dekalb 

Dent 

Douglas 

Franklin . . . 
Gasconade . 

Gentry 

Greene 

Grundy 

Harrison . . . 

Henry 

Hickory 

Holt 

Howell 

Iron 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson . . . 

Johnson 

Knox 

Laclede 

Lafayette .. 
Lawrence . . 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Linn 






.o ft 

s a I Z': 



Ozs. 
29 
22 
32 
24 
41 
22 
16 
29 
34 

8 
35 
33 
28 
22 

7 
16 
32 
54 
36 
19 
20 
30 
16 
46 
10 

4 
30 
19 
31 
20 
18 

6 
25 
24 
29 
28 
13 
36 
27 
17 
22 
46 
19 
25 
24 
25 
42 
28 



Per ct. 

14.31 
12.16 

7.10 
12.85 
16.97 
11.56 
18.19 

8.19 
12.20 

6.47 
12.99 
12.45 
11.08 
16.36 
11.08 
12.35 
11.14 
12.80 

8.87 

8.43 
11.95 
10.56 
14.06 
10.11 
14.51 
15.19 

9.31 
10.88 
12.68 
12.27 
12.16 
18.45 
11.05 
11.88 
10.26 
13.10 
13.11 
12.14 
11.04 
10.71 
11.90 
12.81 
12.36 
11.45 
12.12 
15.60 

7.94 
12.28 



82.89 
76.76 
56. 60 
73.96 
81.62 
71). 82 
86. 36 
63.78 
81.88 
58. 23 
80.16 
76.45 
75.03 
84.75 
78.86 
74.24 
67.86 
77.76 
67.16 
61.69 
81.27 

67. 95 
74.95 
70.40 
72.66 
88.68 
70.81 

68. 60 
75. 42 
77.17 
71.11 

66.76 
76.60 
73.29 

78. 18 
79. 76 

79. 28 , 
72.57 
66.73 
72.54 
74.87 I 
68.62 I 
74.08 I 
78. 06 ! 
82 27 
57.18 
72.21 



County. 



Livingtston 

McDonald 

Maccn 

Madison 

Maries 

Marion 

Mercer 

Mississippi 

lilonroe 

Montgomery 

New Madrid 

Nodaway 

Oregon 

Ozark 

Perry 

Pettis 

Phelps 

Platte 

Pike (average) 

First harvest.. 

Second harvest 

Randolph 

Ray 

Saline 

Schuyler 

Scotland 

Scott 

Shannon 

Shelby 

St. Charles 

St. Clair 

St. Francois 

St. Louis 

Stoddard 

Sullivan 

Taney 

Texas 

Vernon 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

Worth 

Wright 

Total and 
mean 



j='ft 

aa 



Ozs. 
12 
19 
14 
20 
28 
32 
44 
24 
11 
21 
20 
42 
20 

6 
16 
24 
13 
27 
21 
21 
21 
16 
44 
21 
25 
20 
26 
12 

8 
58 

6 
22 
27 
16 
26 
15 
13 
36 
36 
28 
22 
14 
34 
13 



Per ct. 

9.75 
13.83 
14.11 
13. 07 
12.95 

9.76 
13. 51 
10.57 

7.71 
12.62 
12. 30 
11.66 

8.37 
13.81 
14.06 
10.05 
11.31 
12.11 
10.14 
10.94 

9.34 
14.30 
10.95 
13.74 
15.74 
15.51 

9.70 
11.94 

7.87 
11.21 
21.02 

9.68 
13.53 
14.79 
16.08 
13.08 
14.33 
13.17 

8.07 
10.71 
13.08 
13.12 
11. 35 
14.01 






70.34 
80.05 
70.89 
71.85 
78.92 
69.32 
80.22 
75.00 
57.57 
78.11 
79.03 
72. 61 
67.12 
77.15 
74.86 
65.67 
75.56 
74.74 
75.55 
76.81 
74.30 
80. 17 
72.40 
76. 39 
82.30 
79.46 
66. 43 
76.10 
76.26 
78.36 
92. 19 
61.99 
82.80 
74.19 
85. 92 
74.95 
78.47 
80.30 
60.48 
73.71 



80.58 
73.13 
83.24 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



85 



Of the wliole number of samples, the percentage of those containing 
13 per cent or more of sugar in the beet was 24; the percentage of 
these beets with a sugar coutent of 13 per cent or over having a purity 
coefQcient of 80 or over was 83 ; the percentage of the number of beets 
containing 13 per cent of sugar which had a purity coefficient of 80 or 
over and weighing IG ounces or over was G8, 

The average percentage of sugar in the beet for the whole number 
of samples examined at the station was 11.1. The average coefficient 
of purity 71.9, and the average Aveight in ounces 25. A tabular com- 
parison of the mean results obtained by the Missouri station and in the 
laboratory of the Department will be interesting: 



Total 
number 
of sam- 
ples. 



Average 
weight. 



Sugar in 
juice. 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



United States Department of Agriculture 

Agricultural experiment station of Missouri. 



324 
301 



Ounces. 
20 
28 



Per cent.i 
11.7 
11.1 



73.5 
74.9 



As will be seen above, there is a remarkable agreement between the 
mean results obtained in the two laboratories. The average size of the 
samples received at Washington was smaller tlian that of the beets 
analyzed at the agricultural experiment station of Missouri, and this is 
doubtless the cause of the slightly increased mean percentage of sugar 
obtained in the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. A general 
study of the results obtained leads to the inevitable conclusion that 
Missouri is not very favorably situated for producing beets of the high- 
est quality. It is possible to secure, in some instances, results which 
are exceptionally favorable, but that such results could be secured con- 
tinuously, and from season to season, is not probable. The data show 
that the whole State of Missouri belongs in the same category, in respect 
of growing rich sugar beets, as the southern parts of the States of Ohio, 
Indiana, and Illinois. Even the northern counties of Missouri are too 
far south to give the best results. It is evident, however, in so far as 
yield is concerned, that Missouri is probably the equal of any State in 
the Union for growing beets of fine size and large tonnage per acre. 
Unless exceptional conditions favorable to manufacture are found in 
the State, it is not probable that the sugar-beet industry will gain a 
foothold for some time in competition with the more favorable local- 
ities farther north and east. 

^ Montana. 

Only four samples were received from the State of Montana at the 
laboratory of the Dej)artment of Agriculture. The average weight of 
the samples was 20 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 
14.4, and the mean purity coefficient of 77.8. 

Analyses were also made by the agricultural experiment station of 
Montana. Fifteen analyses were made of samples grown on the 



S6 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

groimds of tlie station. The average weight of the samples was 14.8 
ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 16.2, and the mean 
coefficient of purity of the juice 81.9. Thirty samples grown in the 
Gallatin Valley had a mean weight of tl2 ounces, a mean content of 
sugar in the beet of 13.7 per cent, and a mean coefficient of purity of 
76.4. Eight samples grown at Livingston had an average weight 
of 24.7 ounces, with a mean sugar content of 13.8 per cent in the beet, 
and a coefficient of purity of 74.3. Nine samples from Kalispell had a 
mean weight of 32 ounces, a mean content of 13. 5 per cent of sugar in 
the beet, and a mean coefficient of purity of 76.2. Four samj)les of 
beets from Missoula had an average weight of 32 ounces, a mean per- 
centage of sugar in the beet of 12, and a mean coefficient of purity of 
73.6. Four samples of miscellaneous origin had an average weight of 
23 ounces, an average sugar content in the beet of 12.7 per cent, and a 
coefficient of i)urity of 74. The whole number of samples analyzed by 
the agricultural experiment station of Montana was 70, with a mean 
weight of 23 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beet of 14.7 per 
cent, and a mean coefficient of purity of 77. 

The results obtained at the exi)eriment station show what can be 
done by careful (uilture, and indicate that Montana, under proper con- 
ditions, is capable of producing a fairly good sugar beet. The data in 
general are sufficiently encouraging to warrant the agricultural experi- 
ment station of the State in making a more thorough and careful agri- 
cultural survey of the possibilities of beet production. 

Nebraska. 

Thirteen samples grown in Nebraska were received at the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture for analysis. The mean weight of the samples 
received was 29 ounces, the mean i)ercentage of sugar in the beet 12.9, 
and the mean j)urity coefficient 76.9. The studies which have been made 
in Nebraska have been so thorough in previous years that it would not 
be advisable to make any deductions from so small a nuTnber of samples 
as was analyzed. In connection with the work done at the Department, 
the following report of the chemist of the agricultural experiment sta- 
tion of Nebraska may be considered: 

RESULTS OK EXPERIMENTS IN NEBRASKA. 

We distributed seed to 433 persons. Of these 158 responded, either by seuding 
beets or written comniunica,tion, or botli. Of the 158, 106 returned samples of 
beets for analysis; 52 rejiorted failure to secure crop. Of the 52 reporting fail- 
ures, 14 said that the seed failed to germinate; 14 ascribed failure to dry weather; 24 
gave A-arious reasons for failure, 1.3 stating that the crop was destroyed by grasshop- 
pers; 4 lost their crop by reason of stock incursions, and 7 through general neglect. 

I*ntting these figures in the form of percentages: 36.4 per cent of those receiving 
seed responded in some way; 67 x>er cent of those who reported to us sent beets for 
analysis; 26.9 per cent of failures were attributed to dry weather; 26. 'J per cent of 
failures were attributed to poor seed; 25 per cent of failures were caused by grass- 
hoppers; 7.7 per cent of faihires were caused by cattle; 13.4 per cent of failures 
weri! caused by gent^ral neglect. 

The results of analyses showed an average of 12.34 per cent of sugar in -the juice 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 87 

with a purity coefficient of 75. The highest per cent of sugar iu juice was 16.8 with 
a purity of 78.5. The lowest was 4.6 per cent vvitli a purity coefficient of 45. 

Beet seed was sent into sixty-seven counties and beets were received from thirty- 
six counties. 

The average results obtaiuecl agree very closely with those secured 
in the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. 

So long a time has elapsed since sugar-beet growing was commenced 
in l!^ebraska on a large scale that it is possible to form some idea of 
the adaptability of that State for beet growing. The soils of Nebraska 
are mostly very fertile, with a fairly level surface, and are well suited in 
this respect to beet culture. The climatic conditions, as will be seen 
by consulting the map, are somewhat variable, and the rainfall in parts 
of the State is scant and in all parts of it very uncertain iu respect of 
distribution. Periods of extremely wet weather are apt to alternate with 
long droughts. Hot winds may be expected over many parts of the 
State during the period of most rapid growth, and these winds are 
extremely injurious to all kinds of vegetation. The winters are apt to 
come on early and with severity, rendering the harvesting season some- 
what precarious. There is no doubt of the fact that good beets can be 
grown under favorable conditions in Nebraska, but the uncertainties of 
the season are such as to indicate that there will not be a very 
rapid expansion of the industry in that State until more favorable 
areas have been thoroughly exploited. For details in regard to 
Nebraska the reports of the agricultural experiment station of 
Nebraska, at Lincoln, may be consulted. For about eight years this 
station has been engaged in the study of this question, and has pub- 
lished numerous and valuable bulletins, many of which can still be 
obtained by applying to the director of the station. 

Nevada. 

A large portion of the State of Nevada, in fact the whole of the 
northern and western parts, lies within the thermal area suitable to beet 
culture. Twenty-one samples of beets were received at the Department 
of Agriculture from Nevada, the average weight of which was 25 ounces, 
the average content of sugar in the beet 1C.6 per cent, and the average 
coefficient of purity 81.1. These samples all came from the parts of the 
State lying within the favorable thermal area. The agricultural experi- 
ment station of Nevada, at Eeno, also made an investigation of the 
possibilities of growing beets in that State, and has submitted a report 
on the subject. In all, twenty-two samples were received at Reno for 
analysis, the average weight of which was 25 ounces, and the average 
content of sugar 1G.9 per cent, the purity not being given. These data 
show a remarkable agreement with those obtained by the Department 
of Agriculture. The beets were grown entirely under irrigation. Some 
of them, however, received only one irrigation and others as high as five. 

The results obtained at the station itself were in the highest degree 
satisfactory. The total number of samples grown and analyzed at the 



88 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

station was ten, the mean weight of the beets was 19 ounces, and the 
mean percentage of sugar 18.9, purity coefficient not given, 

Mr. Stubbs, the director of tbe station, in submitting his report, 
states that he distributed 90 pounds of the seed received from the 
Department to thirty farmers residing in fifteen counties. Only five of 
the thirty farmers sent samples for analysis. One reported failure from 
stock breaking into the field and destroying the crop; one, fixilure from 
lack of water, and one stated that the samples of seeds sent him did 
not arrive. Mr. John Harrison rei)orts that there are 20,000 acres of 
land in a single body such as he used for giowing his beets. 

All the samples sent to the Department of Agricluture by Mr. Harri- 
son, ten in number, were from Humboldt County ; the average weight 
of the samples was 21 ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beets 
18.8 per cent, and the mean coefficient of purity 83.1. It is evident 
that, if such beets as these can be grown in that locality, the 20,000 
acres of land suitable to beet culture would suffice to maintain a large 
factory, which must of necessity prove eminently successful if fuel, 
limestone, and water can be had in sufficient abundance and sufficiently 
cheap to operate it. The cultural results in ]S"evada are of the high- 
est significance. This State, which is devoted chiefly to mining, has 
very small agricultural interests, but if a few areas capable of irriga- 
tion, like that at Lovelocks, in Humboldt County, can be found, Nevada 
should become a beet producing State. The establishment of this agri- 
cultural industry could not fail to be of immense benefit to the Com- 
monwealth. There is no other State in which the reports are more 
favorable, although it may be said that the number of samples is not 
sufficiently large to carry absolute conviction. Nevertheless, the, uni- 
form excellence of the samples can not be the result of accident, but 
nuist have been due to the favorable influences of soil and climate. 
The agricultural experiment station of this State will do well to make 
a more careful survey, and especially to map out the localities where 
the contour of the State is suitable to beet culture and where water 
can be obtained. 

New Jersey. 

As has been before stated, New Jersey is traversed from the south 
toward the north by the mean isotherm of 71° for the three summer 
months. A portion of it is therefore within the theoretical thermal 
belt for beet growing. In general, it may be said, however, that the 
temperature will be found a little too warm to secure the best results. 
On the other hand, the soil of New Jersey is of a sandy nature, suited 
to the growth of a beet with a high purity. 

The data which have been collected during the season from New Jer- 
sey are encouraging. The whole number of samples received from the 
State was 31, tlie average weight 16 ounces, the mean content of sugar 
in the beet 14.2 per cent, and the coefficient of purity 81.4. Essex and 
Mercer counties each furnished seven samples; the results in Essex 
County were fairly good, but in Mercer County were poor. Ocean 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



89 



County furiii«lied eight samples, with a high average percentage of 
sugar and purity coefficient, but with a weight only half the normal. 

No investigations were made by the experiment station of New Jer- 
sey, but Mr. James B. Vredenburgh, of Jersey City, conducted some very 
careful experiments at Freehold, in Monmouth County. The following 
report of Mr. Vredenburgh is interesting and contains valuable data. 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN NEW JERSEY. 

May 20, 1897. — I liad one-quarter acre clover sod plowed and prepared for planting. 

May 2:2. — I had planted four kinds of beet seed, viz, a strip of 111 by 2 feet 9 
inches or seven one-thousandths of an acre in imported Vilmorin. 

A similar strip in imported Klein wanzlebener; a similar strip in Government seed, 
and the balance of the qnarter acre in cattle beets. 

I fertilized the whole plot equally with 300 pounds of 2)ho8phate. I weeded the 
beets twice, cultivated them five times, and gathered them November 1. 

I had one of each kind analyzed each week, commencing August 3, by an expert 
chemist, the result of which I herewith inclose: 





Varieties. 


Weight. 




When 
gathered. 

Pounds. 
258 
279 
236 


Without 
tops. 


Tho Vilmorin 


Pounds. 




".58 




220 







The Vilmorin, therefore, produced at the rate of 17^ tons to the acre, without tops ; 
the Government, 18 tons to the acre without tops; Kleinwanzlebener, 15 tons to the 
acre Avithout tops. 

It will be seen that by far the best result came from the Vilmorin, the purity of 
the juice in the analysis of November 1 being 88.20. ' 

This latter result .was from an average of three beets, one small, one middle size, 
and one large. 

The cost of the labor, fertilizer, etc., on the one-((uarter acre was about $15. 

Results on farm at Freehold, Monmouth County. 



1897. 
Aug. 30 
30 
Sept. 8 
8 
15 
15 
15 
20 
27 
27 
27 
4 
4 
4 

14 

14 

14 

20 

20 

20 

Nov. 1 

1 

1 



Oct. 



Marked. 



No mark 

do , 

do 

do 

Government 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin 

No mark (Jack) 

Ciovernment , 

Kleinwanzlebener , 

Vilmorin 

(iovernment 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin 

(rovernment 

Klein wanzlebentir 

Vilmorin , 

Government 

Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilmorin 

Gov crnment , 

Kleinwanzlebener , 
Vilmorin 



Weight of the beet. 


Percentage of 
sugar. 


Purity co- 


With 


With top 


In the 


In the 


efficient. 


top on. 


cut off. 


beet. 


.juice. 




Po^inds. 


Pounds. 








1.171 


1.088 


10.45 


11.30 


80.14 


1.384 


1.161 


11.15 


12.50 


83. 30 


1.481 


1.168 


11.75 


12.55 


79.40 


1.251 
2. 093 


1.000 
1.545 


11.85 
9.80 






10.60 


80.60 


1.704 


1.329 


11.40 


12.00 


83.90 


1. 724 


1.311 


12.40 


13.10 


84.50 


0.587 


0. 505 


14.30 


15.60 


83. 40 


4.391 


2.923 


10.40 


11.25 


81.50 


4.491 


3.000 


10.10 


10.35 


77.24 


4.292 


3.058 


9.90 


10.55 


78.47 


2.097 


1.700 


12.40 


13.25 


84.30 


1.633 


1.225 


12.00 


13.10 


82.40 


1.876 


1.479 


13. 80 


14.10 


86. 10 


1.662 


1.474 


11.50 


12.75 


80.20 


2. 234 


1.770 


12. 30 


12. 75 


81.70 


1.706 


1.474 


14.20 


15.65 


«4. 10 


1.583 


1.373 


13.50 


14.50 


82.00 


. 2.415 


2.037 


11.90 


12.70 


81. 90 


2.150 


1.715 


14.30 


14.95 


83. 50 


2.313 


1.757 


12.40 


13.50 


78. 00 


1.380 


1.000 


13.10 


13.80 


83.10 


1.270 


0.958 


14.30 


15.35 


88.20 



90 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Excluding the analyses made before the 20th of September, which 
would be anterior to the manufacturing season, and including all of 
those made after that date, we find that the sixteen samples analyzed 
had an average weight of 27 ounces, a mean content of sugar of 12.5 
per cent, and a mean purity of 82.3. These data, obtained by Mr. 
Vredenburgh, in conjunction with those secured from the analyses of 
the samples forwarded to Washington, indicate the possibilities of suc- 
cessfully establishing the industry in the State on the lands which are 
particularly suited thereto. As before stated, however, the danger from 
a slightly too high temperature must be expected, and while good 
beets, capable of yielding high percentages of sugar, and with high 
purities, may be grown in New Jersey, it is scarcely probable that they 
will reach as high a grade as those grown farther north. 

Nkw Mexico. 

Only three samples grown in New Mexico were received at this 
laboratory for analysis. These were all grown in Mora County by the 
La Cueva Ranch Company. The average size of these samples was 
small, but the content of sugar and the coefficient of purity of the Juice 
were high. In connection with this work the report of the director of 
the agricultural experiment station will be found of interest. 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN NEW MEXICO. 

Table 1. — Analyses in the chemical laboratory of the New Mexico Experiment Station 

prior to October 25, 1897. 



Locality. 



New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, Mesilla Park 

Harvested Sept. T5 

Harvested Oct. 14 

Blue Water: 

Harvested Sept. 8 

Harvested Sept. 30 

Albuquerque 

Santa Fe 

Cerro 

Dorsey 

Chapham 

Tularosa 

Anthony 

Maxwell City 

Hatch 

Socorro 

Lordsburg 

Blosaburg 

Aztec Subexperiment Station 

Averages, etc 



Number 
of sam- 
ples ana- 
lyzed. 


Average 

weight of 

beets. 




Pounds. 


31 


1.21 


31 


1.53 


4 


1.38 


4 


1.63 


3 


L73 


7 


1.06 


3 


1.04 


1 


1.60 


1 


1.60 


2 


1.98 


1 


1.18 


3 


2.77 


1 


2.35 


1 


.48 


1 


.55 


1 


3.55 


1 


1.85 


96 


1.61 



Average 

per cent 

sugar in 

the juice. 



11.02 
12.47 

10.50 
12. 70 
13.16 
14.10 
17.03 
12.60 
15. 10 
1L20 
11.50 
14.15 
11.50 
15.50 
16.20 
10.80 
14.60 

13.18 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY EST THE UNITED STATES. 



91 



Table 2. — Analyses in the chemical laboratory of the Xew Mexico Experiment Station 
ietween October 25 and November 15, 1897. 



Locality. 



Couuty. 



Number 
of sam- 
ples ana- 
lyzed. 



Average 
■weight. 



Average 
per cent 
sugar in 
the juice. 



Aztec Subexperiment Station 

Farmingtpn 

Jewett .' . . . 

Blue Water 

Perea 

Las Vegas 

East La.s vegas 

Pine Spring 

Katon 

Maxwell City 

Dorsey 

Wagonmound 

Hatch 

Santa Pe 

Hobart 

Lacueva 

Cerro 



San Juan . . . 

do 

do 

Valencia 

Bernalillo .. 
San Miguel . 

do 

Lincoln 

Colfax 

do 

do 

do 

Dona Ana . . 

Santa Fe 

do 

Mora 

Taoa 



Pounds. 
1.5 
l.'J 
1.9 
3.5 
2.7 
2.8 
;i.2 
1.5 
2.1 
1.7 
1.1 
1.6 
1.7 
1.(1 
1.9 
1.1 
1.5 



16.8 
17.fi 
13.5 
10.6 
12 5 
13.5 
15.1 
13.5 
13.1 
15.3 
15.4 
13.9 
16.5 
15.9 
14.9 
17.6 
18.6 



Averages, etc . 



15.3 



Table 3. — Analyses in the chemical laboratory of the New Mexico Experiment Station 
between November 15 and December 20, 1897. 



Locality. 



County. 



New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Mesilla Park. 

Harvet;ted Nov. 16 Dona Ana 

Harvested Dec. 15 

Sample came in not marked 

Watrous Mora 

Lacueva do , 

Los Lunas ' Valencia 

Blue "Water do , 

Chavez 

Eddy 

Santa Fe 

do 

San Juan ... 
San Miguel . 



Roswell. 

Hagerman 

Santa Fe 

Espanola 

Je wett 

Las Vegas Subexperiment Station . 

Averages, etc 



Number 
of sam- 
ples ana- 
lyzed. 



weight. 



Pounds. 
1.7 
1.6 
1.5 
.8 
1.1 
2.5 
1.2 
1.7 
1.2 



Average 
per cent 
sugar in 
the juice. 



13.9 
13.9 
17.4 

12.0 
15.6 
14.5 
13.8 
13.8 
13.5 
18.0 
14.1 
13.0 
17.6 



14.1 



Our work is still in an incomplete condition, as we liave not had time to estimate the 
coefficient of purity and consider some other points in connection with these analyses. 
I beg to call your attention to the fact that nearly all of the beets analyzed here were 
grown by farmers who had had no previous experience in growing beets, and whose 
habits of farming are extremely loose. We can say definitely that if these beets 
had been grown under such conditions ;is would be expected to obtain ujion a well- 
regulated farm, the results would have been very much more satisfactory. We know 
that the conditions under which the most of the samples grew on the station farm 
here were not of the most satisfactory kind, as we are trying experiments on time 
of planting, time of harvesting, variety testing, deep and shallow plowing, diflerent 
modes of irrigation, etc. It is now established beyond a doubt that New Mexico 
can grow largo crops of sugar T)eets, containing a very high percentage of sugar. 

Located at Eddy, in the southeastern part of the Territory, there is already estab- 
lished a sugar-beet factory, doing a successful and profitable business. 

In the northern portions of the Territory coal is comparatively cheap, and the 



92 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

completion of a railroad uow in process of building will very materially cheapen 
coal in the southern part of the Territory. 

IJmestono seems to be scattered i;)retty well throughout the Territory, and while 
we have not had time to go fully into this subject, the few analyses that we have 
made indicate that the Territory affords limestone of a very good grade. We have 
just taken a survey of the limestone and waters of the sugar-beet districts. The 
question of water is engaging our attention, too ; and we believe that water of fairly 
good (quality can be secured. 

There is a lively interest taken in sugar-beet work in all parts of the Territory, 
and from the tables herewith inclosed the most favorable locations can easily be 
selected. Particular attention should be called to the Rio Grande Valley, especially 
the northern portion, and the Animas Valley. This latter has an extensive and 
abundant supi)ly of very good water, but at present no railroad. This valley seems 
to be a very promising section for the production of sugar beets. 8ee Aztec' and 
Farmiugton in the tal)les. 

The soils of the Territory contain, I think, iibout the average amount of nitrogen 
and phosphoric acid and about the usual amount of potash. They have a decided 
advantage over the soils in the rainfall districts, because the fertility is largely kept 
np by the plant food contained in the irrigating water, and nearly all that once gets 
on the soil lemains, as A^ery little, indeed, is lost by leaching and drainage. 

We expect to publish a bulletin about the let of February, giving our results in 
detail. 

The analyses which were made by the chemist of the agricultural 
experiment station of the samples received by him are classified in 
accordance with the time at Avhich they were made. Ninety-six analy- 
ses made prior to October 25 showed an average weight of the samples 
of 26 ounces, with an average content of sugar in the beet of 12.5 per 
cent. The purity coefficient of the juice is not given. 

Forty samples analyzed between the 25th of October and tlie 15th 
of November had an average weight of 27 ounces, with an average 
content of sugar in the beet of 14.5 per cent, the purity coefficient 
not being stated. 

Eighty-three samples analyzed between November 15 and December 
20 had an average weight of 26 ounces, and an average content of 
sugar in the beet of 13.4 per cent. The purity was not given. 

It is evident that there are many localities in New Mexico where the 
conditions of temperature are most favorable to the growth of beets. 
There are also large areas of fairly level land which are capable of irri- 
gation. Wherever the temi^erature of these regions is sufficiently low 
to permit the proper development of the beet, and where sufficient 
water for irrigation can be secured, there is reason to believe that the 
industry may be established and prove to be fairly profitable. While 
tlie summer days in New Mexico are not so long by an hour or more as 
in the regions farther north, the amount of sunshine which the growing 
beet will receive is practically as great as in more northern localities, 
because of the comparative absen(;e of cloudy and rainy days. The 
remarks which have already been made in regard to the growth of 
beets on irrigated areas apply to New Mexico. This is a subject which 
demands the most careful scientific study, and the work which is now 
doing by the agricultural experiment station of the Territory is certain 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 93 

to bear excellent fruits in the near future. New Mexico is provided 
with a beet- sugar factory in tlie extreme southwestern portion of the 
Territory, and thus a practical demonstration of the possibilities of 
beet growing can be made. It is difficult to secure definite data from 
this factory, but from the meager reports received it is believed that 
the season's work has not been so successful as had been expected from 
the results obtained during the preceding year. Accounts have been 
received of a mold or fungus attacking the beets, and it is also evident 
that the true principles of irrigation have not yet been thoroughly 
worked out. There should not, however, be anything discouraging in 
accidents of this kind, as the conditions, upon the whole, are such as 
to warrant the exj)ectation of final success. 

New York. 

On January 16, 1894, in addressing the New York Farmers Club on 
the subject of beet sugar, I used the following words: 

The plateaus of the great West subject to irrigation are especially suited to the 
production of sugar beets. The same is true of the lands of certain portions of 
Nebraska and Dakota, of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, of northern Illinois, Indi- 
ana, Ohio, and New York. Eeceutly, in passing over the valley of the Genesee Kiver, 
I was particularly struck with the quality of the soil and its suitability to beet cul- 
ture. The valley of the Genesee is only a type of hundreds of thousands of acres in 
New York which could be profitably devoted to beet culture. 

At that time practically no experiments had been made to determine 
the suitability of the soil and climate of New York for producing high- 
grade beets. In fact, not until the last year has any systematic attempt 
been made to ascertain the capabilities mentioned above. In the spring 
of 1896, in conversation with a committee of the board of trustees of the 
agricultural experiment station at Geneva, I urged upon them the 
desirability of studying the capabilities of New York for beet produc- 
tion. In 1897 the Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the 
experiment stations at Geneva and Ithaca, conducted a series of inves- 
tigations throughout the State of New York, which has given data of 
extraordinary interest and importance. 

Theclimaticconditions, as respects temperature and rainfall, aftecting 
the State of New York have already been discussed. It has been seen 
that there are two areas in which the thermal conditions are particu- 
larly favorable, separated by a large area where the mean summer 
temperature is less than 69°. It has already been pointed out, how- 
ever, that a lower temperature than 69° is still highly favorable to the 
production of beets of superior excellence if coupled with conditions 
which permit their maturity and harvest in time to avoid the severe 
frosts of winter. These conditions exist in a marked degree through- 
out the whole of the region in New York lying between the Hudson 
River on the east and the Great Lakes on the west, excluding the 
extreme northern portion, where the altitude and mountainous char- 
acter of the country preclude the possibilities of beet culture. The 



91: beet-su(;ar industry in the united states. 

whole of the area named, therefore, where the eoutoiir is favorable and 
the character of the soil suitable may be regarded as a i)rospectiVe area 
of sugar-beet culture. 

SAMPLES KECKIVKD AT THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

From the seed distributed to farmers in different parts of the State, 
225 samples of beets were received at the Department of Agriculture 
for analysis. The mean weight of these samples was 21 ounces, the 
mean percentage of sugar in the beet 15, and the mean coefiicient of 
imrity 82.4. Every county in the State reporting results showed favor- 
able data. The counties having the largest number of samples of 
course gave data which are the most instructive. 

Cattaraugus County supplied 15 samples, with a mean weight of IS 
ounces, a mean percentage of sugar in the beet of 15.1, and a mean 
coefficient of purity of 81.9. 

Chautauqua County furnished 45 samples, with a mean weight of 21 
ounces, a mean sugar content in the beet of 16.6 per cent, and a mean 
coefficient of purity of 82.7. 

Erie County sent 37 samples, having a mean weight of 19 ounces, a 
mean content of sugar of 15.9 per cent in the beet, and a mean coeffi- 
cient of purity of 83.9. 

Oneida County was the source of 22 samples, with a mean weight of 
14 ounces, a mean sugar content of 13.6 per cent, and a mean coeffi- 
cient of purity of 81.8. 

Ontario County furnished 22 samples, having a mean weight of 17 
ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beets of 15 per cent, and a mean 
coefficient of purity of 83.4. 

Yates County supplied 15 saniples, having a mean weight of 23 
ounces, a mean sugar content of 12.7, and a mean coefficient of x^urity 
of 79.6. 

The uniformly good properties of so large a percentage of samples 
collected in the iiromiscuous way made necessary by the method of 
the experiments show beyond question the favorable auspices under 
which they must have been grown. 

In addition to the special plot work on high-grade beets which was 
conducted under the supervision of the Geneva station, cooperative 
work by the Dej^artment of Agriculture, in conjunction with the 
farmers of the State, was also carried on. From the whole number of 
l)ackages of seed distributed by the station, 135 samples of beets were 
received for analysis, and the results obtained, without distinction of 
locality, are shown in the following report of J3irector Jordan : 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN NEW YORK. 

The number of samples reported is 135, which came from a sufficient number of 
points in the State to make them fairly representative of the conditions prevailing. 

I make no report to you of the production, because in most instances, whenever 
the tonnage wns reported, the figures appeared to us to be unreliable because of the 
methods used iu reacliing them. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
Kleinivanzlehener. 



95 



Beets con- 


Number 


Average 

per cent 

sugar in 

beet. 


Coeffi- 


Average 


taining 


of sam- 


cient of 


weight of 


sugar. 


ples. 


purity. 


one beet. 


Per cent. 








Ounces. 


11-12 


4 


12 


76.5 


20 


12-13 


11 


13 


75.4 


18 


13-14 


10 


13.8 


80 


14 


14-15 


11 


14.7 


80.3 


17 


15-16 


15 


15.8 


84.3 


14 


16-17 


11 


16.5 


85.3 


16 


17-18 


13 


17.6 


85.2 


14 


18-19 


3 


18.5 


85.9 


13 



Vilmortn Improved. 



Number 


Average 
per cent 


Coeffici- 


Average 


of 


ent of 


weight of 


samples. 


beet. 


purity. 


one beet. 








Ounces. 


3 


11.7 


75 


16 


5 


12.8 


76.7 


24 


9 


1.3.8 


82.4 


19 


8 


14.8 


83 


16 


17 


15.6 


82 


16 


9 


16.6 


87.5 


15 


6 


17.8 


85.4 


18 


2 


18.6 


83.8 


24 



My chief anxiety with regard to the development of the sugar-beet industry in 
New York is that farmers shall not reach unwarranted conclusions concerniug the 
prolits of their side of the work. I have no reason to believe that the industi-y will 
prove more profitable to our farmers than the i)rodnction of several crops which we 
are now growing. I recognize, of course, the benefits of ^.ddiiig to our list of crops 
another om^ which will have a ready casli market. 

There appears to be a move all over the State for the establishment of factories at 
desirable centers, and promoters ai"e already in the lield who are, as a- rule, urging 
the farmer to invest in beet sugar-factory stock. I aui very much afraid that there 
will be serious misdirection of capital, which will not only cause the farmer to 
lose money, but seriously disappoint him in regard to the benefits from growing 
sugar beets. My Judgment is that the matter should be discussed by those who take 
the lead in the matter in the most conservative way, and both farmers and busiuess 
men should be severely cautioned to proceed slowly and only after extended and 
careful investigation. 

A carefully grown crop of sugar beets yielded on the experiment station farm 
this season at the rate of 16^ tons per acre, carrying 1.5.2 per cent sugar in the 
beet and 16 per cent in the juice. No dependence should, in my judgment, be placed 
upon the reports of yields of 25 and 30 tons per acre of high-grade beets in this 
State. 

In studying the report of Director Jordan we see that of the Klein- 
wanzlebeuer variety only four samples out of the whole number fell 
below the minimum of 12 per cent of sugar in the beets, and of the 
Vilmorin variety only three. This is without doubt a remarkable show- 
ing of excellence, in so far as the content of sugar is concerned. The 
caution of Director Jordan to proceed carefully in this matter, and 
with a due study of the factors, is perfectly in harmony with the tenor 
of the reports which have been issued by the Department of Agricul- 



96 BEET-SUv'^AR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

ture, on the subject of beet sugar, from time to time during tlie past 
fifteen years, and is deserving of careful consideration, both by intend- 
ing investors and farmers. Our reports have constantly dwelt upon 
the danger of misdirected enthusiasm and failure to study properly all 
the factors entering into any enterprise connected with the manufacture 
of sugar. 

The agricultural experiment station of Cornell University, at Ithaca, 
also cooperated with the Department in the experimental work in New 
York. Four hundred and twenty -five samples were received for analy- 
sis at the experiment station at Ithaca. The data obtained on analysis, 
arranged by counties, are given in the report of Director Roberts. In 
this report the percentage of sugar in the juice of the beet only is 
given, the mean being 16.9. Converting this number into terms of 
the sugar in the beet, the percentage becomes 16.1, M^hich is one point 
higher than the mean percentage of sugar in the samples from New York 
analyzed by the Department of Agriculture. The coefficient of purity, 
83.5, obtained at the Ithaca station is only a little over one j)oiut higher 
than that secured from the analyses by the Department of Agriculture. 

Director Roberts, in his report, estimates that the mean yield per 
acre obtained in the State of New York was 17 tons, but as his esti- 
mate is made upon the returns made by the farmers, many of which 
are evidently too high, it is not final as a source of deductions in, 
regard to the average yield which may be obtained. It is not at all 
likely that an average yield of 16 tons per acre could be obtained, even 
by the best culture. 

The counties furnishing the data with the most weight are Broome, 
Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Monroe, Steuben, and Wayne. Chautau- 
qua County, especially, is to be regarded on account of the mean data 
being based upon 122 separate samples, in which the mean percentage 
of sugar in the juice was 16.8, and the mean coefficient of purity, 83.5. 
The next highest number is furnished by Genesee County, where the 
mean percentage of sugar in the juice from 62 samples is 16.6, and the 
coefficient of purity, 82.9. Monroe, with 59 samples, showed a mean 
sugar content in the juice of 17.2 per cent, and a mean coefficient of 
purity of 83.9. Erie County, with 38 samples, gave a mean content of 
sugar in the juice of 17.9 per cent, and a mean coefficient of jiurity 
of 86.3. Wayne County furnished 27 samples, having a mean content 
of sugar in the juice of 16.7 per cent, and a mean coefficient of purity of 
82.9. Broome County sent 25 samples, containing 16.2 per cent of 
sugar in the juice, with a coefficient of purity of 81.8; and Steuben 
County furnished 21 samples, containing 16.2 per cent of sugar in the 
juice, with a coefficient of purity of 82.6. Following is the report of 
Prof. Roberts: 

The 500 pounds of sugar-beet seed seut us by the Department of Agriculture 
were distributed to over 300 farmers of the State, with directions ns to preparation 
of the soil, planting, and cultivating. During the growing season, the larger pnrt of 



beet-su(;ak industry in the united states. 



97 



the phits was inspected by an officer ol" this station and ol)ser\ atious made as to 
the general conditions found. 

The season was a favorable one, and in nearly all cases the beets made good 
growth, and that the per cent of sugar was satisfactory will be shown by the table 
of analyses given later. 

It is safe to say that the citizens of New York State, both capitalists and farmers, 
are thoroughly awakened to the importance of the subject of the manufacture of 
sugar from beets. During the season one i'actory has been in successful operation 
at Rome, N. Y. Other factories are contemjdated, and at the present time agents 
are in France negotiating for machinery to be used in a large factory to be erected 
the coming season. 

Officers of this station attended eight meetings of farmers and capitalists to give 
information and advice as to the advisability of locating factories in certain sections 
of the State. Abundance of capital is ready to be invested once tlui success of the 
industry is assured. Farmers feci that in the raising of sugar l)eets a new avenue 
is open for them, and in most parts of the State favorable for the growth of beets 
they are heartily favoring the new enterprise. 

When the various experimental phits were harvested, agents from this station per- 
sonally superintended the taking of the samjiles and the calculations of yield on 178 
of the plats. To those farmers whose places we were unable to visit directions were 
sent as to how the samples should be taken and the yield estimated; so it is believed 
that this report of results is a fair statement of what can be done in New York State 
in the way of raising sugar beets. 

The necessity now seems to be the education of the farmers in the system of 
intensive culture necessary for the successful raising of the beets. The farmers 
appreciate the importance of this instruction, and are eager to learn. It is safe to 
predict that the numufacture of sugar from beets is to be one of New York's promi- 
nent industries in the near future. 

The following report is furnished by our chemists, summarizing the results by 
counties : 

Report of siigar-heet experiments in New York, 1897. 



County. 



Albany 

Broome 

Cattaiaugus 
Cajuga . . . . . 
Chautau<iua 

Erie 

Genesee 

Herkimer. .. 
Jefferson ... 
Livinjiston . 

Monroe 

Montgomery 
Niagara 



Sugar in 
juice. 



Per cent 
17.25 
16.23 
16.94 
17.34 
16.83 
17.93 
16. 62 
13.85 
16.16 
19. 25 
17.22 
15.08 
17.31 



Total 
Purity number 
coettk'ient of sam- 
of juice, pies ana- 
I lyzed. 



81.8 
84.5 
84.3 
83.5 



1 

25 
15 
]0 
122 
38 



82.9 


62 


79.2 


1 


81.0 


3 


85.0 


1 


83.9 


59 


79.3 


3 


83.4 


7 



County. 



Oneida. ......... 

Onondaga 

Orleans 

Oswego 

Saratoga 

Schuyler 

Seneca 

Steuben 

Tioga 

Tompkins 

Wayne 

Average .. 



Sugar in 
juice. 



Per cent. 
16.16 
17.40 
17.20 
14.45 
20.25 
16.26 
16.58 
16.24 
18.73 
17.49 
16.74 



Purity 
coeflicient 
of juice 



16.89 



82.1 
86.6 
86.1 
76.1 
86.6 
79.7 
83.2 
82.6 
82.7 
83.1 
82.9 



83.5 



Total 
number 
of .sam- 
ples ana- 
lyzed. 



From the foregoing data, the conclusion is inevitable that the State 
of Kew York stands among the first in the Union in its capabilities of 
producing beets with a high content of sugar and a high purity. The 
meager data at hand also show that a fair tonnage j)er acre can be 
secured. It is evident that with proper fertilization and rotation of 
crops the fertility of the soil can not only be maintained, but even 
increased, so that it is not unreasonable to expect, under the best con- 
H. Doc. 396 7 



98 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

ditious of culture, that the mean tounage pei' acre produced iu the 
State of New York will be quite equal to that of the best sugar regions 
of Germany. Judging by the data obtained from a single season 
alone, there is no sugar-beet producing country of Europe that can 
compete with the State of New York in the richness of its beets. If a 
factory, constructed on the best approved modern principles, and with 
every facility for converting the whole of the sugar into marketable 
form, could be suj)plied with such beets as were grown in the State of 
New York during the season of 1897, it would be capable of placing 
upon the market 240 pounds of i)ure granulated sugar for every ton of 
2,000 pounds of beets entering into manufacture. When, in addition 
to these facts, are considered the cheapness of fuel, the abundance of 
labor, the proximity of markets, and the importance of the dairy indus 
try in its relations to the refuse of the factory as a feed, it is seen that 
there is no place in the United States which offers more favorable 
inducements for the development of the industry. 

ELEVATION OK REGIONS OF NEW YOKK SUITED TO BEET CULTURE. 

A contour map of the State of New York, showing the elevations 
above tide water, is found in the fifth annual report of the meteoro- 
logical bureau and weather service of the State for 1893. The eleva- 
tion in the region of the Catskills in some places reaches an altitude of 
3,000 feet. Immediately west of this mountainous region, and extend- 
ing to Binghamton on the south and almost across the State through 
the south central portion, there is a large area in which the average 
elevation is 1,000 feet. In the southwestern portion of the State there 
is a considerable area the elevation of which is 1,500 feet. The region 
of the Adirondacks and the northeastern portion of the State has 
various elevations, but as these regions are probably too far north for 
successful beet culture they do not interest us here. Starting from 
Albany with an average elevation of 100 feet and following the 
course of the New York Central Kailway, we pass through an area a 
large portion of which is below 500 feet in elevation. From Kome 
through Syracuse and as far west as Lyons the average elevation is 
less than 500 feet, with the exception of small areas. From Lyons to 
Buffalo the average elevation is above 500 and less than 1,000 feet. 
Immediately along the shores of Lake Ontario the average elevation is 
less than 500 feet. Passing to the south near liochester, along the 
Genesee Valley, is a considerable area below 500 feet in elevation. 

An interesting description of the physical contour of the State is given 
in the report mentioned above as taken from the work of Prof. Arnold 
Guyot. This description is as follows : 

The following outline of the orography of New York i.s siibstaiitiiilly as given bj- 
Prof. Arnold Guyot. Further details are exhibited by the accompanying relief 
map. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 99 

The mass of the State is a tfiau.i;ular talile-lantl elevated l,r>()0 or 2,000 feet above 
the ocean, and may be ronsidcrod the iioitheasteru extremity of the plateau which, 
in this latitude, forms the western lialf of the Appalachian system. The natural 
limit of this belt toward the west and north is the large depression of Lakes Erie 
and Ontario, and which continues do>vu the course of the St. Lawreuce River to 
the ocean. lu the east the table-land is terminated Ity the deep valley occupied by 
Lake Champlaiu and the Hudson River, while southward the highlauds extend 
without interrujjtiou into Pennsylvania. The eastern edge along the Hudson and 
Champlaiu valleys is formed by a series of monutain chains more or less isolated 
from each other, and bearing the highest summits in the State. They are: The 
Highlands, which cross tlie Hudson at the limit of the coast region; the Shawan- 
giink and Catskill mountains, on the western bank of the river, and the system of 
the Adirondacks, covering the territory between the St. Lawrence and Champlaiu 
valleys. Within this eastern wall the true mountain chains cease, but the remain- 
der of the plateau is indented by nunu^rous valleys, the bottoms of which are 
generally several hundred feet l)ciow the common level, and which are separated by 
high ridges. A remarkable feature is the deep transversal cut which forms the 
valley of the Mohawk and Lake Oneida, opening a channel from tlio low country of 
the Lake region to the Hudson valley, and thus dividing the main plateau into the 
distinct masses of the Appalachian and Adirondack systems. 

A subdivision of the central or Appalachian highlands is due to the deep channel 
of Seneca Lake, extending from the plains bordering Lake Ontario southward to 
the valley of the Susquehanna. The two sections of the highlands thus separated 
are here designated as the eastern and western plateaus, the former extending from 
the central lakes to the Hudson Valley, and the latter westward from the central 
lakes to the depression of Lake Erie. 

North Dakota. 

Only four samples were received from North Dakota, the average 
weight of which was 28 ounces, and the mean i)ercentage of sugar in 
the beet lO.o. On account of the low content of sugar, purity coefifl- 
cients were not computed. 

No report has been received from the director of the North Dakota 
station in regard to any work which has been carried on by that station. 
The data of the four samples received are likely to be misleading, as it 
is evident that North Dakota is capable of producing very much better 
beets than are indicated by the data in the analytical tables. 

North Carolina. 

By consulting the map it may be seen that there are many localities 
in North Carolina wliere the thermal c 'uditions are favorable for tlie 
growtli of high grade beets. It is doubtful, however, whether upon the 
summits of the Allegheny Mountains, where these conditions exist, a 
sufficient area of suitable soil could be secured to warrant the expecta- 
tion of establishing successfully a beet-sugar industry in that State. 

Only seven samples were received from North Carolina by the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. The mean weight of these samples was 23 ounces, 
and the mean i)ercentage of sugar in the beet 9.1. On account of the 



100 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



low polarization of the samples, it was not deemed necessary to make 
a computation of the coefficient of purity. 

No analyses were made at the laboratory of the experiment station 
of Korth Carolina during the year, although the director of the station 
has been much interested in the work, and proposes to continue it 
another season. 

Ohio. 

Sixty-eight samples of beets grown in Ohio were received at the 
Dei>artment laboratory for analysis. The mean weight of these beets 
was 22 ounces, the mean content of sugar 13.8 per cent, aud the mean 
coefficient of i^urity, 79.1. Grouped by belts into northern, central, and 
southern, the character of the beets grown in Ohio and analyzed at the 
Department of Agriculture is shown in the following table: 

Summary of analyses of beets from Ohio, by belts. 



Belts. 



Northern belt 
Central belt. . 
Southern belt 



Number 

of 
samples. 



Average 
weisfht. 



Ounces. 
21 
23 
26 



Sugar in 
beets. 



Per cent. 
14.1 
13.6 
12.7 



Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 



79.9 
78.5 
75.7 



It will be seen from the above that the northern belt of the State 
produced the best beets, both in content of sugar and purity, and in 
this respect the data obtained by the Department corroborate in every 
particular those secured by the Ohio Experiment Station mentioned 
below. It is evident, from a consideration of the two sets of data, that 
the northern portion of Ohio offers favorable inducements, both for the 
culture of the beet from an agricultural i)oint of view and by reason of 
cheapness of fuel and the facilities of transportation from the manu- 
facturing point of view. It is evident, however, that the central and 
soutUern parts of the State, as is the case with Indiana and Illinois, 
should not be exploited with the purpose of investing money in the 
beet-sugar industry until the available localities in the northern regions 
are entirely occupied. 

* With the cooperation of the Department of Agriculture, the agri- 
cultural experiment station of Ohio distributed a large quantity of seed 
to farmers in that State, and from the seed so distributed GOT samples 
of beets were forwarded to the station and analyzed. The results of 
the analyses by counties are given in the following table: 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



101 



EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
Summary of results of sugar-beet investigation for Ohio, 1897. 



County. 



Ashland ... 
Ashtabula . 
Auglaizt" . . . 

Belmont 

Champaign. 

Clark 

Columbiana 
Coshocton .. 
Crawford . . . 
Cuyahoga . . 

Darke 

Detianco ... 
Delaware . . 

Erie 

Fairtield . . . 

Fayette 

Franklin ... 

Fulton 

Geauga 

Greene 

Bardiu 

Henry 

Highland .. 
Hocking ... 

Holmes 

Huron 

Knox 

Lake 

Licking 

Logan 

Lorain 

Lucas 

Madison 



u s 






(rramt. 

8;n 

679 

1,128 
660 
825 
610 
610 
860 

1,095 
894 
864 
851 
559 

1,406 
599 
620 
524 

1,065 
694 

1,285 
796 
810 
840 

1, 521 
680 
303 
642 
789 
562 
779 
520 
889 
711 



Per ct. 
12.7 
14.9 
14.4 
10.6 
13.2 
14.1 
18.4 
12.9 
13.8 
12.9 
13.3 
13.7 
14.9 
15.0 
12.8 
14.6 
15.3 
14.1 
16.3 

9.9 
12. 1 
15.3 
13.2 

7.2 
13.6 
16.0 
15.9 
14.9 
11.9 
12.8 
16.0 
14.3 
14.3 



76.0 
82.8 
77.0 
86.9 
77.6 
78.7 
83.6 
72. 9 
77.1 
75.5 
76.9 
77.9 
79.3 
80.6 
74.9 
78.9 
80.0 



Countj'. 



79 


o 


84 


8 i 


66 


H 


74 


2 


80 


9 


08 


4 


a 59 


'' 


81 


1 


76 


1 I 


81. 


•^ 1 


82 


7 


74 


9 ! 


80 


j 


81 


2 


78. 


5 


76.8 1 



Marion 

Medina 

Mercer 

Miami 

Montgomery 

Muskingum 

Ottawa 

Paulding 

Perry 

Pickaway 

Pike ....' 

Portage 

Putnam 

Richland 

Ross 

Sandnsky 

Seneca 

Shelby 

Stark 

Summit 

Tuscarawas 

Union 

Van Wert 

Wayne 

Williams 

Wood 

Wyandot 

Southern section . 
Middle section . . . 
Northern .section 

Entire State 



69 
146 
392 



^^ 



Grains. 

555 
947 

1,119 
773 
755 
566 
094 
802 
127 
710 
595 

1,554 
958 
496 
697 
812 
762 
607 
712 
684 
865 

1,077 

1,064 
787 
979 
777 
605 



892 
924 
834 



Per ct. 

12.4 
13.9 
13.2 
12.6 
11.8 
14.4 
15.7 
15.0 
19.1 
16.5 
14.0 
9.3 
13.1 
16.6 
13.5 
14.8 
14.8 
14.0 
15.3 
14.7 
14.8 
15.9 
12.5 
13.9 
16.2 
14.4 
15.1 



12.8 
13.9 
14.3 



77.5 
76.2 
77.2 
75.9 
73.5 
78.2 
78.8 
80.0 
80.9 
81.6 
77.8 
a69. 7 
76.5 
83.4 
76.6 
79.6 
77.5 
80.0 
80.8 
80.2 
79.1 
80.6 
73.1 
80.7 
80.2 
78.3 
79.8 



75.3 
78.0 
79.4 



aNot included in average of State. 

b Some samjdes were received without name and address of grower. 

It will be observed from the above table that tbe number of samples 
analyzed was 607. Only 554, however, of these samples figure in the 
averages for the State, the others having been rejected for computing 
purposes by reason of certain abnormalties which they presented. The 
Ohio results are exceedingly encouraging from every point of view, 
with the exception of purity alone. The average weight of the beets 
was 867 grams, equivalent to 30.6 ounces. The average per cent of 
sugar in the expressed juices was 14 per cent, equivalent to 13.3 per 
cent in the beet, and the average coefficient of purity of the juices was 
78,7. The most interesting grouping of the samples is shown at the end 
of the table, particularly so because in the State of Ohio the most favor- 
able theoretical thermal conditions prevail only in the northern counties. 
The giou[)ing of the total number of samples into three portions, repre- 
senting the northern, central, and southern sections of the State, shows 
in a convincing manner the effect of thermal conditions on the sugar 
content of the beet. 'The northern counties furnished 302 samples, 
with an average weight of 834 grams, equivalent to 20,4 ounces, with 



102 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

an average percentage of 14.3 per cent of sugar in the juice, equivalent 
to 13.6 per cent in the beet, with an average coefficient of purity of 79.4. 
The middle section furnished 146 samples, with an average weight of 
924 grams, equivalent to 32.6 ounces, with a mean content of sugar of 
13.9 per cent in the juice, or 13.2 per cent in the beet, and a mean 
coefficient of purity of 78. The southern section furnished 69 samples, 
with an average weight of 892 grams, equivalent to 35 ounces, a mean 
percentage of 12.8 per cent of sugar in the juice, or 12.2 per cent in the 
beet, and a mean coefficient of purity of 75.3. 

It is seen by the above that there is marked improvement, both in 
the percentage of sugar and the purity of the juice, in the beets in Ohio 
as we advance from its southern to its northern border. 

The results of the work of tlie experiment station of Ohio have 
already been published as Bulletin No. 90 of that station, and interest- 
ing details connected with the above data can be found therein. The 
bulletin also contains interesting maT)S, showing isothermal lines and 
conditions of ])recipitation in the State. The remarks of the authors of 
the bulletin, namely, Mr. A. 1). Selby and Mr. L. M. Bloomfield, on the 
general character of the results are interesting and are found below: 

Taken as a wliole, these analyses seem to indicate that beets of good quality may 
be grown in most conuties of the middle and northern sections of < )hio, and, further, 
that many portions of the southern section may be adapted to sugar-beet growing, 
although on the whole less promising than more northerly districts. The analyses 
from Fayette, I'ickaway, Ross, Pike, and Perry counties appear encouraging. The 
sugar content in Ross County is decidedly reassuring, though the purity is slightly 
below the standard. Judging by the samples, this might have been greatly improved 
by more careful culture and better selection of typical specimens. The unfavorable 
results in Greene and Montgomery counties are not taken to indicate wliat may 
really be done in these counties. For the southern section, and particularly the val- 
ley districts, further trials should be made. Close planting should be practiced on 
rich lands. 

For the middle section, as a wliole, good sugar beets may apparently be grown 
when growers have learned what to avoid in planting and culture. The low aver- 
ages in samples from Mercer, Hardin, and Coshocton counties may not certainly be 
taken as conclusive evidence of conditions unfavorable to sugar-beet culture. Those 
reported from sandy soils in Mercer County show a fair purity. The results from 
Belmont, Muskingum, and Tuscarawas counties point to better things in the eastern 
counties than previously anticipated. More trials in this region another year are 
certainly warranted by these analyses. 

As anticipated from previous trials, it is the nortbern section which makes the 
most fiivorable showing as a whole. Samples were received from every county of 
the northern section except Trumbull, Mahoning, Hancock, and Allen. A sample 
was received from Columbiana County after the tables had been completed. While 
the lake siiore district shows to good advantage here, the counties situated along 
the summer isothermal of 70° F. are but slightly, if at all, inferior, though repre- 
sented by a much larger number of samples. Ottawa County gives a low iturity 
with a high sugar content, 15.7 per cent. It will bo noted that a large number of 
samples is not conducive to extremely high averages in the tables. 

In fact, practically all the counties of tlie State show a rather high sugar content, 
14 i)er cent in juice when all are averaged, a,nd it is to the coefficient of apparent 
purity that we must direct our attention to discover difil'erences. Under all the cir- 
cumstances an average purity of 78 and above may be taken as tairly satisfactory 
for the present year's analyses. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



103 



It is to be borne iu miud, when these results are considered, that the percentages 
were obtained for the most part in comparatively fresh samples, from which only 
the leaves had been removed. Topping the beets, as for factory use, was not encour- 
aged, owing to the risk of water loss by evaporation. This has led, possibly, to 
lower percentages than where beets were topped and sent considerable distances by 
mail. While the actual sugar content would be but slightly, if at all, reduced by 
loss of water, the apparent sucrose per cent would be changed. 

Oklahoma. 

Only one sample of beets was received at the laboratory of the 
Department of Agriculture from Oklahoma. The average weight of 
the beets composing the sample was 10 ounces, the mean percentage 
of sugar in the beets 11.8, and the coetficient of purity, 72.5. The 
director of the agricultural experiment station has submitted the fol- 
lowing- report of the analyses of 21 samples, showing a mean percent- 
age of sugar in the juice of 12, and in the beet of 11.4, and a mean 
coefficient of purity of 05.3. The mean coefficient of purity as obtained 
at the experiment station of Oklahoma is phenomenally low. These 
data, taken in connection with the climatic conditions which prevail in 
that Territory, are sufficient to indicate that there is no prospect of 
establishing a beet-sngar industry in Oklahoma. 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN OKLAHOMA. 

Seed and eiilture directions were sent to farmers in each county, and the number 
of requests for seed quickly exhausted the available supply. But twenty-four 
reports were received and twenty-one authentic samples examined. Of the three 
total failures reported, one is stated as due to flood, another to drought, and the 
third to hail. The yield, judgiug from the vague and indefinite reports which I 
have been able to secure, varied greatly. It seems that in many cases the seed was 
sown too far apart lu the drills and that but little legard was paid the culture- 
directions sent out. In general, a poor stand was secured, and the majority of those 
reporting are not enthusiastic as to the prospects of the sugar-beet industry in 
Oklahoma. 

I inclose a tabular statement of the results of analyses of beets. The low coeffi- 
cient of jiurity of the juice is especially noticeable. 

Analyses of sugar beets grown in Oklahoma Territory, 1897. 

Coeffi- 
County. ;^-',^,v«"' cientof County. ^",?,>«'° cient of 

purity. 



Canadian . 

Do ... . 

Do ... . 
Cleveland . 

Custer 

Garfield . . . 
Kingfisher 
Lincoln ... 

Do.... 

Do ... . 

Do .... 
Lojran 



Sugar in 
juice. 


Coeffi- 
cient of 
purity. 


Per cent. 




9.3 


53.1 


13.0 


60.3 


10.1 


62. 7 


13.0 


74.3 


13.9 


68.1 


12.6 


07.3 


14.9 


06.2 


10.8 


73.0 


10.8 


57.7 


13.9 


81.8 


10.1 


60.1 


9.6 


68.6 



Lo^an 

Oklahoma 

Pawnee 

Payne 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Pottawatomie 




Oregon. 



No samples of beets were received at the Department from the State 
of Oregon during the season. Previous analyses of beets received 
from that State have shown uniformly a high content of sugar and a 



104 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



high coefficient of purity. The agricultural experiment station of Ore- 
gon for several years has devoted a great deal of time and attention to 
the study of the sugar-beet industry in that State and published valu- 
able reports on the subject. Mr. G. W. Shaw has prepared a resume 
of the worlc of the station and of the Department, wliich contains the 
summaries of the work done, with various comments on the data 
obtained. This report is given below. 

HESUI.TS OF EXPERIMENTS IN OREGON. 

In liis notes on tbc analyses of l)eets for the season of 1X91, Dr. H. W. Wiley, cbeni- 
ist of the United states Department of Agricnlture, said : " The samples from Oregon 
are uniformly rich in quality, and if they truly represent the capabilities of the 
State there is certainly a bright future for the sugar-beet industry on that portion 
of the Pacific coast." This was said relative to a series of 33 analyses made at the 
United States Department of Agricnlture, which gave the following average results: 
weight, 644 grams; sugar in the juice, 14.5 per cent; purity, 82.2. 

It was to obtain :i decided answer to the question, "Does Oregon possess the requi- 
site conditions lor the manufacture of sugar from beets? " that the writer, as chemist 
of the Oregon Experiment Station, began a series of experiments with beets in 1891, 
which were continued in 1892 and again in 1897. The results of these investigations 
are here briefly set forth, more detailed account of which may be had by applying 
to the station for Bulletin No. 44. 

The sugar beet does not differ from other plants in requiring certain conditions of 
climate and soil to give favorable results. In foreign countries both of these ques- 
tions have been jiretty satisfactorily settled, but in some i>arts of the United States 
the plant seems to thrive under very different conditions than obtain in foreign 
countries. Notably is this true concerning the rainfall, as is illustrated in the case 
of California and Utah, as well as in the exjierimental cnltnre in Oregon, as will 
appear later; heuce foreign countries can not be taken as representing the only 
conditions under which the root will thrive. However, it does there thrive and these 
conditions can by no means be ignored. It also thrives, and that splendidly, in 
our own California, hence her conditions can not be disregarded in a consideration of 
this question. Let us examine Oregon's condition of climate and soil that, if pos- 
sible, we may olAain some a jiriori ideas on these lines. 

The season for the growth of beets may be divided into three periods — that of 
germinating, that of plant ibrmation, and that of sugar storing. The following is 
a comparative table showing the temperature averages for Germany and certain 
parts of Oregon during these periods: 

Averaf/e temperature for iieriods of growth. 





Average temperature. 


Period of growth. 


Foreign. 


Eastern 
Oregon. 


Willam- 
ette 
valley. 


Southern 
Oregon. 


First 


49.1 
63.3 
56.3 


56.0 
65.0 
64.5 


52.5 
64.4 
63.3 


53.3 




64.5 


Third 


54.8 







Taking as a basis Dr. McMurtrie's mean isotherm for sugar-beet culture at 70° for 
June, July, and August, Dr. Wiley, in his report upon beet culture, gives a map of 
the United States, showing 100 miles on each side of this isotherm, within which area 
favorable results may be looked for. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES, 



105 



It is in the rainfall of the State that we find the greatest seeming deviation from 
those portions of the world which .are taken as typical beet-producing regions. This 
seeming difference should not be considered as a too serious drawback, nor would it 
appear so to those acquainted with all the conditions. The average amount of rain- 
fall does not differ much from that of the beet-growing regions of other countries, 
yet it is not so evenly distributed. It must be borne in mind, however, that the 
soils of Oregon are much difterent with respect to their retentiveness of moisture, 
and that for all our crops the necessary moisture nearly all falls during the "wet 
season," and for this reason we do not usually consider the monthly rainfall as Itear- 
ing so close relation to the crops as it does in most other States, but rather are wont 
to consider the seasonal i>reciiiitation as the more important factor. In this respect 
ours is similar to the condition which obtains in our sister State, California, in 
which the beet industry has reached a high state of development. 

Champion and Pellet consider phosphoric acid as an indis])ensalde base for the 
formation of sugar in the beet. They classify the order in which the jjlant food is 
indispensable as follows: (1) Phosphoric acid, (2) lime, (3) nitrogen, (4) potash. 

It is foreign to our purpose to discuss, at this time, the soils of Oregon to any 
length, but in connection with the last statement I desire to direct attention to 
the fact that the soils of Oregon are well — yes, abundantly — supplied with phos- 
phoric acid; that they surpass those of France in lime and equal them in potash. 
Below are contrasted analyses of some of the French sugar-beet soils with those of 
the natural divisions of this Sta.te and those of California. These results, I think, 
speak for themselves, and need no further comment. 

Arerafje comparatire composition of soils. 



Analysis of line earth. 



Insoluble matter 

Solul)le silica 

rotash (K^O) 

Soda (NajO) 

Lime (CaO) 

Magnesia (MgO) 

Manganese (MnjC^) 

Iron (Fe./)3) 

Alnmina ( AI2O3) 

Siilphnric acid (SO:;) 

Phosi)horic acid (P^Os) 

Carbonic acid (COj) 

Water and organic matter . 

Otlier matter 

Humus 



France. 



Somme. 



.06 
.09 
.51 



Nord. 



2.88 
7.24 



.09 

.40 

5.60 

1.85 



.14 
.42 



2.18 
8.62 



.08 

.70 

4.84 

1.52 



Oregon. 



Eastern. 



66.59 

13.12 

.43 

.22 

1.22 

.75 

.10 

10.69 

.04 
.14 



6.21 
l.li 



Willamette 
Valley. 



65. 18 
5.02 
.23 
.18 
.83 
.79 
.08 

16.45 

.03 

.21 



Southern 



62.45 
8.74 
.34 
.21 
2.22 
.80 
.25 

15.35 

.01 
.13 



Califor- 
nia. 



67.88 
8.96 
.64 
.28 
1.08 
1.49 
.06 

15.02 

.05 
.08 



Measured, then, by the foreign conditions as to temperature and the California 
conditions as to rainfall, and with a soil amply supplied with all the elements 
necessary to produce abundant crops, Oregon would certainly seem favored with all 
the requisites for success in beet culture. 

The analyses made at the station during the season of 1891-92 may be summarized 
as follows : 

County averages for 1891. 



County. 


Ko. 


Sugar. 


Purity co- 
efficient. 


County. 


No. 


Sugar. 


Purity co- 
efficient. 




39 
7 
1 
9 
3 

16 
5 


12.30 
14.55 
13.74 
12.99 
18. 93 
14.32 
13.54 


74.12 
77. 30 
79. 42 
73.45 
80.99 
79. 95 
79.91 




1 
1 
3 
11 
1 


15.99 
14.72 
15.84 
13.96 
10.73 


78 38 




Polk 


78 08 






79 89 










Yamhill 


76 64 












14.13 


78 08 











106 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



An examination of the results reveals that the analyses had a wide range, viz: 
From 6.77 per cent to 22.44 per cent sngar in the jnice. Of the 95 analyses made, 8 
fell below 10 per cent; 76 showed over 12 per cent, and 37 over 14 per cent sugar. 
An average of 81 analyses for the Willamette Valley shows 13.76 per cent sugar and 
a purity coefiflcieut of 77.89; the average l)ept weighing a little over IJ pounds, while 
an average of 10 analyses of beets from southern Oregon showed 13.38 per cent sugar 
with a little larger beet. But this does not really sliow the capabilities of this sec- 
tion of the State, as will appear later, for there were quite a number of immature 
beets included in this average. 

Experimenia of 1893. — For the investigations of 1892 the following varieties were 
used, Desprez's Early Rose, Vilmoriii's Improved, Kleinwanzlcbenor, and White 
Imperial, all of which arc favorite kinds, the first being much used in California. 
Unfortunately the seed Avas delayed in leaching us, so it could not be distributed to 
the farmers as early as it should have been to secure the best results. Had the seed 
reached us in due time, it could have been put into the ground in April, for at that 
time there was favorable weather for seeding, but by the time the seed had been dis- 
tributed cold weatlier set in and continued till May, after which the weather became 
very dry, rendering the conditions for a fair trial very unfavorable. 

The rainfall for the season was below the normal and reports all read "very dry," 
"extraordinarily dry," " weather very unfavorable." In fact, nearly all the beets in 
the eastern portion of the State failed to mature, and in many instances the seed 
failed to germinate. So far as the season's climate is concc^rned, then, the experi- 
ments were greatly handicapped and we were "in pursuit of knowledge under 
difiSculties." 

The cultivation for this season was the same as for the previous year, except tliat 
the rows were placed 20 inches apart. 

Owing to the disturbed condition of the experiment, the results are doubtless 
poorer than would have been the case had tlie season been oiie of more nearly normal 
conditions. Still, the results confirm the conclusions of the pnn'ious year, that Oregon 
X)0ssesses the conditions necessary for the production of excellent beets for the pur- 
pose of beet-sugar manufacture. 

Expressed by counties the averages are as follows: 

Av&'ages for 1S92 by counties. 



County. 



Benton 

Cliickiiniiis. . 

Douglas 

Jackson 

Lane 

Lincoln 

Liun 

Marion — . 



Number 

of 
analyses. 



Average 
for 1892. 



12.80 
15.10 
15. 20 
15.00 
15.20 
16.20 
17.10 
13.80 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



86.50 

87.83 
81.15 
84.74 
84. 05 
83.00 
73.74 
74.60 



County. 



Polk 

Union 

Washington 
Yamhill .... 
Josephine... 
Wasco — . . 
Malheur 



Number 
of 



Average 


Purity co- 


for 1892. 


efficient. 


14.50 


73. 30 


19.80 


87.33 


15.50 


78.79 


13.70 


82. 83 


15. 70 


88.00 


21.10 


90.50 


20.20 


84.90 



The average of all analyses for the State was 15.7 per cent sugar in the juice, with a 
jjurity coefficient of 78.08, against 13.75 per cent and a purity of 77.57 for the previous 
season. Out of the 65 analyses made, only 11 indicated less than 12 percent sugar in 
tbe Juice, and 41 samples iudicJited over 14 per cent, the extremes being 9.4 per cent 
and 23.8 per cent. The average for the different natural divisions of the State were 

as follows: 

Per cent. 

Willamette Valley, 44 samples 14.7 

Eastern Oregon, 11 .samples 19.2 

Southern Oregon, 10 samples 15.1 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



107 



While from 1893 to 1897 no definitely outlined experiments have been conducted, 
yet the station has furnished more or less seed to various parties who have sent the 
beets to be analyzed. In other cases beet seed has been furnished by other parties, 
and analyses have been made in all cases when beets were forwarded to the station. 
The average of the results of 23 analyses made since 1892 shows 15.05 per cent sugar 
in the juice and a purity coefficient of 89.8. 

Averafje of all 7-esiilts. — Let lis now collect the results to 1897 which have been thus 
separately set forth. In the same table I beg to include the averages from analyses 
made at Washington, D. C, by the United States Department of Agriculture. These 
last-mentioned results really indicate a litih* too high, probably about 10 ])er cent, 
on account of the time that necessarily elapsed between harvesting and analyzing, 
which would result in a loss of water. 

Expressed by counties the averages are as follows: 

Average of all analyses foi- each county. 



County. 



Uenton 

Clackamas . . . 

Columbia 

Coos 

Douglas 

Jackson 

Lane 

Lincoln ' 

Linn 

Marion 

Polk 

Union 

Washington , 

Yaniliill 

.Tnsepliine ... 

"W asco 

Malheur 

Sherman 

Umatilla 

Multnomah . . 



Number 
of anal- 
yses. 



Average 

of analyses 

made at 

station. 



12.57 
15. 62 
13.74 



14.10 
17.93 
14.42 



14.13 
15.17 
14.54 
18.61 
15. 29 
12.87 
15.70 
21.10 
20.20 



Purity 
coefficient. 



79.63 

78.76 
79.42 

77.98 
81.00 
80.19 



73.43 
74. 60 
74.10 
85.10 
80. 98 
82.76 
81.21 
90.50 
83.44 



76.80 



Number 
of anal- 
yses. 



Average 
for United 
States De- 
partment 
of Agricul- 
ture. 



14.34 
15.30 
15.30 
14.56 
17.74 
18.94 
14.24 



14.15 
14.15 
12.10 
14. 35 
12.49 



13.55 
15.12 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



82.8 
84.2 
81.7 
82.6 
84.3 
83.9 
85.4 



79.4 
81.1 
70.8 
81.8 
80.7 



72.2 
80.9 



■ Averaged with Benton County. 

If we omit from the average those beets which were immature or overgrown, the 
averages for the State will be: 





Sugar. 


Purity co- 
efficient. 


Season of 1891 


14.3 
15.9 
15.0 


78.2 


Season of 1892 


81.4 


Since 1892 


84.8 






Mean 


15.0 


81.5 







During the season just ended, 1897-98, the experiments were continued, but 
were limited for the most part to those portions of the State which seemed to offer 
not only the best conditions for growing beets, but also presented other favorable 
economic conditions, for unless the requisites for the manufacture of sugar can be 
had as well as the beets, it is useless to expend labor in an attempt to shoAV that we 
can grow good beets. In these experimeuts the conditions were not particularly 
favorable — indeed, were adverse, inasmuch as the ground was entirely prepared in 



108 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



the spriiiij auil tlie seed was late. The results obtained in tlie localities selected are 
given below : 



County. 


Weight. 


«-g-- ^eSnf 




Grams. 
395 
508 
477 
437 
512 


Per cent. 
15.2 
13.8 
17.5 
15.6 
14.1 


Per cent. 
85 9 




8"? 4 


LTuion 


88 4 




81.0 




85 8 







Pennsylvania. 

Fifty-nine samples of beets grown in Pennsylvania were received at 
the r)ei>artment of Agriculture laboratory for analysis. The mean 
weight of the beets in the samples was 18 ounces, the mean content of 
sugar in the beet 13.8 per cent, and the mean coefficient of purity, 79.5. 
The size and sugar content of the samples received from the whole State 
were satisfactory, but the coefficient of purity falls a little below the 
minimum standard. 

The samples received may be divided, for the purposes of study, into 
two sets, namely, those from counties lying in and north and west of 
the favorable thermal belt, and second, the counties lying south and 
east of that belt. Collected by counties, the samples divided accord- 
ing to the above classification show tiie following data: 

Counties of I'eunsijlrania above and helow isothermal line 7(P. 



County. 



Above 70° 

Allegheny 

Crawford 

Elk 

Erie 

Mercer 

Potter 

Union 

Lawrence 

Avenige.?, etc 

Beloiv 70° 

Cumberland 

Lebanon 

Perry 

York 

Averages, etc 



Number 

of 
samples. 



Average 
weight. 



Ounces. 
18 
25 
16 
28 
34 
18 
10 
16 



Sugar in 


Coeffi- 


the 


cient of 


beets. 


purity. 


Per cent. 




13.8 


77.0 


13.9 


75.3 


13.'0 


77.4 


15.8 


82.5 


15.4 


83.7 


18.0 


81.1 


19.6 




16.8 


79.9 



21 



14.8 



12.2 
14.4 
15.7 
13.9 



12.7 



78.9 



79.6 

79. 
82.2 
80.2 



79.8 



It will be seen that the 'U samples coming from the counties lying in 
and to the north and west of the favorable thermal belt have an aver- 
age weight of 21 ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beet of 14.8 
per cent, and a mean coefficient of purity of 78.9. The 28 samples com- 
ing from counties lying south and east of the favorable thermal belt 
have a mean weight of 15 ounces, a sugar content in the beet of 12.7 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 109 

per cent, and a mean i^urity of 70.8. With the exception of tlie coefti- 
cieiit of i)urity, the intiiieuce of the more favorable thermal conditions 
is easily distinguished. 

Of the counties in Pennsylvania furnishing the most data may be 
mentioned Allegheny, with 13 samples, having an average weight of 18 
ounces, a mean content of sugar in the beet of 13.8 per cent, and a 
mean purity of 77. Cumberland County, in the southern part of the 
(State, sent 22 samples, having a mean weight of 12 ounces, a mean 
content of sugar in tlie beet of 12 per cent, and a mean purity of 79.6. 
Erie County sent 7 samples, having a mean weight of 28 ounces, a mean 
content of sugar in the beet of 15.8 per cent, and a mean i^urity of 82.5. 
The samples from Erie County are decidedly the most favorable, and 
this is to be exi^ected, since Erie County has conditions of soil and 
climate which are entirely analogous to those pervading the New York 
area from Albany to Buffalo. 

Attention has been called before to the mountainous character of a 
large part of the State of Pennsylvania, even where favorable thermal 
conditions prevail. It is evident, however, that in the northern and 
western portions of the State, where suitable soil can be found, the 
culture of the sugar beet may be introduced under the most favorable 
conditions, and with every prospect of success. 

EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXI'EHIMENT STATION. 

The agricultural experime;:t station of Pennsylvania cooperated with 
the Department of Agriculture in the investigation of the beet-sugar 
work, and has published the results of its work in Bulletin No. 40 of 
that station. For details of the analytical work and of the observa- 
tions made by the director of the station the reader is referred to the 
bulletin mentioned. In discussing the analyses Director Arm sby says: 

Of the 69 samples reported upon iatbe above table, 55 (or 80 per cent) showed over 
12 per ceut of sugar in the beet. Thirty-lbnr samples (or 49 per cent) showed a 
coefficient of pvu'ity of over 80. Thirty-two out of the total number (or 46 percent) 
showed over 12 per cent of sugar and also a purity coefficient of over 80. lu view 
of the fact that practically all of the beets were raised by farmers who had had no 
experience in the culture of this plant for sugar, the results must be regarded as 
decidedly favorable so far as the (luality of the beets is concerned. 

In 40 cases out of the whole number we have data regarding the average weight of 
the beets. Of these 40 samples, 14 (or 35 per cent) weighed between 0.80 and 1.35 
pounds, 18 (or 45 per cent) were below 0.80 pound in weight, and 8 (or 20 per cent) 
were above 1.35 pounds. It thus appears that, as a rule, the size of the beets was 
rather small. 

Thirty-four of the experimenters reported the yield of beets. In most cases the 
yield was calculated from that of a comparatively small area, and in many cases there 
is evidence that the results may be considerably in error. Taking them as they 
stand, however, 10 (or 29 per cent) reported a yield of over 15 tons per acre, 2 (or 6 
per cent) a yield of between 10 and 12 tons per acre, and 17 (or 50 per cent) a yield 
below 10 tons per acre. It thus appears that while, as stated above, the general 
quality of the beets was good, the yield was rather small. 



110 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

As stated abovt^, 32 of the samples showed iiiorc than 12 per cent of sugar with a. 
purity coefficient of more than 80. Of these 32 experiments, 7 (or 22 per cent) 
rejtorted a yiekl of over 10 tons per acre, 4 (or 13 per cent) a yield of between 8 and 
10 tons per acre, 7 (or 22 per cent) a yield of less than 8 tons per acre, while 14 (or 
44 per cent) did not report the yield. These figures confirm those given above in 
showing that the yield was, as a whole, rather small. 

Rhodk Island. 

Only 2 sample.s were received from Rhode Islaud, and no deductions 
of any value can be made from sucli limited data. The average weight 
of the beets composing the samples was 21 ounces, the mean percent- 
age of sugar therein 11.9, and the mean purity 74 2. These data of 
course are far from encouraging, but there are reasons for supposing 
that the climate of Khode Island is favorable to the production of a 
much richer beet. The available area for cultivation in beets in Rhode 
Island is small, and it may not be worth while to prosecute the experi- 
mental work. Nevertheless, it is suggested that it might be profitable 
for the agricultural experiment station of Rhode Island to study the 
subject to a greater extent. 

South Carolina. 

Thirteen samples were received at the Department of Agriculture 
from South Carolina. The mean weight of the samples was 17 ounces, 
the percentage of sugar in the beet 9.9, and the mean purity 79.9. 
These data, taken into consideration with the latitude and thermal con- 
ditions, indicate that there is no prospect of South Carolina becoming 
a sugar-producing State. 

South Dakota. 

Only 5 samples of beets grown in South Dakota were receive<l at 
the Department for analysis. The mean weight of the beets compos- 
ing these sarajdes was 17 ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beet 
15.1, and the mean purity coefiBcient 83.2. These data are favorable, 
but too meager for the basis of any definite conclusions. 

EXPEKIMENTS UY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF SOUTH DAKOTA. 

Extensive investigations in cooperation with the Department of 
Agriculture were carried on by the South Dakota station during the 
past season. The whole number of samples analyzed at the South 
Dakota station was 337. For convenience of classification they are 
grouped according to the different regions in the State, and by counties 
in the regions as is shown in the following table: 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Ill 



Averages by counties and regions. 
[From report of Jas. H. Shepard, Chemist of Experiment Station.] 



Region and county. 



BIG STONE LAKE REGION. 



Roberts County. 
Grant County 



Region averages 



UPPER SIOUX RIVER REGION. 

Codington County 

Deuel County , 

Kingsbury County 

Moody County 

Lake County 

Brookings County 

Minnehalia County 



Region averages 

LOWER SIOUX RIVER REGION. 



Lincoln County 

Turner County 

Hutchinson County. 
]?onhoraine County.. 

Clay County 

Yai'iktou County 

Union County 



Region averages , 

CENTRAL JAMES RIVER REGION. 



Miner County... 
Sanborn County. 
Davison County 
McCook County. 



Region averages 



UPPER JAMES RIVER REGION. 



Marshall County 

Brown County 

McPherson County , 
Edmunds County... 

Day County 

Clark County 

Spink County 

Beadle County 

Faulk County 

Hyde County. 

Hand County 



Region averages 



UPPER MISSOURI RIVER RE- 
GION. 



Campbell County . 
Walworth County. 

Potter County 

Sully County 

Hughes County ... 



Region averages. 



CENTRAL MISSOURI RIVER RE- 
GION. 



Jerauld County 

Buffalo County 

Brule County 

Aurora County 

Douglas County 

Charles Mis County. 



Region averages . 



Number 

of 
samples. 



Tons per 
acre. 



24.6 
16.4 



20.5 



15.7 
8.5 
23.1 
14.1 
16.6 
19.8 
20.2 



Percent 
stand. 



^1 



Average Sugar in Purity co- 
weight, j beets. efficient. 



Orams. 
H87 
397 



Per cent. 
15.3 
13.9 



392 I 



473 
423 
359 
431 
424 
455 
423 



12.9 
14.5 
14.0 
14.2 
13.8 
13.4 
15.2 



16.9 



16.4 

18.2 
19.5 
17.5 
30.5 
19.7 
19.3 



20.2 



21.5 
14.2 
30.1 
22.5 



14.0 



77 



22.1 



15.1 
26.3 
17.7 
14.5 
22.8 
19.1 
33.6 
12.8 
14.3 
11.8 



90 
61 
100 
75 
69 
75 
75 
77 

50 
90 



18.8 



12.3 
16.6 
17.2 
12.5 
8.3 



13.4 



11.0 
44.0 
17.2 
14.7 
16.8 
23.9 



21.3 



402 
437 
333 
449 
470 
498 
388 



15.0 
14.5 
19.5 
15.4 
14.7 
14.6 
15.2 



88.0 
87.5 



87.8 



Ash in 
the juice. 



85.1 
89.2 
86.2 
87.8 
81.2 
86.7 
86.1 



S. 



84.8 
85. I 
88.4 
87.2 
86.2 
86.0 
H8.5 



425 



15.6 



86.6 



329 
373 
470 
423 



14.5 
15.5 
14.8 
15.0 



14.9 



322 
364 
314 
349 
367 
3.il 
302 
475 
304 



409 
525 
399 



290 
379 
375 
394 
286 
394 



13.7 
13.3 
18.3 
15.1 
13.9 
13.9 
15.5 
14.5 
18.0 
14.6 
16.8 



84.6 
87.4 
86.4 
89.0 



86.9 



85.6 
81.7 
85.3 
84.3 

88. 3 
87.2 

89. 1 
86.8 
89.5 
84.7 
81.4 



15.2 



17.7 
14.9 
15.9 
14.3 
14.8 



85.8 



84.8 
88.0 
86.7 
85.3 



15.5 



15.3 
16.1 
16.2 
16.6 
16.4 
14.8 



15.9 



84.5 
84.3 
82.4 
80.7 
87.8 
83.2 



84.8 



112 



BEET-SUliAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Arera</cs by connties and rci/ions — Coutiiiued. 



Kegion and county. 


Number 

of 
samples. 


Tons per 
acre. 


I'er cent 
stand. 


Average 
weight. 


Sugar in 
beets. 


Purity co- 
efficient. 


Ash in 
the juice. 


WHITE RIVER REGION. 


1 
1 

1 


45.0 
33.0 




Gramg. 
421 
445 
263 


Per cent. 
14.9 
14.3 
16.4 


83.1 
82.0 
80.8 


90 




100 


1 07 




1 22 














39.0 


100 


376 


15.2 


82.0 


1 06 








BLACK HILLS REGION. 

Meade County 


10 
5 

1 
4 


16.1 
9.5 
10.0 
15.4 


75 
79 
80 
90 


401 

330 

67 

325 


16.8 
16.4 
14.8 
15.9 


82.1 

82.7 
78.0 
83.7 


1.19 
1 48 




47 




• 1.35 










12.8 


81 


281 


16.0 


81.6 


1.12 








BUTTE KEGION. 


t 




35 

78 


343 
471 


20.7 
16.5 


86.0 
89.4 


1.30 




33.8 


1.18 










33.8 


57 


407 


18.6 


87.7 


1.24 












21.9 


77 


383 


15.5 


85.6 


1.09 









From an inspection of the above data it is seen that the results of the 
experiments conducted by the station are quite encouraging. Tlie mean 
average weight of the beets analyzed was a little below the normal, 383 
grams, equivalent to 13.5 ounces. The mean content of sugar in the 
beets was 15.5 per cent, and the mean purity coefficient S5A>. The data 
for yield per acre are probably unreliable, as many reports of tonnage are 
given which are evidently erroneous, as, for instance, in Presho County, 
where a yield of 45 tons jier a(;re is reported, and in Pratt County, 33 
tons per acre, a quantity of beets which is not to be expected under 
the most favorable circumstances of growth. In so far as producing a 
crop of beets rich in sugar is concerned, the conditions in South Dakota 
seem to be extremely favorable. Attention, however, should be cfilled 
to former statements that the farmers of this State will have to contend 
with the great difficulty of an early and sudden coming of winter. If, 
therefore, the industry should secure a hold, this will be the most imj)or- 
tant point in the agricultural part of the work to be considered, namely, 
the harvesting and preserving of the crop for manufacturing purposes. 
The high purity coefficients which obtain in South Dakota are especially 
encouraging. There is no other State which-has equaled South Dakota 
in the purity of the juices of the beets. There is abundant reason 
found in the data published above to encourage the agricultural exper- 
iment station of the State to continue its work of investigation, and 
to attract the favorable attention of intending investors. 

Texas. 

The northwestern portion of Texas reaches an altitude where the 
thermal conditions become more favorable to beet production. It is 
not to be expected that the southern and western portions of the State 
will ever be seriously considered for this purpose. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



113 



Eleven samples were received from Texas at the Department of 
Agriculture laboratory, having an average weight of 22 ounces, a mean 
content of sugar in the beets of 12.G per cent, and a mean purity of 76.5. 
All the counties represented were in the northern and western portions 
of the State except McLennan, which is in the center. There is reason 
to believe that on the high plateaus in the northwestern portion of the 
State, where irrigation is possible, the culture of the sugar beet might 
be introduced with considerable prospects of success. 

A few analyses were made by the agricultural experiment station of 
Texas, and these are given below : 

REVIEW OF THE WORK DONE BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF 

TEXAS. 

All of the sei-ds that we received for distribution in this State during the past 
season came to hand too late for proper planting in a, State so far south as Texas. 
For this reason the dry season prevented a fair growth of the beets at an important 
period in their development, and the crops waited for the fall rains to develop size. 
These ftill rains were accompanied by a small per cent of sunshine, resulting in a low 
sugar content. These conclusions are based upon the fact that where beets were 
planted late and irrigated, the sugar content was higher than when samples were 
grown by late fall rains and then sent us for analysis. Of course the extreme west- 
ern jjortion of the State produced beets of high sugar content. 

Results of experivients in Texas. 



Name and address of persons 
from whom beets were re- 
ceived. 



R. B. Edgell, Clarendon, Don- 
ley County, Tex. 
D. W. Rnckston, Silverton, 
Briscoe County, Tex. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

R. L. Goble, Garrett, Ellis 

County, Tex. 
L. H. Carjjenter, Silverton, 
Briscoe County, Tex. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

F. E. Davis, Dublin, Erath 
County, Tex. 

C. W. Griffin, Toyahvale, 
Reeves County. Tex. 

Do 



Section of State. 



Panhandle "D 
do 



-do 
-do 
-do 



Black Land Belt D" 
Panhandle "D 



do 

do 

do 

Central North i 



Pecos Region n . . . 
do 



Labora- 
tory 
number. 



(*) 



15.5 

17.0 
14.0 
13.2 
13.5 

15.2 

13.5 
11.0 
11.3 
12.55 

16.5 
15.0 



Sucrose. 


Purity co- 
efficient. 


11.88 


70.68 


9.69 


02.5 


11.02 
6.89 
7.98 
7.79 


64. 82 
49.19 
60.91 
57.7 


6.27 


4L8 


4.89 
5.04 
5.46 
7.07 


36.9 
45.7 
48.34 
56. 04 


9.69 
9.5 


58.7 
63.3 


15.08 


71.5 



Weight. 



Lbi. ozs. 



4 beets, 1 sample. 

Tennessee. 



tRed. 



Seventeen samples of beets were received at the laboratory of the 
Department of Agriculture from Tennessee, of which eight were from 
the agricultural experiment station at Kuoxville. The mean weight of 
the beets received was 11 ounces, the mean i^ercentage of sugar 10.8, 
and the mean purity 71.9. The mountainous regions of Tennessee are 
probably favorably situated in regard to thermal conditions for the 
H. Doc. 396 8 



114 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

growing of beets, but the contour of the country will prevent any exten- 
sive planting of this crop. Middle and western Tennessee are evi 
dently too warm for successful beet culture. 

Virginia. 

Thirty-four samples grown in the State of Virginia were received at 
the Department of Agriculture for examination. The mean Aveight of 
the beets composing these samples was 21 ounces, the mean content of 
sugar in the beets 11.0 i)er cent, and the mean purity 76.2. 

Virginia lies almost entirely south of the region where thermal con- 
ditions are most favorable to beet culture. It is only in the seacoast 
counties, where the temperature is moderated by the sea breezes, and 
in the mountainous counties, where the altitude is great enough to 
lower the temperature, that good results can be expected. A great 
deal of interest has been manifested in the State in regard to the build- 
ing of factories, but it is evident that intending investors as well as 
farmers should stop to consider the matter very seriously before 
Investing their money and their labor in this enterprise. 

A few analyses received from Virginia show favorable results, as for 
instance, the samjile from Carroll County, weighing 15 ounces, and 
containing IS.l per cent of sugar in the beet. There is little in the 
data, however, to encourage the belief that Virginia is a favorable 
region for beet growing. 

Investigations were also made by the agricultural experiment sta- 
tion of Virginia, but only to a very limited extent. The data obtained 
on analysis, together with the observations of the ofiticial in charge of 
the investigations, are found in the following report: 

INVESTIGATIONS BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OF VIRGINIA. 

Before stating the results of the analyses made at this station I think it best to 
make some comments upon the work attempted this season. In the first place, it was 
quite late ))eforc we concluded to undertake the distribution of seeds and then by 
the time they reached us from the Department of Agriculture the season was so far 
advanced that a considerable number of persons to whom the seeds were distributed 
failed to plant them. This, of course, disturbed the experiment to a considerable 
extent. Another disturl)ing factor was the extreme drought which prevailed during 
the latter part of the season over this State in general, which resulted in many cases 
in practically destroying the crop. As a consequence, our results are not what we 
could wish. After much corresiiondence with those to whom seed was distributed, 
we concluded to analyze only samples representing fairly well the tide- water and 
limestone sections of the State. The results of these analyses follow: 

Sample No. 1. From W. J. Phillips, Accomac County, Va. Weight of whole beet, 
372 grams. Per cent of sugar, 16.11. 

Sample No. 2. From Henry Jones, Suffolk, Nansemond County, Va. Weight of 
whole beet, 1,325 grams. Per cent of sugar, 4.17. 

Sample No. 3. From L. T. Barnes, Boulevard, New Kent County, Va. Weight of 
whole beet, 581 grams. Per cent of sugar, 14.64. 

Sample No. 4. From T. A. Eller, Atkins, Smyth County, Va. Weight of whole 
beet, 760 grams. Per cent of sugar, 9.61. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 115 

Sample No. 5. From cxpiiimeut station. Weight of whole beot, 584 gniins. Per 
cent of sugar, 13.63. 

The first three samples represent the eastern section of the State and the last two 
the limestone section. Wo endeavored to secure sixteen samjjles covering more 
perfectly the geologic areas of the State, but from the causes above mentioned we 
failed to procure proper samples. 

Dr. McBryde desires me to say that if the Department wishes us to aid in the con- 
duct of this work the coming year we will be pleased to do so, and that the work 
will be taken in hand in proi»er season and the growing experiments arranged on a 
much better plan, so as to secui"e reliable samples from the different sections of the 
State. 

Experiments in the growth of beets in Virginia during 1897 were 
also made by the State board of agriculture, and are described on page 
-500 of the annual report of the board for the year 1897. One hundred 
and eight samples were analyzed during September and October. It 
is stated in this report that these samples varied in saccharine strength 
from 8.5 to 17.1 per cent; thirty-five of them were below 12 per cent, 
and seventy-three showed a saccharine value of from 12 to 17.1 per 
cent, with a coefiicieiit of jnirity of from 79 to 88.5, or a saccharine 
average of 11.7 per cent, and an average purity coefficient of 85, which 
is equivalent to 250 jiounds of raw sugar per ton of beets. 

The data obtained by the State board of agriculture are more favor- 
able than those secured by the Department of Agriculture or by the 
experiment station at IJlacksburg, It is hardly probable, however, 
that the map which accompanies the report of the State board of agri- 
culture will be regarded as a final judgment in regard to the localities 
in Virginia suitable to the growth of beets of the different qualities 
noted. A much larger series of experiments, extending over a greater 
number of years, will be necessary to definitely determine that iioint. 

Washington. 

Thirty- four samples of beets grown in the State of Washington were 
received at the Department of Agriculture for analysis. The mean 
weight of the beets received was 27 ounces, the mean ])ercentage of 
sugar 13.7, and the mean i)urity coefficient 80.7. 

The agricultural experiment station of the State of Washington for 
many years has conducted careful studies in regard to the possibilities 
of producing sugar in that State. During the past year GO samples of 
beets grown in Washington were analyzed at the laboratory of the 
agricultural experiment station. The mean weight of the beets 
analyzed was 23 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beets 13.G, 
and the mean coefficient of purity 75.7. Of the whole number G8 i)er 
cent contained over 12 per cent of sugar, and 78 per cent weighed more 
than 16 ounces. The reports of the director and chemist of the station 
are given below. 



116 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Summary of analyses of heels from Washington. 
[Compiled from report of exi>«riment station.] 



County. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Net 
weight 
beets. 


Sugar 
in 

beets. 


Coeffi- 
cient 
of 
purity. 


County. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Net 
weight 
beets. 


Sugar 

in 
beets. 


Coeffi- 
cient 

of 
purity. 




1 
7 
20 
2 
8 
4 
3 


Ounces. 
29 
25 
17 
22 
33 
27 
25 


Per ct. 
14.3 
12.0 
15.8 
12.3 
12.5 
13.5 
11.8 


77.7 
73.7 
79.2 
70.9 
72.9 
75.6 
80.4 




10 
1 
2 
2 


Ounces. 
15 
54 
46 
26 


Per ct. 
12.1 
14.3 
14.2 
12.4 


71.4 




Clallam 

Whitman 

Klickitat 

Averages, otc. 


77 4 




76. 3 




7i S 






Sail Juan 

Whatcom 


60 


23 


13. 6 75. 7 



RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN WASHINGTON. 

I have the honor to report as follows : 

The appointment was made so late in the summer that it served only the purpose 
of providing for the free transportation of heets to this point for analysis, conse- 
quently the rein)rt must necessarily deal with facts of an earlier date chiefly, if it is 
to be of any value as an indication of the adaptability of the soil and climate of the 
State of Washington to the culture of sugar beets. Permit me to say that we 
regarded our experimentation as practically complete before the beginning of this 
year. In consequence of this fact it had been announced early in the season that no 
distribution of seed would be made. At a later period some seed was obtained from 
the Department of Agriculture. The planting season in Washington begins very 
early considering the httitude, and the seed was received too late for general use. 
Seed was, however, supplied to those requesting it, and in the main these requests 
were from localities not so well adapted to the culture of sugar beets, so that the 
results of this year's planting can in no way be taken as representative. 

The Washington State Experiment Station began the investigation of this proli- 
lem through its chemical department in the spring of 1891, and conducted it with 
the greatest thoroughness through that and the two succeeding seasons, making more 
than 3,000 analyses. Beets were raised in both small and large plats. The results 
were so uniform as to demonstrate the peculiar adaptal)ility of this region to the 
culture of sugar beets. These results are given in Bulletins 15 and 26 of the State 
exi^eriment station. I submit herewith the report of Professor Fulmer, of the 
department of chemistry, relative to the results of this year. I might mention the 
fact that Professor Fulmer was for some time chemist of a beet-sugai' factorj^ in 
Nebraska, and is particularly well fitted for dealing with this subject. The results 
thus far obtained in the State show a percentage of sugar of about 15, aud a purity 
of nearly 81. 



Pullman, Wash., January 6, 1S9S. 
Dear Sir: In compliance with your request I hand you herewith a tabulated 
statement of the analyses made in tln^ station laboratory of beets grown from seed 
furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture. The data presented are 
far from being complete. The very important item of "variety of seed " is entirely 
omitted, because in almost all cases the variety indicated by the grower of the beets 
was not at all in harmony with the characteristics exhibited by the samples. For 
example, beets with pink skins were often marked '• Kleinwanzlebener," which is 
a pure white variety. It is quite clear to my mind that the lack of harmony between 
the character of the beets and the names they bore was due to the seed sent out by 
the Government being a mixed seed. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 117 

Parties sending in beets foranalysis failed in most cast's to send any data concern- 
ing the time of planting, thinning, and harvesting; character of soil; amount of 
cultivation, etc. On account of this great lack of reliable data, the meager results 
obtained are of little value. 

I wish to direct your attention to the fact that this kind of experimental work 
with sugar beets in our State is at this time a useless expenditure of time and energy. 
During the past four years this station has made over 3,000 analyses of sugar ]>eet8 
grown in all ])arts of the State, and under all conditions of tempi^rature and rainfall. 
The details of these analyses, and of the field experiments, have been pul)li8hed in 
full in Hullctins 15 and 26. The raising of high-grade beets in this State has been 
fully demonstrated to be a practical success, and we believe any further experimen- 
tation with small plats is wholly unnecessary. 

The uniformly excellent results that we have obtained in the past are in striking 
contrast to the very poor outcome of t^jiis year's test. We believe the low sugar 
content and purity exhibited by the beets this year is due to several causes: 

(1) The seed from Washington was received altogether too late in the spring for 
distribution in time for early planting. In most sections of the State the seed 
should be jilanted not later than the middle of April. 

(2) Nearly all of the samples were grown in sections of the State that have not 
heretofore shown any special adaptability to sugar-beet culture. 

(3) W^e believe the seed was of poor quality. In support of this assertion I wish 
to call your attention to the samples that were raised at Crescent, in Lincoln County. 
Heretofore this section has always produced high-grade beets. The samples sent in 
by William Adam, P. Carsteus, and the first two of W. B. Warren were grown from 
Government seed, and gave a very low sugar content and purity. The samples of 
Wollweber, and the last three of Warren, were grown from seed raised at Crescent 
last year, and gave most excellent I'esults. These facts and the very general poor 
quality of samples leads me to regard the seed furnished as an inferior quality. 

The inclosed lesults do not do justice to our State, and I wish to protest against 
their publication as an index of the character of beets that can be raised here. 
Yours, very respectfully, 

Elton Fulmer, 
Chemist Experiment Station, 
Director E. A. Bryan, 

rullman, Wash. 

In regard to the report of the chemist, attention should be called to 
the fact that he is evidently mistaken in regard to the quality of the 
seed sent by the Department of Agriculture. This seed was, of course, 
not of the direct production from liigh-grade mother beets, bat was 
the ordinary commercial seed which was imported by the Oxnard Com- 
pany for distribution among their beet growers. It was the same seed 
which was sent to Michigan and to New York, which produced in 
those States the excellent results which have been recorded in previous 
portions of this report. In over 2,200 analyses of beets which were 
made in this laboratory during the past reason, only about 25 samples 
were received which had a pink skin, and in most cases these were 
marked with different names. It is possible, however, that a few seeds 
of this kind may have been mixed in with the large lot of commercial 
seeds which were imported into this country. The Department of 
Agriculture neither purchased nor packed the seeds which were dis- 



118 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

tributed, so that the possible admixture of other varieties can not be 
l)ositively denied. 

With the exception of tlic excessive rainfall on some of the coast 
areas, it has been demonstrated that the State of Washington is well 
suited to tlie growth of beets of a higli grade. An extended report 
on the possibilities of Oregon and Washington for beet production was 
made in Bulletin No. 5 of this Di\dsion, the investigations, which were 
published in 188."), having beeTi made in the autumn of 1884. A descrip- 
tion of the topographical features and climate of western Washington 
is given on i)ages 103-104 of that bulletin. The conclusions which I 
derived from a study of the conditions at the time are given on page 
105 in the following words: 

" lu view of the preceding descriptif)!! I iiiu inclined to lielieve that iu Washington 
Territory and Oregon, soil and climate are very favorable to the growth of a sugar 
beet of higli saccharine strength. 

" The mildness of the winter is, though to a less degree than in California, favorable 
to the season of manufacture. With a wise and careful cucouragenient of the 
industry I have no hesitation in saying that the prosjiects for the development of an 
indigenous sugar industry in the extreme northwestern part of our country are 
decidedly bright. It is a field worthy the attention both of experimenters and 
capitalists." 

Investigations which have been made subsequent to this period have 
abundantly verified the predictions given above. The chemist of the 
station, in the results of his work for 1897, says that the data are not so 
favorable as were obtained in preceding investigations, but, as he says, 
the beets analyzed came from parts of the State less favorable to beet 
culture than did those samples which had previously been examined. 
The data obtained by analyses of beets received at the Department 
from Oregon are decidedly favorable. The average size of the beets, 
27 ounces, shows the possibilities of a large yield, while both the con- 
tent of sugar and the purity coefficient are favorable to the production 
of large quantities of sugar from the beets produced. The thermal 
conditions which prevail in Washington are noticed iu another place. 
The coast region is cooler than the mean temperature of 69° for the 
summer months, but, as has been remarked before in more than one 
place, this is not unfavorable to the production of high-grade beets; on 
the contrary, rather promotive of it. The mild autumns, especially in 
the western part of the State, afford ample opportunity for the complete 
harvest and care of the beets. In considering the data which have 
been obtained through a long series of years, therefore, it is safe to 
say that there are extensive areas in the State of Washington which 
invite the careful consideration of intending investors in the beet- 
sugar industry. 



BEET-SUOJAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 119 

Wisconsin. 

Forty-two samples of beets were received at the laboratory of the 
Department from Wisconsin, of which number 31 Avere grown in Dane 
County, representing the beets grown by the agricultural experiment 
station. It is evident, that the mean results of the samples from Wis- 
consin are influenced in a marked degree by those obtained from the 
agricultural experiment station. These mean results therefore repre- 
sent a higher quality of beets than would have been grown in the 
promiscuous manner already referred to. The mean weight of the 
beets grown in Wisconsin was 15 ounces, the mean content of sugar 
therein was 15.8 per cent, and the mean purity 83.3. The small mean 
size of the beets is due chiefly to the 31 samples received from the 
agricultural experiment station, of which the average weight was only 
11 ounces. With the exception of 1 sample from Outagamie County, 
which weighed only 8 ounces, the other samples were of good size. 
Especially is this true of the 3 samples received from Racine County, 
the mean weight of which was 34 ounces, the mean content of sugar 
15.4 per cent, and the mean purity 82.6. 

The data obtained by our analyses are encouraging, but, on account 
of the small number of samples, not conviucing. Therefore the fol- 
lowing report of the results of the analyses made at the agricultural 
experiment station will show more conclusively the influence of the 
character of the soil and climate of Wisconsin on the quality of sugar 
beets. 

KXPERIMKNTS CONDUCTED BY THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OP 

WISCONSIN. 

Three classes of experiments were conducted by the agricultural 
experiment station of Wisconsin during the year 1897. An elaborate 
report of these exjieiiments has already been printed as Bulletin Ii^o. 
G4 of that station. The following interesting summaries represent the 
principal data obtained: 

The three methods were the following: 

First method. — A general distribution of seed was made promiscu- 
ously to farmers in the State who desired to experiment. In all, 13,766 
packages were distributed. Each package contained directions for 
planting and cultivating the beet. One thousand six hundred and 
sixty-three samples of beets grown under these auspices were received 
at the station for analysis. The quality of the beets, together with the 
analyses of beets grown in 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1897, with a summary 
for the four years, is shown in the table on page 120. 



120 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Jtesults of analyses of sugar heets grown on Wisconsin farms daring 1890-1892 and 1897. — 

Avei'ages by counties. 



County. 



Adams 

Ashland 

Barron 

Bayfield 

Brown 

Buffalo 

Burnett 

Calumet 

Chippewa . . - 

Clark 

Columbia 

Cra^vford 

Dane 

Dodge 

Door 

Douglas 

Dunn 

Eau Claire. .. 
Fond du Lac. 

Forest 

Grant 

Green 

Green Lake. . 

Iowa 

Iron 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Juneau 

Kenosha 

Kewaunee . . . 

La Crosse 

Lafayette 

Langlade 

Lincoln 

Manitowoc . . 

Marathon 

Marinette . . . 
Marquette . . . 
Milwaukee . . 

Monroe 

Oconto 

Oneida 

Outagamie . . . 

Ozaukee 

Pepin 

Pierce 

I'olk 

Portage 

Price 

Racine 

Kichland 

Rock 

St. Croix 

Sank 

Sawyer 

Shawano 

Sheboygan . . 
Taylor 



1890-1892. 



3 ^ 



P.ct. 
11.99 



12.74 



10.75 
13.48 



16.67 
12.72 
14.15 
12.28 
10.09 
12. 98 
11.77 
14.59 



12.49 
11.70 
12.13 
9.64 
10.24 
12.84 

n.3i 

11.32 



7.79 
13.96 
13.04 
12.71 
13.58 
12.58 
12.27 
12. 91 
17.43 
12.61 
12.67 

8.77 



■y P. 






P.ct. 

76.1 



74.9 
77.4 



82.6 
77.5 
81.4 
74.7 
72.0 
76.7 
76.2 
80.0 



79.8 
76.0 
74.1 
72.5 
69.3 
77.5 
78.1 
74.9 



65.6 
79.0 
76.0 
78.1 
77.1 
76.1 
77.0 
81.4 
85.9 
80.4 
76.5 
64.5 



15.51 
12.32 
13.76 



11.48 
13.14 
14.71 



11.09 
12.02 



14.27 
11.34 
12.96 
12.55 
9.67 
10.69 
12.53 
11.71 
13.61 



83.4 
76.2 
80.7 



75.2 
79.0 
79.1 



75.4 
75.1 



80.6 
79.6 
76.7 
74.7 
71.5 



Tons 
9.3 



77. 17. 7 



17.9 
15.9 



14.7 
23.6 
10.9 
15.5 
15.3 
14.4 
20.7 
21.4 



1897. 



11.5 
14.0 
11.0 
6.0 
13.2 
15.2 



27.8 



17.5 
25. 3 
21.8 
35.1 
15.2 
26.4 
24.1 
13.1 
16.4 
16.1 
28.5 



12.3 
13.5 



23.6 
20.7 
11.9 



12.5 



10.5 
12.9 
11.4 
19.9 
23.8 



73. 8 I 26. 1 
76.3 16.9 
74.3 16.8 
78.9 8.8 



S! ft 

ai 



6 

5 
15 

1 
101 

8 

2 
48 
34 
61 
30 

2 
44 
47 
15 

8 
26 
63 
38 

1 
26 

4 
13 

1 

1 
64 
13 

9 

13 
74 
60 

6 
15 

7 
49 
44 
27 
15 
14 
24 
11 

4 

63 
17 

4 
12 

5 
33 

7 

17 
15 
36 
18 
23 



12.61 
12.18 
11.97 
12.68 
12.09 
13.51 
12.86 
15.11 
13.92 
12.97 
10.70 
12.04 
11.31 
12.21 
10.16 
12.06 
10.40 
9.96 
11.57 
13.55 
12.34 
14. 31 
13.38 
12.75 
10.47 
11.51 
13.09 
13.42 
11. 99 
13.23 
13.19 
14.17 
12.36 
15.48 
13.78 
13.06 
14.00 
11.82 
12.58 
11.90 
13.12 
10.43 
13.75 
10.61 
13.97 
12.11 
12.78 



a 


6 . 






^8 





s 




cc 


h 


r.ct. 


P.ct. 


13.67 


75.5 


11.42 


74.2 


12.94 


74.3 


10.96 


73.5 


13.12 


75.5 


12.96 


75.3 


12.92 


75.0 



13.35 
12.96 
10.87 



72.4 
74.2 
74.9 
71.8 
72.3 
71.3 
71.9 
77.4 
78.8 
73.7 
73.8 
71.2 
70.2 
7L2 
65.5 
72.9 
70.2 
64.7 
77.4 
72.8 
72.9 
74.2 
75.4 
80.6 
66.3 
70.8 
75.9 
74.9 
72.3 
76.6 
77.7 
77.7 
73.1 
79.6 
75.5 
75.4 
75.7 
73.7 
73.2 
72.6 
73.2 
67.2 
75.3 
68.7 
73.5 
72. 2 
72^4 



75.0 
78.0 
70.6 



2'ons. 
10.2 

3.0 
12.0 
16.5 
14.0 
11.2 
18.0 
11.8 
11.7 
11.7 
13.4 

9.7 
12.7 
12.5 
10.0 
16.7 
12.6 
11.0 
16.6 
15.0 
13.0 
14.0 
11.5 
12.0 
15.5 
10.6 
15.0 

6.2 
15.0 
14.2 
12.5 

9.4 
11.0 

4.5 
14.4 
12.4 

9.5 

8.0 
15.2 
11.4 
17.4 



15.0 
11.1 
23.5 
15.0 
17.3 
8.3 
11.0 
14.3 
15.3 
15.1 
13.3 
13.0 



8.2 
15.1 
13.6 



Summary lor four years. 



18 

1 

105 

17 

2 
56 
47 
68 
49 

6 
58 
60 
18 

8 
39 
73 
48 

2 
35 
10 
14 

8 

1 
65 
36 
15 
14 
104 
70 
10 
16 
10 
65 
53 
29 
15 
20 
40 
23 

4 
77 
22 

9 
12 

6 
41 

7 
21 
24 
53 
26 
31 

1 
35 
82 
25 



P.ct. 
13.11 
11.42 
12.90 
10.96 
13.03 
13.24 
12.92 
13.19 
12.25 
12.19 
12.53 
10.76 
13.37 
12.62 
15.02 
13.92 
12. 86 
10.84 
12.07 
10.47 
11.74 
11.77 
12.01 
11.20 
9.96 
11.51 
13.81 
12.63 
14.19 
13.44 
12.72 
11.19 
11.59 
14.39 
13.22 
12.10 
12.92 
13.19 
14.57 
12.34 
14.56 
13.78 
12.77 
13.81 
13.43 
12.56 
11.76 
12.91 
10.43 
13.85 
10.88 
13.64 
12.24 
11.98 
10.69 
13.19 
12.55 
12.52 



75.9 
74.2 

74.7 
73.5 
75.5 
76.4 
75.0 
73.8 
75.2 
75.6 
72.9 
72.1 
72.6 
73.0 
77.7 
78.8 
75.6 
74.1 
71.7 
71.3 
70.5 
72.7 
73.2 
74.3 
64.7 
77.2 
76.8 
74.1 
74.5 
75.8 
79.9 
70.6 
72.1 
78.9 
76.3 
73.0 
75.7 
77.7 
79.4 
74.3 
80.2 
75.5 
75.3 
76.5 
76.6 
73.2 
73. 
73.6 
67.2 
76.3 
72.8 
74.5 
73.0 
72.2 
73^8 
75.3 
76.8 
75.5 



It will be noticed that the table includes the analyses of 527 samples 
collected during the years 1890-91-92, together with the 1,063 collected 
in 1897, or a total of 2,190 saiuj)les. In the discussion of the analytical 
data Mr. F. W. Woll, who has compiled the report, makes the follow- 
ing interesting observations: 

Sixty-eight of the counties of the State are represented in the sugar-beet analyses 
made during the past season. Brown county leads with 101 samples of beets, 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 121 

Kewaunee being second with 74 samples. Ten counties fuvnisliefl 50 or more sam- 
ples each. The highest average for the sugar in the juice, 11 samples analyzed, was 
obtained for Oconto County, namely, 15.48 per cent Avith a purity coefficient of 
79.6, followed l>y Door County, which gave 15.11 per cent sugar in the juice, purity 
77.4, as the average of 15 samples. The average sugar content of the juice of the 
beets was above 12 per cent in case of 49 counties, above 13 per cent in case of 26 
counties, and abo\'e 14 per cent in case of 8 counties. 

AdaptdhUity of dijfercnt parts of ilie State to mifiar-heet culture. — A close study of the 
results given in the preceding tables will be of interest, .and is necessary in order to 
properly understand the situation of the question of sugar-beet culture in our State. 
The table indicates what an investigation continued through four growing seasons 
has revealed as to the ad.aptability of the soil in different parts of the State to the 
culture of this crop. In case of a few" counties, especially the extreme northern 
ones, the number of analyses made is not sufficiently large to warrant our drawing 
definite conclusions as to the quality of beets there grown, but in the large majority 
of counties the number of analyses is ample to be considered a true representation 
of what beets grown in the respective counties will show when raised by farmers 
who have no special knowledge of the requirements of the sugar beet as to culture, 
soil, etc. 

If the averages of the sugar contents for the various counties, as given in the last 
table, be marked on a Wisconsin map, and the counties whose averages come, say, 
above 13 and .above 14 per cent of sugar in the juice be shaded, it will at once be 
noticed that the counties producing the richest beets are those lying east and south- 
east of the Wisconsin River, and those in the northwestern corner of the State along 
the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers, from Buftalo County and north. The Lake 
Shore region is shown to be peculiarly well adapted to the culture of sugar beets; 
all counties producing beets with an average content of sugar in the juice above 14 
per cent in the past season's analyses border on Lake Michigan or are adjacent to 
counties bordering on this lake. 

Mr. Woll is also of the opinion that those soils of the State which 
have been derived from limestone are best suited to tlie growth of sugar 
beets. He makes the following comment in regard to the sugar content 
of the beets : 

Sugar content of heets. — The table shows that the average i)er cents of sugar in the 
juice for the years given were as follows: 1890-1892, 12.76 per cent; 1897, 12.67 per 
cent, or an aver.age of 12.70 per cent for the years 1890-1897, the last figure being 
the mean of nearly 2,200 analyses. The usual minimum standard for beets adapted 
to factory purposes is 12 per cent sugar in the beet. Since beets contain about 95 
per cent of juice, this will correspond to ^| = 12.63 per cent of sugar in the juice. 
Our average therefore exceeds this minimum figure by a small fraction of 1 per cent. 

The influence of the character of the soil upon the weight, sugar con- 
tent, and purity of the beets is summarized by Mr. Woll in the following 
statements : 

In the sections of our State where exclusive grain raising has given way to diver- 
sified farming, d.airyiug, stock raising, or market gardening, the land is usually in 
a good state of fertility^ and a sufficient amount of barnyard m.anure is produced 
every year so that no artificial fertilizers need be purchased. But where grain rais- 
ing is still continued as the sole reliance of the farmers, there is no hope for sugar- 
beet culture until the system of farming is changed, and the manure produced by 
the stock kept is carefully saved and applied, or commercial fertilizers are purchased 
for the beet fields. 



122 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Second method. — The secoud line of iuvestigatious conducted by the 
experiment station consisted in the establishment of substations in dif- 
ferent parts of the Htate. As was mentioned in a previous jiart of this 
report, this is by far the most hopeful manner of conducting an agri- 
cultural survey of the State for the purpose of determining its suita- 
bility for the growth of sugar beets. In all, 3.'> farmers who took charge 
of this substation work made complete reports to the central station. 
The average expense per acre reported by IV2 of these was '"128.7.). One 
report, showing an expense of $04.34 per acre, was excluded from the 
average. The average yield per acre, as reported from the 3.'> stations, 
was 29,850 jwunds, or 14.9 tons of 2.000 jjounds each per acre. This 
yield includes only 27 returns, since C of the substations failed to return 
the yield per acre. The lowest yield per acre reported was G tons, and 
the Tiighest 24.8 tons. The average result of the analyses of the sam- 
ples fi-om the different substations is shown in the following table: 



Average for 23 snlistations in aonthcrn 
lialf of State (30 and 31 samples, re- 
spectively) 

Average for 13 substations in northern 
half of State (17 and 15 samples, re- 
spectively) 

Average for 36 substations (47 and 46 
samples, respectively) 



Weight 
of beets. 


Sugar in 
juice. 


Purity co- 
efficient. 


Weight 
of beets. 


Sugar in 
juice. 


Pounds. 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 


Pounds. 


Per cent. 


1.17 


13.58 


80.0 


1.79 


15.35 


1.42 


13.35 


81.7 


1.59 


14.97 


1.2C 


13.49 


80.6 


1.72 


15.22 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



I'cr cent. 

79.0 

82.5 
80.2 



For the first attempt at collecting data by a complete agricultural 
survey, the above results may be regarded as exceedingly encouraging. 
With larger exi)erience on the part of the farmers in charge of the 
experiments, however, much more valuable and convincing data might 
be obtained. 

Third method. — The third class of experiments conducted by the 
Wisconsin station consisted in investigations at the station farm itself. 
For the details of these experiments Bulletin 04 may be consulted. The 
following is a summary : 

The field selected for the experiments was divided into two portions. 
The eastern half had been a meadow continuously since it came into 
cultivation up to 1895, when rape was grown thereon, followed by a 
crop of peas in 1890. The western half of the field had been jdowed 
only once during the i)ast twenty years, when it was cultivated in 
Indian corn. It had been iiastured during the past ten years until 
1890, when it was planted to rape and the rape eaten off by sheep. 
The beet crop did not do well on this field, the whole northwestern 
portion of it, after the 1st of August, showing no increase in the 
growth of the beets, the foliage turning yellow and the plants dying 
away to a large extent. The field was plowed inches deep on May 7, 
and plowed again 12 inches deep on May 20. About four-fifths of it 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



123 



was snbsoiled to a depth of 6 inches. The agricultural analytical data 
obtained from this field are given in the following table: 

Yield of beets and of sugar per acre, main field. 



Name of seed. 



Kleinwanzlebener, Nob .... 
Despres!, Men 

Kleinwanzlebener, A^new . 
Kleinwanzlebener, Hoerninj 

Vilmoriu Improveil 

Yiluioriii Kleinwanzlebener 

Vilniorin French 

Kleinwanzlebener, Ploto* . 

Desprez White, No. 2 * , 

Desprez White, No. 2 V, * .. 
AVernicb's Kleiuw., Floto*. 

Deniesmay " 

Kleinwanzlebener, Neb. (2) * 

Average.s, etc , 



Eastern half. 



Yield 

of beets 

from 

plat, 



Pounds. 
3, 422 

2,826 
3, 053 
2, 875 
2,221 
2,473 
2,485 
2, 258 
2,081 
2,108 
2,111 
1,321 



30, 121 



Yield 

of beets 

per 

aero. 

Pounds. 
24, 010 

22, OtiU 
21, 4.50 
20, KiO 
15,610 
17, 380 
17, 400 
15, 860 
14, 620 
14,810 

14, 840 

15, 510 
20, 760 



18, 043 



Sugar 
in the 
beet. 



Per cl. 
12.72 
11.71 
10. !)6 
15.04 
14.68 
10.65 
11.26 
14.24 
10.95 
15.05 
15.65 
14.23 
15.83 



13.22 



Sugar 
per 
acre. 



Pounds. 
3,059 
2,543 
2,352 
3,038 
2,291 
1,850 
1,966 
2,259 
1,602 
2,228 
2,320 
2,207 
3,287 



2,385 



Western half. 



Yield 

of beets 

from 

plat. 



Pounds. 

2,874 
3,122 
2,301 

1, 299 
1,308 
2,728 

2, 701 
1,472 
1,429 
1,408 
1,2.36 

799 
355 



Yield 

of beets 

per 

acre 



Pounds. 
25, 030 
30, 230 
32, 120 
20, 210 
15,030 
23, 770 
23. 540 
12. 820 
12, 460 
12, 270 

10, 760 

11, 600 
10, 300 



23,032 18,472 



Sugar 
in the 
beet. 



Per ct. 

15.80 
13.71 
15.17 
17.06 
14.28 
14.98 
13.58 
14.05 
14.38 
11.71 
13. 62 
10.28 
10.75 



Sugar 
per 



Pounds. 
3.959 
4,144 
4,873 
3,448 

2, 141 

3, .561 
3,1116 
1,801 
1, 790 
1,436 
1,467 
1,192 
1,058 



14.18 2,620 



* Not included in average for western half. 

The cost of cultivating this field is given as follows: 

Cost of gr Giving an acre of sugar beets. — A careful .icconnt was kept tlirongliont tlie 
season of the labor done on the 3-acre beet field; valuing labor ais previously given, 
we have the following summary : 

Plowing and preparing the laud $12. 42 

Planting 1.70 

Cultivating, hoeing, thinning and transplanting 51. 63 

Harvesting and placiug in cellar 31. 60 

Total.,.. , 97.35 

This sum, $97.35, or $32.45 per acre, does not include the co,st of seed or rent of 
land. It is nearly .$4 higher than the corresponding figure obtained as the average 
for 28 substations; the greater cost with us is easily accounted for by the weedy 
condition of the western half of the field, as well as by the fact that the liarvestiug 
of our beets was a comparatively slow and difficult job, since the different lots and 
varieties had to be harvested and kept separately. 

In addition to the work summarized above the station took part in 
the growth of high-grade beets on special plats under the supervision of 
the Department. The results of these exj)eriments are given in another 
place, 

Wyojiing. 

Thirty-four samples of beets grown in Wyoming were received at 
the Department of Agriculture for analysis. The mean weight of the 
beets received was ID ounces, the mean content of sugar in the beet 
17.2 per cent, and the mean iiurity 82.3. These data are exceptionally 
fine, and show that, in so far as the production of a crop is concerned, 
Wyoming will be able to compete with any State in the Union. The 
thermal conditions which prevail in the State are extremely irregular, 
the low valleys having warm and the high i)lateaus cool summers. It 



124 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

is evident that only on the plateaus, where the land is reasonably level, 
and where irrigation can be practiced, will it bo possible to grow, with 
absolute certainty, a crop of beets of high saccharine strength. 

Among the counties of Wyoming the two which furnish the most data 
are Converse and Big Horn. Converse County lies in the southeastern 
part of the State and Big Horn in the northwestern. In the beets 
from Converse County the average weight was 26 ounces, the mean 
content of sugar 17.8 per cent, and the mean coefficient of purity, 82.2. 
Big Horn County furnished six samples, of which the average weight 
was 20 ounces, the mean content of sugar 18.7 per cent, and the mean 
coefficient of purity 82.2. 

When these analyses were made, showing such fine results, we wrote 
at once to the parties to see if we could not get a quantity of the beets 
for mothers in producing beet seed. The reply was made that they 
had all been frozen, and therefore no samples could be furnished. Tliis 
reply to our inquiry indicates the chief difficulty to be encountered in 
Wyoming in introducing the beet industry, namely, the sudden advent 
of cold weather and the severity of the early winters in that locality. 
In Big Horn County some of the altitudes are 10,000 feet, and the whole 
county has a very great elevation. In the southeastern portion of the 
State the altitude generally reaches 7,000 feet. It is evident, therefore, 
that, these high elevations give cool summers and favor the early advent 
of winter. 

Another point to be considered is the mountainous character of the 
State, which, of course, precludes the possibility of culture over exten- 
sive areas. In low valleys protected by mountain ranges, if from 
15,000 to 25,000 acres of land in a body could be secured, it seems proba- 
ble that the industry of beet growing might be introduced with every 
probability of success. The temperature conditions, however, of Octo 
ber and November should be most carefully considered, as it would 
doubtless be necessary, even in the most favored valleys of Wyoming, 
to have the beets securely protected by the middle or end of ISTovember. 
This short harvesting season can not help but add a great deal to the 
cost of production, and hence must be taken into consideration. 

In that part of the country also the question of the supply of water 
is a very important factor, and must not be lost sight of, as not only 
will water be required for the growing of crops, but also in immense 
quantities for manufacture. 

The data at hand only permit us to study the composition of the 
beet itself, and surely Wyoming is to be congratulated on having 
produced, judged from the limited number of samples supplied, an 

excellent quality of beets. 

Vermont. 

Only 8 samples of beets from Vermont were received at the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and these were of very high quality. The mean 
weight of the samples received was 22 ounces, the mean content of 
sugar in the beet 14.2 per cent, and the mean coefficient of i^urity, 84.1. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 125 

At the agricultural experiment station of Vermont 32 samples were 
received. The average weight of the beets received at the exi)eriment 
station was 17 ounces, the mean percentage of sugar in the beet 16.3, 
and the mean purity 81.2. In reporting the results of the experiments 
the director of the station makes the following observations : '' 

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN VERMONT. 

One huuilred persons guaranteed at the outset of the season to grow the crop and 
ship us samples. We had returns from twenty-seven. The remaining seventy-three, 
however, were not so much at fault as was the Weather Bureau. The weatlier 
throughout the State during the months of May, June, and .July and the first part 
of August was execrable, there being several times the normal rainfall. In almost 
every case of not sending samples the report was that the crop was drowned out. 
It strikes me as somewhat doubtful whether the results obtained in the twenty- 
seven cases reported are truly representative of what might be expected under 
normal conditions of weather. The percentages of sugar certainly run (^uite 
high. I find that several of the growers sent their samples to Washington. I 
should be gratified, if it were possible, to receive the statement of the analyses, as 
we may wish to make some use of the sugar-beet data, ourselves, which, as I under- 
stand, we are at liberty to do. 

The majority of those who made a failure of the work this year expressed their 
desire to try again next year. 

Of 32 bei4s analyzed at the agricultural experiment station of Ver- 
mont the number containing from 12 to 11 per cent of sugar was 2; the 
number containing from 12 to 14 per cent of sugar and weighing 16 
ounces or over was 1; the number containing more than 11 per cent of 
sugar was 28; the number containing more than 14 per cent of sugar 
and weighing 16 ounces or more was 12. 

It is seen from the above data that the only limitations upon the 
growing of beets in Vermont are the extent of the area suitable to the 
culture of the beets and the length of the growing season. It is evi- 
dent, in so far as growth is concerned, that such a season as that of 
1897 is capable of producing beets of the highest grade, but the growing- 
season includes properly the season of harvest and preservation of the 
beets. The high northern latitude of Vermont and the early and severe 
winters must be taken into consideration in this particular. Vermont 
is also a mountainous country, and the areas of level land are not 
proportionately so great as in most of the States which have been 
considered for beet growing. Where bodies of from 15,000 to 25,000 
acres of level and fertile land can be found witli the autumnal condi- 
tions favorable for the harvest and preservation of the beets, there is no 
reason to doubt the j)ossibility of successfully establishing the beet-- 
sugar industry. 

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE QUALITY OF SUGAR BEETS. 

The influence of temperature and other climatic conditions upon the 
growth of beets is discussed under the head of special experiments in 
growing beets from high-grade seeds. It will be interesting, however, 
to compare the deductions from that discussion with those from data 



12G 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



obtained from certaiu parts of the country where favorable conditions 
exist for making this comparison. The States of Ohio, Indiana, and 
Illinois are sitnated in a peculiarly favorable manner for a study of this 
kind. Each of these States has a ]>ortiou of its area in the tlieoretical 
thermal belt and a large portion of its area outside of that belt. In 
each of these States, therefore, the data received from the various 
connties were classitied into three i)ortions, namely, the northern, the 
central, and the southern belts. 

The following is a tabulation of the data from each one of these 
sections in the three States : 

Helation of latitude to development of siujar content. 



'- 


Northern belt. 


Central belt. 


Southern belt. 




Average 

weight of 

beets. 


Sugar 

iu 
beets. 


Purity 
coetH- 
cient. 


Average 

weight of 

beets. 


Sugar 

in 
beets. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 


Average 

weight of 

beets. 


Sugar 

ill 
beels. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 


Ohio 


Ounces. 
29.4 
18.0 
22.0 


Per ct. 
13.6 
13.3 
13.2 


79.4 
81.9 
79.3 


Ounces. 
32.6 

18.5 
20.0 


Per ct. 
13.2 
12.9 
11.5 


78.0 
80.7 
75.4 


Ounces. 
35.0 
14.2 
19.0 


Per ct. 

12.2 
10.7 
11.1 


75.3 




78. 




74.7 







The data in the above table have a peculiar value in establishing, 
by experimental results, the validity of tlie scheme employed in the 
construction of the theoretical thermal belt suitable to the growing ot 
beets. In every one of the States mentioned there is a gradual deteri- 
oration in the quality of the beet, both as respects its sugar content 
and its purity, iu ])assing from the northern to the southern belt of the 
State. It may be said that the difference between the two extreme 
areas is not very great, and that for this reason it would be advis- 
able to establish factories indiscriminately in one or the other of the 
belts, according to more or less favorable local conditions, aside from 
the sngar content of the beet. The fallacy of this statement, however, 
will be evident to anyone who studies carefully the conditions of manu- 
facture. An increase of 1 per cent in the sugar content of the beet 
means an increase of 20 pounds per ton in the amount of sugar manu- 
factured, without any corresponding increase in the expense of manufac- 
ture. In other words, the cost of extracting the sugar from a ton of 
beets which would yield 180 pounds would be just as great as that 
attending a ton of beets which would yield 200 pounds of sugar. But 
the additional value of the 20 pounds of sugar manufactured might 
in many instances determine whether the business would be con- 
ducted at a profit or a loss. The above assumption is true on the 
supposition that the coefficient of purity remains the same in each case. 
When we consider in addition to the loss of the sugar, the deprecia- 
tion in the purity of the juice, the discrepancy between the sections 
becomes all the greater. Not only is the loss attending the lower 
sngar cctiitent of the beet to be considered, but also the additional loss 



BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 127 

which is coupled with the lower purity. In other words, a ton of beets 
with a coefficient of purity of 80, which would yield 200 pounds of 
sugar by the ordinary processes of manufacture, would yield very 
much less than this if the purity coefficient should fall to 7G, and 
would yield very much more if it should rise to 85. The data obtained 
in the above table aftbrd convincing proof of the fact that it is not safe 
to push the manufacture of beet sugar too far south of the theoretical 
thermal belt, unless the depreciation in the sugar content and ])urity of 
the beet is compensated for by some remarkable local factors, in the 
way of cheapness of manufacture, which will make good the loss due to 
the low content of sugar and the low purity of the juice. These figures, 
obtained in this miscellaneous way, are fully corroborated by the care- 
ful exj^erimental data obtained in the culture of high-grade beets at the 
six stations which are mentioned in another place. From exactly the 
same seeds, planted in exactly the same way and cultivated in the same 
manner, exceptionally high-grade beets of fine sugar content and high 
purity were obtained from the l^ew York station, good beets were 
grown at the Wisconsin station, fairly good beets at the Iowa station, 
beets with a fairly good content of sugar but diminutive in size on 
account of the drought at the Indiana station, beets of good size and 
very low content of sugar at the Kentucky station, beets of only mini- 
mum content of sugar and very small size at the Tennessee station. 
These results are such as should be studied carefully by intending 
investors who desire to place their money where the certainty of return 
is the greatest. With such magnificent areas open to cultivation as are 
found in the States of Xew York, northwestern Pennsylvania, northern 
Ohio, northern Indiana, and southern Michigan, it would not be wise for 
men of capital to select localities which the figures at hand indicate are 
less favorable to the production of high-grade beets. The data which 
have been obtained from New York and from Michigan indicate that 
with the best principles of culture, with good fertilization and skilled 
oversight, beets can be grown over wide areas fully equal in sugar-pro- 
ducing power to those which are grown by the skilled farmers of Ger- 
many. On the other hand, it is quite certain that if the area of culture 
be pushed to the south, so as to fall entirely without the limits of the 
thermal belt, the same fertility of soil, the same fertilization, and the 
same care in culture will produce beets less rich in sugar, with a lower 
purity, and yielding less sugar per ton than those grown in tlie locali- 
ties first mentioned. 

As to how far the successful growth of the sugar-beet industry can 
be pushed north of the limit of (i9o, it may be said that the only con- 
dition to be considered in this matter is the possibility of j)roducing 
and ripening a crop and harvesting it before the rigors of winter set in. 
The culture of the sugar beet may be very successfully practiced in 
localities where the mean summer temi)erature falls even as low as 04^, 



128 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

provided the latitude is far enough north to get sufficient sunshine 
to mature the beets before the frosts of autumn. If the autumn be 
mild and merge gradually into winter, the limit of successful culture 
will be found where the freezing weather of winter cuts short the time 
re([uired for the harvesting and siloing of the crop of beets. In the 
light of the data at present available, therefore, the southern limit of 
the sugar-beet belt may be regarded as the isotherm of 71° for the three 
summer mouths, occasionally pushing 50, 75, or even more miles south 
of this line, where exceptional conditions of soil and manufacturing 
facilities are presented. The facts of the case, however, warrant the 
statement that the safer plan will be not to push south of the isotherm 
of 71'° so long as equally favorable conditions of soil and manufacture 
are obtainable north of this line of demarcation. It is deemed wise to 
dwell particularly upon this subject, because of the fact that so many 
peoi^le living south of the isotherm of 71° are vitally interested in this 
matter and so eager to have the industry established in the neighbor- 
hoods in Avhicli they live. The conclusions which have been drawn are 
not meant to discourage experimental work in areas widely remote from 
those mentioned. It is only just, however, to call attention to the fact 
that investments of large amounts of capital which result disastrously 
do more to deter the successful establishment of an industry than a 
much larger number of successful investments favor it. For instance, 
in the State of Wisconsin we have an illustration of the tinancial failure 
of an attempt to manufacture beet sugar, and as a result of this fail- 
ure it will be difficult to induce capital to look for investment in 
Wisconsin in the sugar-beet industry, although the conditions in that 
State are exceedingly favorable to success. Had it not been for the 
failure of the factory projected at Menominee Falls, it is quite certain 
that other capital would be invested in the State at the present time, 
and instead of the industry being in a stagnant condition it would be 
advancing on the road toward success. It is extremely important that 
no mistakes be made from a financial i)oint of view, and that every 
I)recaution to avoid these mistakes be observed. When subsequent 
experimentation shall have demonstrated that there are areas outside, 
and especially south of the theoretical belt, equally as well suited to the 
growth of beets sufficiently rich in sugar as those which have been 
mentioned, it will be time enough to ask capital to seek investment 
in those localities. 

SUGAR BEETS AS CATTLE FOOD. 

Thousands of farmers in various parts of the country are growing 
beets in an experimental way and have no opportunity to dispose of 
their product to sugar factories. These farmers may, nevertheless, 
find the growing of small quantities of sugar beets profitable by using 
the product for cattle food, Following is an anr.lysis lately made iil 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 129 

this laboratory of a sample of sugar beets received from a locality 
such as is mentioned above: 

Composition of fresh ieetpulp. 



Moisture 

Fiber (crude) 

Ash 

Etlier extract (fat) 

Proteids . : 

Sugar and other carbohydrates 



Fresh Dry 

pulp. matter. 



Per cent. 


Per 


cent. 


73.87 






1.53 




5.89 


1.35 




5.18 


.11 




.42 


2.21 




8.47 


20.93 




80.04 



100. 00 



100. 00 



The sample in question contained 73.87 i^er cent of water and 26.13 
per cent of dry matter. The analyses of hundreds of samples of beets 
in this laboratorj^ show that the average content of fiber, usually called 
"marc," is about 5 per cent. In the process of analysis all this marc is 
dissolved excejit that which is entered above as crude fiber, namely, 
1.53 per cent. The difference between this and the 5 per cent average 
content of marc, namely, 3.47 per cent, shows the quantity of carbohy- 
drate matter not sugar contained in the 20.93 per cent of total sugars 
and carbohydrates. The quantity of sugar in the sample analyzed 
was, therefore, 17.46 per cent. Practically all, however, of the carbo- 
hydrates, except those represented by the crude fiber, are digestible, so 
that the soluble marc has practically the same food value as the sugar 
itself. The ratio of the proteid matter to the digestible carbohydrates 
plus fat multiplied by 2^, is 9.59. This ratio shows that the food Is 
particularly a fattening one, and could be used to great advantage in 
preparing fat stock for market. The analysis also indicates that the 
food, to secure the best results for all round sustenance, should be fed 
with some highly nitrogenous ration in order to secure a smaller ratio 
between the two groups of nutrients. It may be said with perfect con- 
fidence that it will be far more i:)rofitable for the farmer to grow sugar 
beets at 12 tons per acre for cattle food than other root crops, such 
as turnips and rutabagas, which will yield double that quantity per 
acre. The food value of these crops does not depend upon the gross 
tonnage, but upon the actual nutrients which they contain. Sugar 
beets contain, as is seen, over 20 per cent of their weight of actual 
nutrients, while turnips and radishes may contain only from 6 to 12 
per cent. 

USE OF BEET PULPS FOR CATTLE FOOD, 

The residue from beet factories, in the form of the beet pulp, is also 
a valuable cattle food. In this country no carefully controlled feed- 
ing experiments have been conducted with this material, but the 
question has been studied most thoroughly in Europe, and the data 
obtained can be used for our guidance. There is practically no dif- 
ference in chemical composition between the beet pulps obtained iu 
H. Doc. 396 9 



130 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Europe and in this country, so that the deductions to be drawn from the 
feeding experiments in that country can be applied with perfect safety 
to similar work here. At many of the factories in this ccmutry practi- 
cal feeding tests have been made, and with favorable results. Having 
heard that successful experiments in feeding cattle and sheep had 
been conducted at the factory of the Pecos Yalley Beet Sugar Com- 
pany, I addressed a letter to the manager of that factory, and received 
the following reply: 

Eddy, N. Mex., Fehruary SI, 1898. 

Dear Sir: I have your letter of the 14th. Shortly before the close of our cam- 
paign, Mr. A. J. Crawford, a large sheep owner of this section, looked into the 
question of feeding beet pulp to sheep, and finally decided to try a bunch of 500 
lambs as an experiment. These lambs were the culls of his dock, and when brought 
to the feeding pens at the factory were in very poor condition. In a few days they 
took to the pulp very readily, and are now eating 7 to 10 pounds of pulp per day 
each, with sufdcient hay (alfalfa) as roughening. They have picked up wonder- 
fully during the time they have been here, and Mr. Crawford tells me that they are 
now the best looking of any he has. He is so well satisfied with the result of his 
experiment that about a week ago he brought in 2,000 ewes with the intention of 
feeding them on the pulp during the lambing season. Yon, of course, are aware 
that the pulp is a great milk producer, and hy feeding it Mr. Crawford will be able 
to carry both ewes and lambs through in good shape until the grass conies, and, 
of course, thereby prevent the loss which he would otherwise have to stand of the 
many ewes and lambs which would die on the range. 

When the lambing season is over and we see how the sheep come through I shall 
be glad to write yon fully. Mr. Crawford is anxious to make a contract for all our 
next year's pulp, and I have no doubt that the feeding of sheep on pulp in this 
valley will become quite an industry. 

Yours, truly, A. S. Goetz, 

General Manager. 

Mr. H. W. Wiley, 

Division of Chemistry, Washington, D. C. 

It is evident from the above that these practical experiments in feed- 
ing, although not controlled by actual chemical analyses, have been 
eminently successful, and it is not at all unlikely tliat within a few 
years our beet factories will be able to contract in advance for all the 
pulp which they can possibly produce. To illustrate more clearly the 
value of the pulp and its value for feeding purposes, the following 
extracts, taken from standard European authorities, are published: 

DIFFUSION PULPS OR EXHAUSTED COSSETTES. 

The following table contains an average of analyses made by Messrs. 
Vivien, Lucas, Duvin, Durot, and Dupont as a commission of experts 
in France: 



J 



Moisture 

Nitrojrenous matter 

Digestible carbohydrates . . 
Indigestible carbohydrates 

Fat 

Mineral matter 

Solid matter 



Fresh 
pulp. 



Dry 
material. 



Per cent. 


Per cent. 


89.00 
.92 




8.43 


6.52 


59.76 


1.98 


18.15 


.09 


.83 


1.40 


12.83 


100. 00 


100. 00 


10.91 





BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 131 

FEEDING EXl'EKIMENTS WITH BEET PULP. 

Exteusive tests in feeding- j)iilps liave been made at the Fraucieres 
sugar lioiiso of M. Gallois. The following animals were used: (1) Beef 
cattle, (13) oxen, (3) milch cows, (4) sheep, (5) ewes. Before beginning 
the tests, these animals were all gradually accustomed to the change 
from their customary ration to that of diffusion pulp. 

{(1) Beef catth'. — Twelve beeves each received every day, in three 
meals, 52.26 kilograms (115 lbs.) of diffusion pulps, mixed with 3 kilo- 
grams of linseed oil cake and 3 kilograms {Q.6 lbs.) of chopped alfalfa. 
Their weight increased an average of 1.004 kilos (2.214 lbs.) i)er day. 
If we consider the value of the meat as 0.95 franc ($0.19), that of the 
oil cake 0.25 franc ($0.05), and that of the alfalfa O.OS franc ($0,010) per 
kilogram (2.2 lbs.), we find that the feeding value of the diffusion pulp 
was 0.58 francs ($1,310) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.). 

{b) Oxen. — Four oxen each received the following ration per day: 
57.5 kilograms (12G.8 lbs.) of diffusion pulp mixed with 5 kilograms (12 
lbs.) of alfalfa and 1 kilogram (2.2 lbs.) of linseed-oil cake. These cat- 
tle decreased somewhat in weight in the first fifteen days, and did less 
than the usual amount of work, but in the second fifteen days they had 
entirely recovered. The trial continued two and a half months. In 
making a calculation analagous to that above, the value of the diffu- 
sion pulp w^as 4.78 francs ($0,956) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.). 

(f) Milch cows. — The test with milch cows lasted thirty days. Two 
cows were employed — one Flemish and the other Dutch. Before the 
tests the cattle were fed on dry alfalfa with a small quantity of beet 
pulps produced by the hydraulic press method. The cows were each 
given, per day, 45 kilograms (99.2 lbs.) of diffusion pulp with 2 kilo- 
grams (4.4 lbs.) of alfalfa. The tests demonstrated that the diffusion 
pulp is more advantageous as regards lactation than in the x)roductiou 
of flesh. 

Cows fed on diffusion pulps. 



Date. 



Cream ]>er 100 cc. of 
milk. 



April 27 
May 1 . . . 
May 12.. 
May 19.. 




From these tests it was shown that the milk of the cows fed from 
diffusion pulp contained an average of 7.68 per cent of cream. The 
butter prodiiced from this milk did not have the peculinr disagreeable 
odor which is present in that from cows fed on press pulps. 



132 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

{(l) Sheep. — III tliis test twenty merino >sheep were fed on ditiiision 
pulp. The following' table shows the result of this test and the rations 
fed per aulmal: 

Weight: Kilos. 

April4 948 =2,085.6 pounds. 

April26 1,008 =2,217.6 pounds. 

Total increase 60 = 132.0 i)ounds. 

Increase per sheep per day 0.137=; .3 pounds. 

Average rations per head : 

Pulp 5. 4 = 11. 88 pounds. 

Linseed-oil cake .2 = .41 pounds. 

Chopped alfalfa .5 = 1. 10 pounds. 

It was not necessary to make other additions to the diffusion pnlp, 
since the sheep ate it with avidity. With the aid of these figures we 
may calculate the value of the pulp as follows: 

The sheep gained per day 0.137 kilogram (.3 lb.) in meat, which at 
1 franc ($0.20) per kilo (2.2 lbs.) equals 0.137 franc ($0,027). They con- 
sumed a ration, exclusive of the pulp, costing 0.09 franc, therefore the 
value of the 5.4 kilos (11.9 lbs.) of diffusion pulp was 0.047 ($0.01), or 
<S.70 francs ($1.74) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.). 

Experiments made witli ewes. — The ewes were obtained from a flock 
from which the lambs had Just been separated. In feeding the ewes, 
to which a somewhat larger ration was given, the value of the pulp 
was found to be 6.03 francs ($1,206) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.). 
Taking all of these elements into account, the experts estimated defi- 
nitely the value of 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.) of diffusion pulp to be 
5.55 francs ($1.11). They also demonstrated that diffusion pulps keep 
perfectly. 

Not taking into account questions of transportation, etc., the value 
of diffusion pulp was estimated at 6.10 francs ($1.22) per 1,000 kilo- 
grams (2,205 lbs.). Basing a conclusion upon the chemical analysis 
of the pull), a value of 6.44 francs ($1,288) was obtained, as compared 
with the 6.10 francs ($1.22) per 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lbs.) given by 
experiments. 

EXPERIMENTS BY ANDOUAHD AND UEZAIINAI. 

(Sucrerie Beige, Vol. 12, No. 7.) 

In tests in feeding dirtusion pulp to milch cows this pulp was given 
in a ration, first of 27 kilograms (59.5 lbs.) and later 55 kilograms (121.3 
lbs.) per day, and produced immediately an increase of approximately 
32 per cent in the yield of milk. It appeared, however, to be without 
influence on the richness of the milk in casein and mineral matter, but 
produced an increase in the yield of butter of 12.4 per cent, and in that 
of the sugar of 24.63 per cent over the previous proportions of these 
constituents. It, however, gave the milk a less agreeable taste and a 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



133 



certain ])redisposition to an acid fermentation. The butter, therefore, 
would probably not be of excellent quality. 

Analyses of diffusion 2)i(lps 'before ensilage.* 



Constituents. 



Maercker. 



"Water 

Dry matter 

Asli 

Tat 

Crude fiber 

Crude protein 

Nitrogeu-lree extract 



Per cent. 

89.77 

10. 23 

.58 

.05 

2.39 

.89 

6.32 



Per cent. 

88. 9' 

11.1 

.9' 

.1 

2.5 

.9 

6.7 



Diffusion pulps after having been stored in the silos. 





Constituents. 


Maerclier. 


Kiilin. 


Water .. 




Per cent. 

88.52 

11.48 

1.09 

.11 

2.80 

1.07 

6.41 


Per cent. 
87.5 






12.5 


Asli 




.9 


Fat ... 




.1 




3.0 




1.2 




7.3 







■ Sachs' Revue Universelle des Progr^s de la Fabrication du Sucre, 1, 428. 



Analysis of diffusion pulps, by Pellet, 



Constituents. 



Pressed Dry ma- 
pulp, terial. 



Water 

Nitrogenous matter 

Digestible carbohydrates ... 
Indigestible carbohydrates . 
Fat 1 

Soluble mineral matter 

Insoluble mineral matter . . , 



Per cent 
88.06 



Dry matter . 



.84 


7.04 


7.30 


61.14 


2.46 


20.60 


.06 


.50 


.43 


3.60 


.85 


7.12 


100. 00 


100. 00 


11.94 





Per cent. 



Maercker (Sucrerie Beige, vol. 11, page 164) determined that siloed 
pulps. In addition to losing water, also lost a considerable portion of 
their dry matter. This is shown in the following statement of the 
analysis of pulps which were siloed for live months, in which time they 
lost the following percentages : 

Thirty-seven and eight-tenths of nitrogen free extract, 25.5 of nitrog- 
enous matter and 29.6 of the fiber which they contained: The pulps 
gained, on the contrary, in fat, owing to the lactic and butyric fermen- 
tations. The losses were due to decomposition, and not to entrainmenfc 
in the moisture lost. 



134 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Analyses of diffusion 2}>iUh % '''i'»e«.* 



Constituents. 



Digestible protelils (nitrogen X 6.25) 

Indigestible profeids (amid nitrogen X 9) 

Nitrate of potassium 

Digestible carbohydrates 

Cellulose and indigestible carbohydrates . 

I'at 

Sugar 

Assimilable mineral matter 

Indigestible mineral matter 

Water 



Pressed 


Dry ma- 


pulp. 


terial 


Per cent. 


Pel 


cent 


0.64 




7.73 


.04 




.48 


.05 




.60 


4.07 




49.15 


1.92 




23.19 


.05 




.60 


.54 




C.52 


.35 




4.23 


.61 




7.37 


91.72 











Analyses of diffusion pulp, hy Pellet. 



Constituents. 



Pressed 
pulp. 



Dry ma- 
terial. 



Water 

Organic matter 

Soluble inorganic matter 

Insoluble inorganic matter 

Acidity (expressed as acetic acid) 

Total nitrogen 

Insoluble nitrogen (at the boiling point of water) 



Per cent. 

88.88 

9.95 

.57 

.60 



Per cent. 

89.56 

5.13 
5.40 



100. 00 
1.01 
.147 
.111 



100. 00 
9.08 
1.32 



* Sachs' Revue TTniverselle des Progrcs de la Fabrication du sucre, 1, 429. 

The pulps diminished in weight in the silos, the diffusion i^ulps losing 
6 per cent per month. At the same time there was a diminution in thie 
weight of the dry matter, approximately 1 per cent of the diffusion pulp. 

It is evident from the above data that the value of the pulp from beet- 
sugar factories, especially in thickly settled countries and in those 
regions where the dairy interests are prominent, will prove of no incon- 
siderable advantage in the successful introduction of the beet sugar 
industry and its rapid advancement. Beet pulps form a wholesome 
and nutritious, though a somewhat poorly balanced ration. Their 
chief nutriment is found in the carbohydrates, comjiosing the marc of 
the beet and including the unextracted sugar, and in the proteid nitrog- 
enous matters, and a large percentage of these is easily digested. 
While beet pulp is not suitable for the entire food of the animal, it can 
be made a principal part thereof, varying its iiroportions with the 
nature of the effect desired to be produced. Experience has shown 
that it is especially relished by dairy cattle, produces an abundant 
supply of milk, and where properly preserved and fed, it can be used 
in great abundance without iiiij)arting to the milk, butter, or cheese 
any unpleasant flavor. 



SUMMARY OF DATA COLLEOTED IN PREVIOUS YEARS. 

In order to present data covering as wide a field as possible, and 
including the experiments of several seasons, the following table has 



BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



135 



been compiled from the reports of the Division of Chemistry and from 
the bulletins of the various State experiment stations : 

Analyses of sugar beets grown in various States. 

[A compilation of the .lualytical data obtained at the various State experiment stations for the years 
1888 to 1897, inclusive, and at the United States Department of Agriculture for the years 1884 to 18SI7, 
inclusive.] 





Analyses by the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture. 


Analyses by the State 
ment stations. 


experi- 


State. 


Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Avei'- 

age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 




1893 

1891 
1897 




Ounces. 


Per ct. 
5.9 

7.7 
9.3 


66.7 

56.9 
70.4 




Ounces. 


Per ct. 






2 

7 


51 
23 


^=^- 


.-=r^;^ 










157 





a8.1 


61.8 




9 

2 
3 
2 


29 

40 
12 
18 


9.0 

6.4 

9.4 

11.3 


67.4 

58.8 
64.7 
71.5 


157 


= = 


8.1 


61 8 




1891 
1892 
1897 






































Average 


7 


22 


9.1 
13.7 


65.0 












1884 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
J 897 











California 


71 


19 


85.3 












5 
14 
18 


19' 

17 


10.7 
12.1 
10.7 
613.0 
614.0 
614.0 
615.0 
615.0 
614.0 












77.7 
73.0 




4 
8 
4 


13 
48 
14 


14.7 
11.1 
14.7 


84.6 
75.8 
77.6 




































































1 


26 


16.8 
























88 


21 


13.6 


85.3 


37 


18 


11.2 


75 1 




1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 




Colorado 






9.9 

10.2 

11.0 

*13.5 

*13.8 














37 
73 
4 
16 


25' 






29 
51 

170 
18 
174 


20 
26 

18 
17 
20 


12.5 
13.1 
14.8 
13.2 
13.6 


76.1 
76.1 
81.7 
74.9 
76.7 


83.0 
79.3 
80.6 




12 




14.3 


79.7 




442 

2 

5 


20 


13.9 


78.4 


142 


25 


11.5 


82 1 




1890 
1891 




Connecticut 


14 

27 


9.7 

10.8 


76.1 
77.3 






























Average 


7 

2 

1 
1 
2 
2 


23 

12 

4 

15 
34 

78 


10.5 
11.1 


77.0 
64.9 










Georgia 


1891 

1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 










= 













Idaho 


8.0 
12.7 
14.7 
10.2 


68.3 
74.9 
79.1 
76.2 










































192 

342 

60 

41 




13.7 
15.2 
14.2 
15.2 


76 1 












79 9 












77 3 




7 


21 


15.5 


79.4 


87.6 




13 


30 


13.8 


77.6 


635 




14.6 


80.2 







* The .sign * indicates that the number given is 0.95 X per cent of sugar reported since it was doubt- 
ful whether the per cent of sugar was expressed in terms of the weight of the juice or that of the beet, 
though ])robably the former. 

a Analyses of Klein wan zlebener only show: 32 samples, sugar 11.8, purity 73.6. 

6 From report made on the total crop by the Chino \'alley Beet Sugar Company. 



136 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Analyses of sugar heeis (jrown in various States — Continued. 





Analyses by the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture. 


Analy 


ses by the State experi- 
ment stations. 


State. 


Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 

coefli- 
cieut. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 
in 

beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1897 


8 
36 
59 
32 


Ounces. 
31 

32 
15 
17 


Perct 
10.3 
11.7 
10.9 
13.1 


72.1 
76.4 
75.2 
75.5 




Otmces. 


Per ct. 


























312 


20 


11.9 


76.4 




135 


21 


11.6 


75.4 


312 


20 


11.9 


76.4 




1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1897 






5 
10 

26 
131 
95 
49 

84 
205 


a 20 
12 
12 
25 
18 


12.2 
11.9 
9.1 
12.0 
11.1 
11.8 
11.8 
12.0 


















56 

77 

57 

4 


23 
27 
14 

10 


10.7 
11.6 
11.2 
10.7 


72.7 
76.9 
72.5 
73.1 


""78.'8 
76.8 
79.3 
78.8 




103 


14 


13.1 


78.9 


80.7 




297 
1 


19 

27 


11.9 
11.6 


75.9 
76.9 


605 


17 


11.7 


79.2 




1891 

1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1897 
















4 
12 
34 
503 
404 
563 
150 
642 


17 
34 
33 
16 
21 
19 
19 
19 


11.9 
9.9 
10.7 
12.1 
11.6 
11.9 
11.5 
12.4 











76.5 












64.9 




30 

321 

30 

7 


22 
30 
24 
17 


11.8 
11.8 
10.9 
12.8 


74.5 
75.7 
76.2 
75.8 


71.4 
74.0 
72.9 
76.1 
74.9 




130 


18 


13.3 


73.7 


76.6 




518 


26 


12.1 


75.2 


2,312 


19 


12.0 


75.0 




1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 












7 

16 

183 

115 

22 

158 


31' 

19 
21 
21 
17 


8.9 
7.9 
9.6 
10.2 
10.1 
11.9 


69.7 




22 
36 

22 

1 
41 


32 
33 
25 

27' 


8.3 
10.7 
11.1 
14.3 
11.4 


69.3 
68.2 
74.2 
72.8 
73.8 


""io.b 

73.4 
71.8 
77.0 




122 


29 

34 
13 
16 


10.6 

9.1 

8.9 

11.9 


71.4 

63.7 
77.2 
71.5 


501 


19 


10.4 


73.4 




1891 
1892 
1897 




Kentucky 


3 
4 
6 






































13 


19 


10.3 


72.2 












1893 

1890 
1891 
1897 














3 


12 


8.9 


68.3 






















83 

2 

29 


15 
16 
19 


12.2 
7.4 
11.4 


79.3 
68.5 
79.1 


5 


10 


12.2 


79.7 




























114 


16 


11.9 


79.1 


5 

10 
6 
6 


10 


12.2 


79.7 




1889 
1890 
1891 






n" 

17 


12.2 
13.4 
13.4 






6 


16 


12.0 


82.8 


677.1 

78.1 
















6 


16 


12.0 


82.8 


22 
6 


17 
cl9 


12.8 
12.6 


77.6 




1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 







30 
50 
71 
88 
450 


31 
32 
19 
15 
22 


12.0 
12.6 
14.1 
13.3 
14.7 


78.4 
78.0 
83.4 
82.1 
81.1 






229 




13.3 


86.2 














465 


27 


16 4 


84.0 




689 


22 


14.2 


81.1 


700 


27 


15.5 


84.7 


















a Average M'eigbt of 71 samples 



e Average weight of 2 samples. 



h Purity of but 1 sample. 



BEET-SimAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 137 

Jvali/ses of siujar heets grown iit various States — CoutinnecT. 





Analyses by the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture. 


Analyse.s by the State 
ment stations. 


experi- 


State. 


Tear. 


Nuin- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coelB- 
clent. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 


107 
41 
22 
7 
49 


Ounces. 
30 
29 
29 
60 
24 


Per ct. 
11.8 
12.4 
12.2 
10.8 
11.0 


75.2 
75.7 
78.1 
70.8 
79.2 


55 
467 
180 


Ounces. 

""a23" 

17 


Per ct. 
*12. 3 

na.o 

14.3 


76 5 




79.7 
85.5 




143 


17 


13.1 


81.8 




226 

2 

67 

13 

324 


29 

21 
20 
33 
20 


11.7 

8.4 
10.4 

8.1 
11.7 


76.3 

66.7 
62.4 
63.4 
73.5 


845 

5 
59 


19 

17 

28 


13.2 

13.4 
9.3 


81 1 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1897 






67.3 




304 


26 


10.6 


71.0 




400 


20 


11.4 


71.6 


368 


26 


10.4 


70.4 




1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 


Montana 


35 
6 
2 
4 


25 
22 
15 
20 


13.2 
10.9 
14.3 
14.4 


76.8 
72.8 
75.0 

77.8 
































70 


23 


14.7 


77.0 




47 


24 


13.1 


76.3 


70 


23 


14.7 


77.0 




1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1895 
1897 


Nebraska 




9 
159 

462 
218 
98 
(c) 
637 
106 


46' 

17 

6 23 

17 


12.7 
10.3 
*12.3 
12.8 
9.8 
11.3 
12.1 
11.7 














54 5 




269 

62 

27 

8 


20 
35 
21 
17 


11.8 
11.7 
14.2 
10.1 


71.9 
75.3 
79.3 
69.7 


73.9 

77.9 
72.4 
77.0 
76.9 




13 


29 


12.9 


76.9 


75.0 




379 

18 
81 


23 

11 
13 


12.0 


73.1 


1,689 


22 

25 

18 
20 


11.9 

12.5 
14.8 
13.6 


73.7 




1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1'895 
1896 
1897 


Nevada 


17.2 
15.9 


88.0 
83.4 


222 

221 

51 


76 9 




80.8 
80 8 
























176 




13.1 


d77. 8 
















21 


18 


18.3 


81.4 


10 


19 


18.9 




Average 


120 

1 


14 
19 


16.5 


83.7 
80.0 


680 


21 


13.6 


78.7 




1891 

1891 
1893 
1897 


New Ilampsliire 


11.6 


















New Jersey 


1 


17 


7.3 


70.8 












8 




11.7 


76 2 




31 


16 


14.2 


81.4 














32 


16 


14.0 


81.1 


8 




11.7 


76.2 




1891 
1892 
1897 


New Mexico 


17 

29 

3 


28 
19 
13 


13.8 
15.3 
17.2 


74.8 
83.2 
82.0 






j 




3 
219 


26' 


*i7.6 1 

13.2 


Average 


49 ! 22 


14 9 


80.2 


222 


26 


13.3 













* The sign * indicates that 1 he number given is 0.95 X per cent of sugar reported since it was doubt- 
ful whether the p^r cent of sugar was expressed in terms of the weight of the juice or that of the beet, 
though probably the former. 

a Average weight of 2'J9 samples. 

b Average weight of 88 sanijiles. 

c Analyses reported by the Stand.ard Cattle Company. 

d Averages for 1893 to 1890, inclusive. 



138 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Analgses of sugar hcets grown in various States — Continued. 





Analyses by the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture. 


Analy 


ies by the State experi- 
ment stations. 


State. 


Tear. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
ago 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 

coefli- 
cieut. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coetti'- 
cient. 




1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 




Ounces. 


Per ct. 




6 


Ounces. 


Per ct. 
9.9 






10 
4 

8 


15 
32 

22 


12.1 
11.6 
15.4 


78.0 
76.8 
85.9 


























29 
562 


38 
a 16 


12.9 
15.9 






225 


21 


15.0 


82.4 


83.2 




247 


21 


14.8 


82.2 


591 


20 


15.7 


83.2 




1892 
1893 
1897 






4 


4 


9.0 
4.1 
9.1 


73.4 
52.1 
75.3 






















7 


23 






















11 


16 


9.1 


74.6 












1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 












24 

n 
u 

2 
4 


25 
23 
24 
27 
28 


13.4 
11.8 
12.9 
14.0 
10.5 


71.2 
73.2 
76.5 
80.7 
81.2 


9 
129 


29" 


13.8 
10.9 






73.9 


































52 


25 


12.8 


73.9 


138 


29 


11.1 


73.9 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1897 




Ohio 


15 

66 

102 

68 


26 
31 

17 
22 


9.8 
11.3 
14.2 
13.8 


76.0 
73.5 
80.2 
79.1 












24 




9.8 






,554 


31 


13.3 


78.7 




251 

1 
1 


23 

48 
10 


13.1 

6.4 
11.8 


77.9 

53.3 
72.5 


■ 578 


31 


13.2 


78.7 




1891 
1897 
















21 




11. 4 65. 3 




2 

2 
35 
12 


29 

20~ 
34 
19 


9.1 

15.1 
12.7 
14.2 


62.9 

73.4 
81.1 

80.2 


21 




11. 4 65. 3 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 






37 
98 
65 


126 
22 
27 


11.2 1 




12.6 
14.4 


78.4 
82.7 




























23 




14.3 


C89.8 




























49 

10 

7 

8 

1 

59 


30 

27 
22 
13 

is' 


13.2 

8.0 
13.3 
10.8 
11.0 
13.8 


80.6 


223 


24 


1.3.1 


81.3 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1897 






73.8 
78.7 
75.8 
78.9 
79.5 




























































85 
2 


19 

21 


12.8 
11.9 


78.4 
74.2 






1 




1897 

1892 
1893 


= 












3 
15 

71 


19 
15 
23 


5.8 
4.9 
5.9 








.54.7 
















1894 
1897 














13 


17 


9.9 


79.9 
















13 


17 


9.9 


79.9 


89 


22 


5.7 


54.7 









a Average weight of 137 samples. h Average weight of 2 samples. 

e Averages for 1893 to 1890, inclusive. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
Analyses of sugar heets grown in various States — Continued. 



139 





Analyses by the United States De- 
partment of Agriculture. 


Analy 


ses by the State 
ment stations. 


experi- 


state. 


Tear. 


Kum- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 




1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1897 




Ounces, 


Per ct. 




17 

58 

1,264 

680 

337 


Ounces. 

25' 

19 

14 


Per ct. 
9.1 
14.2 
11.9 
14.2 
15.5 






21 

202 

67 

5 


20 
22 
20 
17 


13.1 
12.5 
13.1 
15.1 


78.6 
75.3 
75.5 
83.2 


74.7 
73.3 
80.7 
85.6 




295 

5 

1 


21 

20 
10 


12.7 


75.7 


2,356 


22 


13.1 


77 3 




1891 
1892 
1894 
1897 






8.8 
9.4 


65.8 
72.4 






















22 
8 


22 
4 


9.5 
12.0 


75 1 




17 


11 


10.8 


71.9 






23 

2 
10 
11 


13 

38 
23 
22 


10.3 

10.0 
10.3 
12.6 


70.6 

69.3 
69.1 
76.5 


30 


17 


10.2 


75 1 


Texas 


1890 
1891 
1897 










1 




14 


34 


8.0 


56.3 




23 


24 


11.4 


72.7 


14 


34 


8.0 


56 3 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 




Utali 


21 
43 


27' 


15.3 
all.O 
='12.5 
all. 6 
al2.7 
al3.5 
al3. 9 


86 1 












80 












82 2 










79 5 












80.2 












81 5 












81 8 




35 


20 


14.3 


si.i 
















35 
8 


20 


14.3 


81.1 


64 


27 


13.4 


83 5 




1897 

1890 
1891 
18?2 
1893 
1897 






22 


14.2 


84.1 


32 


17 


16.3 


84 2 








20 

. 14 
34 

153 

1 

11 

31 

183 


15 
21 
12 
16 

21 

19 

16 

18 
18 
28 


10.8 
11.1 
12.0 
13.3 
11.6 


74.0 
76.0 
79.6 
83.9 
76.2 










































5 


621 


11.6 






11.4 

15.2 
14.5 
14.5 
12.8 


76.8 


5 


21 


11.6 






1890 
1891 
1892 
1803 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 






84.2 
83.9 
76.8 
74.0 










































1,666 
521 
211 
60 


25 

17 

6 

23 


*13.5 
16.2 
13.4 
13.6 


82.6 












87.9 












80.9 




34 


27 


■ 13.7 


80.7 


75.7 




260 

12 
14 


26 

14 
19 


12.8 


75.7 


2,458 


22 


14.1 


83.4 




1892 
1897 






11.3 
15.4 


68.5 
80.4 
































26 


17 


13.5 


74.9 














■ 










* Tho sign * indicates that the number given is 0.95 X per cent of sugar reported since it was doubt- 
ful whether the per cent of sugar was expressed in terms of the weight of the juice or that of the beet, 
though probably the former. 

a Report made on total crop by Utah Sugar Company, 1891-1896. 

6 Average weight (net) estim.ited from average gross weight. 



140 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Analyses of sit/zac beets grown in rarioas States — Coutiuued. 





Analyses by the United States De- i Analyses by the State experi- 
partment of Agriculture. i ' ment stations. 


State. 


Tear 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 

coeffi- 
cient. 


Num- 
ber of 
sam- 
ples. 


Aver- 
age 
weight. 


Sugar 

in 
beet. 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 




1890 
1891 
1892 
1897 


10 

432 

21 

42 


Otmces. 
21 
26 
22 
15 


Per ct. 
12.8 
11.1 
12.7 
15.8 


81.3 
75.8 
77.8 
83.3 


94 

373 

61 

1,663 


Ounces. 
35 
32 
26 


Per ct. 
11.7 
11.9 
15.2 

• 12.1 


76.3 




76.2 
81.6 
74.1 




505 

5 
18 

6 
48 
34 


25 

2G 
12 
8 
19 
19 


11.4 


76.6 

78.8 
78.1 
85.2 
80. 5 
82.3 


2,191 


32 


12.1 


74.7 




1890 
]891 
1892 
1893 
1897 






15.1 
13.5 
15.2 
15.9 
17.2 










55 
71 
33 


U 


15.4 
15.9 
16.2 


77.8 
78.7 
80.9 














111 


18 


15.8 


80.8 


159 


13 


15.8 


78.8 









NOTES ON PRECEDING TABLE. 

In a few instances analyses reported to the stations by sugar compa- 
nies or organizations designed for the promotion of tlie sugar industry 
Lave been included. It is noticeable tliat in many States but few 
analyses have been made. In view of this fact, it is well to be cautious 
in accepting the results of these few analyses as being representative 
of the beets grown in the State. 

The reports from the State of California are especially incomplete. 
Most of the analyses reported are from data obtained in the laboratory 
of the Chino Valley Beet Sugar Company. In view of the fact that Cali- 
fornia has several very large and very successful factories, we do not 
regard the data included here of great value in judging of the State 
as a producer of high-grade sugar beets. We have data of factory 
averages obtained in California representing in some cases more than 
100,000 tons of beets, showing that the State produces beets of very 
high sugar content. Factory averages have been reported this year 
higher than 15 per cent of sugar in the beets. It will be noticed that 
in most instances the results obtained by the Department of Agri- 
culture corroborate those obtained in the stations. 

A notable exception to this is in the tabulation of the results obtained 
with beets grown in the State of Washington. The Department of 
Agriculture, however, has only made about one tenth as many analyses 
of Washington beets as the station. The average of the results of 
the large number of Washington beets analyzed shows that this State 
is destined to be a large producer of sugar. 

In many cases the averages are based on very incomplete data, and 
therefore must not be considered strictly representative of all the results 
included. In liguring the general averages each annual aveiage is 
weighted in x)roportiou to the number of samples it represents. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



141 



INVESTIGATIONS IN SEED PRODUCTION. 

The second line of experimeuts carried on by the Department of 
Agriculture during- the season of 1897 was devoted especially to the 
culture of high-grade beets in cooperation with a few of the agricul- 
tural experiment stations. The localities selected for the experiments 
were such as would represent as wide a range as possible of climatic 
conditions, and be compatible with the time at the disposal of the 
Chemist of the Department for doing the work, and with the quantity 
of high-grade seeds on hand. It was not deemed advisable to go into 
the arid regions with these experiments, because it was not possible, 
in the short time at our disposal, to make proper preparations for the 
conduct of our work. Under authority of the Secretary of Agriculture 
the Chemist of the Department made arrangements with the following 
experiment stations to conduct the work under as nearly as possible 
identical conditions, except those pertaining to climate: 

The agricultural experiment station of New York, at Geneva. 
The agricultural experiment stiition of Indiana, at Lafayette. 
The agricultural experiment station of ^Viseonsin, at Madison. 
The agricultural experiment station of Iowa, at Ames. 
The agricultural experiment station of Kentucky, at Lexington. 
The agricultural experiment station of Tennessee, at Knoxville. 

In order that the experiments might be conducted on plots of equal 
area, each director of the stations mentioned above was furnished with 













































































































__ 












































































1 















































Fio. 2— Plot for guidanco in planting sugar beets. 

a diagram showing the manner in which it was thought most advisable 
to plant th€ different varieties of seeds. The diagram shown in ligure 
2 was accompanied by the following descriptive letter: 

United States Depaktment of Agriculture, 

Division of Chemistry, 
WashiiKjion, D, C, Ai)ril 23, 1897. 
Dear Sir: For the sake of having complete uniformity in the comparative tests of 
high-grade beet seeds, I send herewith a diagram for the purpose of guiding you in 
the preparation of the plots and in the planting of the seed. The object of this dia- 
gram is to secure the planting of the high-grade seed in the interior smaller plots AB, 
each one of which has almost exactly the area of 500 stiuare feet. If preferred the 



142 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THK UNITED STATES. 

size of tbe interior plots may be varied so as to make each ol" them exactly one one- 
hundredth of an acre, namely, 435.G siiuare feet. I think it would be better, however, 
to keep the interior plots A15 each 500 square feet, as they fit the rows as indicated by 
the horizontal line, allowing exactly 14 rows in the plots, of a total length, including 
both interior plots, of about 47.0 feet. The interior plots AB are surrounded by a 
border CCCC, which is to be planted with the high-grade commercial seeds which 1 
shall send you. The end plots DD are to be planted with the same kind of high-grade 
commercial seeds as CCCC, but these end plots are not necessary to the success of 
the experiments. The object of the border CCCC is to surround the high-grade 
seeds AA with beets grown under the same conditions, so that the exterior rows of 
the plots AA may be subjected to the normal conditions of beet growth, which 
would not be the case if such small plots were left unprotected. The scale of these 
plots is 1 inch = 12 feet. I think it is important that the soil of the plots be 
prepared in accordance with the directions contained in Bulletin No. 52, a copy of 
which I transmit herewith. The plowing and subsoiling should loosen the ground 
to a depth of not less than 16, and, better, to a depth of 18 inches, and the surface 
of the soil, after plowing and subsoiling, should be reduced to perfect tilth. 

I am now awaiting the renuiinder of the high-grade seeds, which I expect in a few 
days. There will be two varieties of the high-grade seeds, one to be i)lanted in I'lot 
A and the other in Plot B, All the seeds sent you will be plainly marked, so that no 
mistake can be made. The quantity of seed required for plots A and B will be about 
5 ounces. I think it best that the interior plots A and B at least should be planted 
by hand. The number of seeds in the 5 ounces being known, they should be planted 
in groups at intervals of 9 inches; that is, in such a way as to secure one good, vig- 
orous plant at about every 9 inches in the row after iliinning. Five ounces of seed 
will contain approximately 5,000 seeds, and in the two plots A and B there will be 888 
hills, which gives aj)proximately nearly 6 seeds to a hill. In this case the planting- 
would be accomplished as follows : Six seeds placed in the row at distances of 1 inch 
apart followed by an interval of 3 inches, then again 6 seeds at intervals of 1 inch, 
and so on. This grouping is shown in the following line : 

9 in. 9 in. 



Of course the spacing will vary according to the number of seeds to be planted. 
If there be anything in connection with the diagram that you do not understand 
please let me know. 

Respectfully, H. W. Wiley, Chief of Du-ision. 

Tlie high-grade seeds furnished for plantiug the above plots were 
as follows : 

(1) The Yilmorin Improved, grown at the experiment station of the 
United States Department of Agriculture at Schuyler, Nebr., in 1893, 
This station was abolished in the autumn of that year by Secretary 
Morton, and the principal part of all the high-grade seeds on hand 
was sold to the Oxnard Beet Sugar Company, of Grand Island, Nebr. 
A small portion of each variety was retained, however, in the hope 
that at some day the experiments might be reestablished. When sub- 
jected to a germination test, however, of all the varieties which had 
been preserved, only theVilmorin Improved showed unimpaired vitality. 
All the other varieties grown at Schuyler showed a vitality too low to 
warrant planting. 

(2) Original Klein wanzlebener, grown by Kiihn «& Co., Kaarden, near 
Amsterdam, Holland. These seeds were from specially analyzed 
mothers, showing the very highest qualities for seed production. 



BEET-SU(4AR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 143 

(3) High-grade commercial seed, grown by F. Demesmay, Cysoing, 
France. These seeds were not grown from specially analyzed mothers, 
but represented the high-grade commercial seeds produced at that 
place. 

These three varieties were furnished for planting in Section B. 
There were also sent at the same time some of the high-grade commer- 
cial Kleinwanzlebener and Vilmorin's La Plus Riche for planting sec- 
tions CCCC and DD, as indicated in the diagram. These seeds were 
sent to the various stations specified above on the 24th of April, 1897. 
The high-grade seeds which were to be used in planting Section A 
had not yet been received, and were not forwarded at that time. 

The seeds ordered from Europe did not arrive until May 15, and were 
sent at once to the several stations on that day. In addition, seeds 
were received from August Iliilker & Sons, representing Dippe Brothers, 
at New York, and from Martin Grashoff", of Quedlinburg. These seeds 
were also sent for planting the margins of the plot indicated above. 

In the general instructions given to the directors of the stations it 
will be noticed that all the details of the work were left to be decided 
by them at the proper time, as any directions for time of planting, 
etc., would be but futile. Each one of the directors undertook to do the 
work strictly in accordance, with the instructions provided in so far 
as the preparation of the land, planting, cultivation, and harvesting of 
the samples were concerned. The Chemist of the Department visited 
three of tlie stations during the season and conferred personally with 
the directors in regard to the progress of their work. The other direc- 
tors were communicated with only by letter. 

In the analytical work samples were selected according to instruc- 
tions and sent to the Department of Agriculture, and others were ana- 
lyzed in the laboratories of the collaborating experiment stations. 

On May 6, the high-grade seeds not yet having arrived from Europe, 
I sent to each of the stations for planting Section A some high-grade 
seeds grown by Martin Grashoff, of Quedlinburg, obtained from Mr. 
Jellinek, an agent of the grower in this country. I suggested that 
Section A be planted with this seed, and then if the other seed expected 
from Germany came in time the plants could be dug out and the section 
rej)lanted. The name of the seeds sent for planting Section A was 
White Improved Imperial Elite, which were produced by a cross of 
another variety with the Kleinwanzlebener. Directions for planting 
the seeds according to the plot were furnished each director. 

The additional quantity of high-grade sugar-beet seed ordered from 
Dippe Brothers, Quedlinburg, Germany, was received and distributed 
to the stations on the 17th of May. In most cases the beets in Section 
A which were previously planted were not dug out, but the new seeds 
were planted in other localities. 

The conditions of growth varied greatly in the different localities 
during the season. At the 'New York station the spring was backward 
and cokl, and the planting and first develoiJment of the beets were 



144 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

delayed. The subsequent conditions were favorable to good growth. 
The beets received no backset, and reached a fair maturity by the 1st 
of October. The autumn was mild and cool, and dry enough to pre- 
vent second growth, so that the beets could be left iu the ground with 
perfect security until late in November. 

At the Indiana station less favorable conditions obtained. A poor 
stand of the beets was secured in niaiiy instances where a perfect 
stand was secured at the New York station. The early leaves were 
badly eaten by an insect, and this prevented the early rapid develop- 
ment of the plant. Subsequently a period of extreme drought set in, 
lasting for nearly two months — during July and August. The result 
of all these unfavorable conditions was i)ractically a complete failure of 
the crop, so that even in the case of the beets which were secured there 
were evidences of arrested development. The general result of the 
experiment was exceedingly discouraging. 

At the Wisconsin station the field which was selected for the growth 
of the beets was not particularly well suited to the purpose. It had not 
been under previous cultivation for many years, and a i)ortion of it, as 
is seen in the report of the director, suffered severely from various 
causes. The special plots which were cultivated in the high-grade 
seeds gave lairly good results, as will be seen farther on, and the beets 
produced were of good size, fair shape, and fine quality. 

At the Iowa station fairly good seasonal conditions prevailed, and 
the character of the beets produced on the specially prepared plots was 
satisfactory. 

At the Kentucky station the beets obtained a good start, and grew 
well for the greater part of the season. They were slightly retarded by 
dry weather at one period of their growth, but on the whole reached a 
fair stage of maturity without untoward accidents. The beets which 
were harvested in September and October showed a higher content of 
sugar than those that were left later in the ground, and this is probably 
due to the second growth, which was })roduced by the warm climate of 
that locality. The sugar content was exceedingly low, and the data 
secured from the station show conclusively that Kentucky is not in the 
list of possibilities as a sugar-producing State in so far as beets are 
concerned. 

The data from Tennessee are extremely meager, and no definite con- 
clusions can be drawn from those at hand. 

In the study of the data received, it will be convenient to begin 
with the most southern station, namely, Tennessee, and then continue 
with the Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, and New York stations 
iu the order named. 

Tennessee. 

The results obtained at the Tennessee station were extremely unsatis- 
factory. On account of the poor quality of the beets, only one sample 
was sent for analysis, which was harvested on the 2r)th of September. 
These beets were so small as to hardly deserve the name, and no attempt 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IX THE UNITED STATES. 



145 



was made to determine the purity of the juice. It is evident, from au 
iuspection of the tiible which follows, that there was nothing in the 
result of the experiment to justify a further examination of the beets 
produced. 

The cause of failure in Tennessee has been reported by the secretary 
of the station in the letter given below, and therefore no further expla- 
nation need be made here of the failure to attain even fairly satisfactory 
results. 

The AliRlCL'LTURAL EXPEIUMENT STATION 

OF THE University of Tennessee, 

Enoxville, February 15, 1897. 
Dear Sir: A refereuco to plat sent you May 26, 1897, will explaiii the following: 
Sugar beets grown from seed sown :May 19, 20, 1897, were lifted when properly 
ripe, tops removed and put into separate piles on the gronud close by, and covered 
with earth. In this condition the various lots remained iintil taken up to be 
weighed on 13th of this mouth. Roots found in good order, and are now being fed 
to our cows. The weights of the several lots were as follows: 



PL-It. 


Variety and from whence received. 


Area. 


Weight. 




Vilmorin's Improved White, from P. Henderson & Co., 
New York. 

Kleinwanzlebeucr Elite, Dippe Brothers, from Depart- 
ment. 


Sq.ft. 

880 

589 

1,568 
1,642 

448 

64 
96 

288 
224 


Pounds. 

175 

54 

280 
369 
64.5 

16.5 

12 

56 




Subdivision D 




High grade Kleinwanzlebener, from Department 

Memte Ober Wurst, Quedlinburg, Dippe Brothers, from 

Department. 
Original Kleinwauzelebener (Holland), from Department. 
Vilmorin's Improved (ScIuiyler.Xebr.), from Department. 


Subdivision A 


Subdivision B (2 rows). 
Subdivision B (3 rows). 
Subdivisiim B (9 rows). 


Subdivision E (trian- 
gle). 


White Iiiiproved Imperial Elite (GrashoU'), from De- 
partment. 


124.5 


5,796 


1,115.5 



8,715 pounds ijer acre. 

A miserably poor yield. — Soil prepared in best manner; germination good; when 
first leaves were formed an t-xcelleut stand, A few days after an incursion of flea 
beetles destroyed almost every plant in au irregular strip across the whole plat; this 
Avas done between the hours of 11 a. m. and 3 p. m., in one day. Cultivation was 
well and thoroughly done, but the planting was much too late. A plat of Vilmorin's 
Iiuproved AVhite grown near the farm building, the seed for which was planted April 
1, gave us a very heavy yield. These were planted for table use and for stock feed- 
ing, and were purposely grown to make feed stuff, not for sugar. 
Very respectfully, yours, 

Chas. F. Vanderford, 

Secretarii. 
Dr. H. W. Wiley, 

Chief Division of CItemistry, U. S. Departmentof Agriculture, 

Washiiiijton, D. C. 

The details of the analytical data are found in the accompanying 
table of data. 

Kentucky. 

Special care was taken by the director of the station at Lexington to 
secure satisfactory results. During the early part of the season the 
beets grew exceptionally well and presented a fine appearance. The 
H. Doc. 396 10 



146 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

quautity produced was lairly good, although the beets were some- 
what irregular in size, some of them being quite large and others 
quite small. The sugar content of the beets and the purity of the juice 
were both extremely low. The first series of samples was analyzed on 
the 28*:h of September, and a second set of samples from two of the 
varieties was analyzed at a later date. The original Kleinwanzlebener 
(Holland) seed was represented by thirty-seven beets in this sei-ond 
sample, the average size of which was small and the sugar content 
medium. The White Improved Imperial Elite was represented in 
the second sample by forty-eight beets, also extremely small, and 
with a low content of sngar. Tlie final harvest of the beets resulted 
in securing three barrels of beets of fine sixe and shape, but when these 
beets were perforated for analysis it was found that the content of 
sugar was low, falling, in some eases, as low as 2 jier cent. The 
sugar content in general was so small that it was not deemed worth 
while to report it, as tlie beets were utterly worthless for seed jjro- 
duction. The depressing infiuenee of climate on the character" of the 
beets is illustrated in a most striking manner by a comparison of the 
results obtained from beets grown in Kentucky and in Geneva, N. Y., 
from the same seeds, and under as nearly as possible identical conditions 
of culture. 

IXDIAXA. 

The unfortunate seasonal conditions which obtained at the experi- 
ment station at Lafayette have already been mentioned. The result of 
the prolonged drought during the growing season was a diminution 
of the weight of the beets to such an extent that for practical purposes 
they were useless. For this reason the data obtained are of little 
value. On account of the inferior character of the beets, no attempt 
was made to select any of them for mothers for the subsequent produc- 
tion of seed. The analytical data connected with the special plot work 
in Indiana are found in the tables following. 

Iowa. 

Only one set of samples was received from the plots grown in Iowa, 
the sam])le of the Demesmay having been harvested on the 25th of 
September and all the other samples on the 13th of November. The 
average size of the beets received was small, the percentage of sugar 
only fair, and the purity not up to the minimum standard. The 
seasonal influences at Ames were therefore evidently inferior in sugar- 
]>roduciug qualities to those which obtained in New York. The final 
harvest of beets was not forwarded to the Department for the purpose 
of selecting mothers bj^ reason of a misunderstanding whereby the 
different varieties were mixed in such a way that the separation of 
them was impracticable. A general statement in regard to the special 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IX THE UNITED STATES. 147 

plot work done at Ames is coiitaiued in tbe following letter from 
Director Curtiss: 

Ames, Iowa, J.rM »«>•»/ 25, 189S. 
Dear Sin: Replying- to yoni- inquiry concerning tbe test of liigli-grade sugar-beet 
seed I'nrnisbed by your Department, will say that we have forwarded you two sam- 
ples of the Vihuorin's Elite from the plats grown aecording to your instructions, and 
have lately had your report of the last sample. The beets from these plats were 
analyzed by Dr. Weems. of our chemistry section, with the following results : 





Variety. 


Sugar. 


Pmity 
ooerticient 




Per cent. 
16.07 
14.30 
13.31 
16.91 


84 30 






78 38 


Iniin-oveiflniiierial filite 




76. 14 


Kleiuwauzlelieiier 




90 76 









These samples and the one forwarded to you gave substantially the same results 
and were harvested November 11. The first sample sent you was taken earlier and 
was probably immature. The past season was quite backward here, and the beet 
crop correspondingly late in maturing. Owing to a change in our tield-experimeut 
department during the past year, the beets from tliese plats were, through a misun- 
derstanding, thrown together instead of being kept separate after the analyses 
"were made, aud we will not be able to distinguish between varieties in testing these 
beets and carrying on future work along this line. We very much regret that 
this mistake has occurred, as we would like to continue the work of developing 
high-grade beets for seed production. We will be glad to cooperate with you again 
during the coming season if you can furnish us more seed. 
Very truly, yours, 

C. F. Curtiss. 

Dr. H. W, Wiley/ 

JTashiinitov, T>. C. 

The analytical data derived from tbe analyses of beets sent from the 
Iowa station to this laboratory are of little value. Only one set of sam- 
ples was received, namely, of the Deraesmay variety, harvested ou the 
25th of September, aud of the three varieties harvested on the 13th 
of November. With the exception of the Yilmorin f^lite, which was 
received ou the 22d of November, the analytical data are not satisfac- 
tory, lu the case of the variety just mentioned the sugar content and 
the purity were satisfactory, but the beets were very much under size. 
It is evident that the data obtained in the past season do not fairly 
represent the capabilities of Iowa, either for the production of good 
commercial beets or for the growth of beets for seed-producing pur- 
poses. The analytical data obtained on analysis of the samples received 
at the Department are found in the table given farther on. 

Wisconsin. 

Complete details of experiments with high-grade beet seeds, grown 
under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, are found in the 



148 BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Wisconsin report, contained in Bulletin Xo. 64 of that station. These 
details are so valuable as to warrant their reproduction in full: 

KXPEUIMENTS WITH HIGH-GKAUE SUGAli-BEET SEED. 

These exiieriments were, as already stated, conducted under the auspices of the 
United States Departuieut of Agriculture. In a letter received in the early part of 
April last, the chief chemist of the Department, Dr. H. W. Wiley, requested this 
station to cooperate with the Department in growing a number of varieties of beets 
from high-grade seed furnished by them, giving the beets the best of conditions in 
respect to subsoiling, preparation of the seed bed, and cultivation. Some of the 
kinds of seed sent were produced by the highest possible scientitic culture from 
specially analyzed beets, which Avere stated to average 19 per cent of sugar. Accord- 
ing to the directions received, the Government plat was surrounded on all sides. by 
our regular beet field and was located in the southeastern quarter of our main field. 
The difl'ereut kinds of seed received and planted by hand on ^May 22 were as follows : 

Plut J.— Dippe brothers, Vilraorin Polite R I, from Dippe Brothers, Quedlinburg, 
Germany. 

Plat B.—l. Original Kleinwanzlebeuer, grown by Kiihu, Naarden, Holland. 2. 
Vilmoriu Improved, grown at United States Sugar Beet Station at Schuyler, Xebr. 
3. Demesmay sugar-beet seed, grown by F. Demesmay, Cysoing (Nord), France. 

Plat C. — High-grade Commercial Kleinwanzlebener. 

Plat I). — High-grade Commercial Vilmorin's Improved " La I'lus Riche." 

White Improved Imperial filite, grown by Martin Grashoff, Quedlinburg, Germany. 

Dippe Brothers, Kleinwanzlebener Elite W I, from Dippe Bros., Quedlinburg, 
Germany. 

The plats were arranged, as suggested by Dr. Wiley, in the following manner: 
Plats A and B, each 21 by 24 feet, were placed in the middle and were surrounded 
by a border, CC, 67 feet long and 9^ feet wide; the plats D' and D^ were placed at 
the east and west ends of the C plat, being 21 by 40 feet. South and north of the 
■whole plat three rows were run 110 feet long, in which were planted the varieties 
given in the preceding statement. White Imperial being planted in the south three 
rows, and Kleinwanzlebener Elite in the north three rows. The rows were 18 inches 
apart. The effort was to have one good vigorous beet plant at about every 9 inches 
in the row after thinning. 

The germinations of the seed planted in this experiment, as well as of that planted 
in our other trials, were determined by Professor Goff", and are given on pages 300- 
301 of our Fourteenth Annual Report. It will ])e seen that the geruiiuative power 
of the different kinds of seed was very good, with the possible exception of the 
Schnyler, Nebr., seed, which was old, and the Dippe Brothers' Vilmoriu l5lite 
seed. The average germinatiou of the seed was 167 per cent, ranging from 115 to 
231 per cent, the latter result being obtained with the White Improved Imperial 
filite. 

The first samples of the beets raised on the Government plat were taken Septem- 
ber 20; another sample w.is taken September 27, and after that time every fourteen 
days until the beets were harvested, on November o. In sampling the beets four 
beets were dug of each kind. Two of these were forwarded to Washington, D. C, to 
the Department of Agriculture, and the other two retained for analysis in our own 
laboratory. 

The results of th(^ analyses made by the writer are given in the following table. 
The C samples were taken south of the A and B plats and the C- samples north of 
these plats. In the same manner the D' and D- samples were taken from the plats 
east and west, respectively, of the central plats. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



149 



Main field, Gorernment plat. 





Date of 

sam- 
pling. 


Per cent 
root of 
■whole 
plant. 


^^'eight 
of beets. 


Analy.sis of j 


lice. 


Variety . 


Specific 
gravity. 


Sugar. 


Purity 
coetlicient 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. n 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 


70 

70 
78 
80 


Pounds. 
0.21 
.40 
.40 
.58 
.83 


1.0755 
1. 0!)34 
1.0834 
1.0858 
1. 0740 


Per cent. 
14.44 
17.92 
17.04 
i6. 35 
14.35 


79 1 




80.5 
85.0 
79.4 

80 1 












.48 




16.02 


80.8 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Kov. 5 






Vilaioriii La Pln.s Richc, Di 


73 
73 
72 

82 


.34 

.80 

.98 

.95 

1.20 


1.0882 
1. 0923 
1. 0895 
1. 0860 
1.0882 


16.96 
17.58 
17.93 
16.40 
16.53 


80.4 
79.9 
83 8 
79.5 
78 3 












.85 




17.08 


80.4 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 


73 
70 
59 

78 


1.0825 
1. 0898 

1.0870 
1.0810 
1.0845 


High-grade Kleinwanzlebener, C, 


.37 
.55 
.50 
.50 
1.13 


16.45 
17.21 
16.15 
14.35 
16.90 


83.0 
80.0 
77.5 
73.6 
83.5 






.01 




16.21 


79 5 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 


70 
76 
80 
91 






Vilmorin Improved. Nebr., B 


.75 

.45 

1.13 

.75 
.71 


1. 0725 
1. 0810 
1. 0848 
1. 0857 
1.0800 


15.06 
16.70 
17.01 
15.86 
15.71 


85.7 
85.7 
83.6 
77.2 
81 5 












.76 




16.07 


82 7 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 








Original -Kleinwauzlebener, Holland. B . 


68 
67 
73- 
73 


.45 
.20 
.40 
.30 
.35 


1. 0860 
1. 0946 
1. 093.'> 
1.0980 
1. 0920 


16.63 
18.57 
17.95 
17.34 
18.65 


80.7 
82.4 
80.6 
74.5 
81 8 












.37 




17.83 


80 




Sept. 20 
Sept 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 










64 
68 
71 
71 


.70 
.90 
.93 
.50 
.95 


1.0695 
1. 0836 
1.0917 
1. 1070 
1.0812 


14.57 
17.11 
18.17 
21.45 
16.42 


86 3 




85. 2 
83.0 
85,2 
84 












.80 




17.54 


84 7 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 










67 

72 
73 

78 


1.03 
1.15 
1.23 
1.35 


1.0735 
1. 0800 
1. 0868 
1.0917 


16.13 
16.90 
17.56 
18.88 


90 6 




83.0 
84.4 
86.3 














1.19 




17.37 


86 1 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 


72 
65 
75 
82 






High-grade Kleinwanzlebener, Ca 


1.05 
.70 
.70 

1.30 


1. 0850 
1. 0842 
1. 0885 
1.0940 


17.94 
16.70 
17.57 
19.18 


87.9 
82.6 
83.0 
85.7 




















.94 




17.85 


84 8 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 








Demesniav Improved, B 


76 
81 
78 
89 


.80 
.93 
1.10 
.85 
.93 


1. 0655 
1.0695 
1.0678 
1.0798 
1. 0690 


13.23 
13.49 
12.85 
15. 95 
13.06 


82 8 




79.8 
77.9 
83.0 
81 4 












.92 




13.84 


81 




Sept. 20 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 5 


63 
73 
73 
82 






Dipiie Tilraorin, A 


.62 
1.00 
1.10 
1.03 

. 75 


1. 0790 
1.0852 
1. 0895 
1.0920 

1.0827 


16.05 
16.86 
17.49 
18.34 
16.91 


84 3 




82.5 
81.7 
83.6 
85.1 










.90 




17.13 















150 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



AVe uotice that the per cent of sujjar iu the juice but rarely rame over 18 iu case of 
the ditlerent varieties, the average figures raugiug from 13.84 per ceut (Demesniay) 
to 17.85 per cent (High-grade Commercial Kleiuwanzlebencr, C^); the purity of the 
beet juice was good, viz, lowest 79.5 (High-grade Commercial Kleinwauzlebener, 
Ci), highest 86.1 (Vilmorin La Plus Riche, D,). 

The average results of the analyses of these beets obtained bj' the Department 
of Agriculture and in this laboratory are given below : 



Determinations made by — 



United States Deiiartmeut of Agriculture. 
"Wisconsin Experiment Station 



Number of Polari scope 
analyses. 1 method. 



38 (31'^^) 
38 (31*) 



16.27 
16.09 



Ale. ex- 
tractiou 
method. 



Purity co- 
efficient. 



84.7 
82.0 



* Number of determinations of purity of juice. 

While the agreement is as good as could be expected between the results obtained by 
the polariscope method, the purity coefficient difler.-* rather more than allowable iu 
duplicate samples. The two .sets of analyses differ iu this way, that the Department 
of Agriculture samples were always analyzed at least several days after our analyses 
■were made, since the latter were always finished within twenty-four hours from the 
time of sampling. In single instances, variations occurred between the Department 
of Agriculture and our analyses of 3 per cent of sugar in the juice and of over 7 per 
cent purity, owing to difl'erences in the stage of maturity of the beets analyzed; it 
is evident that no absolutely correct idea of the sugar content of the beets in a cer- 
tain plat or field can be obtained by pulling and analyzing two single beet roots, 
even if these do appear to be at about average stage of maturity. 

The yield of beets from the plat, obtained at harvesting, November 5, and the 
calculated yield of beets and of sugar per acre, are shown iu the following table: 



Yield of beets and of suyar, (iorentmenf plat. 



Name of variety- 



Yield of beets. 



From 
plat. 



Per acre. 



Average 
weiglft 
of beets. 



Sugar in 
the beet, i 



Sugar 
per acre. 



Ini])erial Elite 

Vilmorin La Plus Riche 

High-giade Commercial Kleinwauzlebener 
Dippe Brothers Kleiuwauzlebeiier Elite ... 

Dip])e Brothers Mlmoriu Elite 

Deniesmay 

Vilmorin, Schuyler, Nebr 

Original Kleinwauzlebener, Holland 



Pounds. 

272. 3 

1,167.3 

1, 170. 

311.7 

336.6 

234. 4 

76.7 

26.0 



Pounds. 
24, 210 
28, 290 

30, 660 
34, 380 
20, 090 

31, 520 
30, 940 
15, 730 



Pounds. 
0.45 
.64 
.56 
.66 
.58 
.61 
.59 
.27 



Per cent. 
13.63 
15.70 
16.05 
15. 00 
16.06 
12.98 
14. 92 
17.72 



Pounds. 

3, 300 
4,441 

4, 921) 
4, 905 
4,672 
4,092 
4,616 



Averages, etc 3, 59.'). I 28,103 



15.04 



4,228 



The average yield of beets per acre obtained was over 14 tons, or about 5 tons more 
than the yield obtained from either half of the main field. The average calculated 
yield of sugar per acre was 4,228 pounds, the lowest yield being obtained in case of 
Original Kleiuwanzlebcuer, Hollaud (2,788 pounds), which variety plainly sutfered 
most from the drought, and the highest in case of Dippc's KleiuAvanzlebencr Elite 
(4,995 pounds). 



ANALYSES MADE AT THE LABORATORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF 

AGRICULTURE. 

Saraplos of beets from the high-grade plots were sent from time to 
time to the laboratory of the Department of Agriculture for analysis, 
and tiually all the remaining beets of proper size were forwarded for 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



151 



examinatiou. The folio wiug table coutaius the aualyses of the samples 
received from the various stations of the three separate harvests of 
beets, rangiug from the last of September to the last of October, 
together with the aualyses of all the samj)ies of the high-grade beets 
harvested iu the middle of ^STovember : 

Tahle gliowiiKj anah/ses of beets of hiijh (jrade from experiment stations of Tennessee, 
Kentucky, Indiana, lowu, Wisconsin, and New York, 

KNOX COUNTY, TENX. 

[Experiment Station, Knoxville.] 



Variety. 



Wlilte Improved Imperial 

Elite 

Kleiuwaiizlebeuer Elite .. 
Original Kleinwanzleben- 

ei (Dippe Brothers) 

Original Kleinwanzleben- 

er (Holland) 

High grade Kleinwanz- 

lebenev — 

Vilmorin's "La Plus 

Riche'' 

Vilmorin's Improved 

Demesmay 



Time of 
planting. 



May 24 

....ao... 



May 18 
...do ... 
...do ... 



.do 
.do 
.do 



Tim"! of 
harvest- 



Date 
received. 



1897. 



Sept. 25 Sept. 27 
do do ... 



.do , 

.do 

.do 

.do 
.do 
.do 



-do.. 

.do.. 

.do .. 

.do . . 
.do., 
.do.. 



Num- 
ber of 
beets. 



Average 
weight. 



Ounces. 

4 

7 

3 

1 
6 



Sugar 
in the 
beets. 



11.5 
10.7 

12.5 

12.5 

12.0 

10.6 
13.2 
13.5 



Purity 
coefli- 
eieut. 



FAYETTE COUNTY, KY. 
[Experiment Station, Lexington.] 



285 


1897. 
Original Klcinwanzlebeu- 


1897. 

Sept. 27 
Oct. 14 

Sept. 27 
do .. 


1897. 

Sept. 29 
Oct. 18 

Sept. 29 
do . .. 


37' 


21 

7 

19 
18 

17 

7 


13.3 

15.8 

10.9 
9.5 

10.9 
11.1 


72.5 


834 870 


do 




286 


Vilmoriu'.s I m p rove d | 


68.5 


287 




65.0 


293 


White Improved Inipe- 


do .. 


..-.do ... 




68.1 


785 832 


(lo ' 


Oct. 14 




48 













TIPPECANOE COUNTY, IND. 
[Experiment Station, Lafayette.] 



Original Kleinwanzleben- 

er (Holland) 

....do 

...do 

Klein wauzlcbeuer Elite 

(Dippo Brothers) 

do 

do 

Demesmay 

...do.... 

do 

Vilmorin's Improved 

Elite (Dippe Brothers).. 

do 

do 

Vilmorin's I in p rove d 

(Schuyler, Nebr.) 

do 

Vilmorin's Improved 



1897 
Ma 



lo:: 

do .. 



May 19 
...do ... 
...do... 
May 5 
....do ... 
....do ... 



May 19 

(lo ... 

...do ... 



May 5 
...do ... 
....do ... 



1897. 

Sept. 24 
Oct. 8 
Nov. 22 

Sept. 24 
Oct. 8 
Nov. 22 
Sept. 24 
Oct. 8 
Nov. 22 

Sept. 24 
Oct. 8 
Nov. 22 

Sept. 24 
Nov. 22 
Oct. 8 



1897. 

Sept. 27 
Oct. 10 
Nov. 24 

Sept. 26 
Oct. 10 
Nov. 24 
Sept. 26 
Oct. 10 
Nov. 24 

Sept. 26 
Oct. 10 
Nov. 24 

Sept. 26 
Nov. 24 
Oct. 10 



2 


4 


16.5 


2 


5 


14.3 


5 


6 


19.1 


2 


3 


14.4 


2 


4 


14.7 


6 


9 


18.5 


2 


5 


12.6 





8 


12.5 


14 


9 


14.3 


2 


4 


13.9 


2 


4 


14.0 


5 


7 


16.5 


2 


6 


14.5 


10 


7 


15.4 


2 


6 


16.1 



80.6 



81.3 



152 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Table showing analyses of beets of lt\(jh i/rade from erperimeni stations of Tennessee, 
Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, and New York — Continued. 

STORY COUNTY, lO'^A. 
[Experiment Station, Ame.s.] 



Serial 
No. 


Variety. 


Time of 
planting. 


Time of 
harvest- 
ing 


Date 
received. 


Num- 
ber of 
beet.s. 


Average 
weight. 


Sugar 
in the 
beets. 


Parity 
coetti- 
cient. 


249 
2078 


Deniesniay 

White Improved Imperial 
Elite 


1897. 
May 29 

....do ... 


1897. 
Sept. 2.'> 

Nov. 13 
do 


1897. 
Sept. 28 

Nov. 22 
do 


3 

2 
2 


Ounces. 
11 

13 
19 
12 

20 


Per ct. 
13.9 

16.7 
13.0 
17.3 

12.8 


79.1 


2088 




do . 


72.5 


2099 




do . 


do 


do 


82 6 


2100 


Original Kleiuwanzlebe- 


do ... 


do ... 


do ... 


72.4 















DANE COUNTY, WIS. 
[Experiment Station, Madison.] 



217 

882 


Dippe's Kleinwanzlebener 


1897. 
May 22 
do .. . 


1897. 


1897. 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 


2 
2 
2 
12 


10 
11 
9 
10 


15.0 
18.5 
19.5 
1.5.3 


80.5 
87.3 


146.T 


do 


....do ... 






1912 


... do 


....do... 


Nov. 3 


83.1 














14 


15.9 


83 3 




Original Klein^auzleben- 
er ( Holland) 


May 22 
do ... 




Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 






222 


2 
2 
2 
11 


5 

8 . 
7 
6 


15.4 
18.9 
18.9 
18.7 




881 


. do 




87.2 


1469 


.. do 


....do ... 


is^ov. 2 




1913 


..do 


....do ... 


80.7 














e 

13 
9 

13 
9 
6 
6 

15 


18.4 



14.6 
16.3 
17.3 
1:1 8 
15.5 
18. 5 
17.3 


82 


225 


Kleinwanzlebener 

... do 


Mav 22 
(lo 




Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. '27 
Nov. 17 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
188 


85.0 


877 




82 2 


1468 


do 


do ... 




84.1 


226 


do 


do 




86.3 


878 


.do 


do . 




86.2 


1464 


do 


do . 






1918 


do 


do . . 


Nov. 3 


85.1 














14.7 


17.2 


85.1 




AVhite Improved Imperial 
Elite 


May 22 




Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 


2 
2 
2 
12 




218 


9 
8 
5 
15 


14.0 
17.1 
18.3 
15.4 


86.0 


876 


do 






1463 


do 


do .. 






1911 


do 


do ... 


Nov. 3 


83.2 














12.4 


15.5 


83.5 




Dippe's Vilmorin Elite 


May 22 




Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 






219 


2 

2 

2 

115 


14 
10 
16 
14 


14.3 
18.3 
18.5 
17.7 


84.3 


880 




87.2 


1466 


do 


....do --- 




86.9 


1917 




....do ... 


Nov. 2 


86.7 














14.0 

16 
15 


17.7 

13.6 
16.8 
16.2 
15.6 


86.7 


221 


Tilmorin's Improved 


May 22 
do .. . 




Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 


2 

2 

2 

24 


82.6 


879 


do *. 




85.0 


1461 


do 


. . . .do . . . 


'Nov. "2' 


82.1 


1916 


do 


do . 


82.5 














12.4 


15.6 


82.7 


















* In iigariug the averages, each analysis is v.ilned in proportion to the weight of the sample. 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



153 



Tahle showhif) onali/ses of heefs of high <jradc from experiment sfatioths of Tennessee, 
Kentiidaj, Indiaun, Jowa, IViscotisin, and Xeiv York — Continued. 

DANE COUKTY, WIS.— Contiiuiecl. 



Serial 

ISO. 


Variety. 


Time of 
planting. 


Time of 

liarvest- 

ing. 


Bat« 
received. 


Num- 
ber of 
beets. 


Averape 
■weight. 


Sugar 
in tlie 
beets. 


Purity 
coetti- 
cient. 


223 


Vilmorin's "La Plus 

Kiclie" 

do 


1897. 
May 22 
do ... 


1897. 


1897. 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Oct. 27 
Nov. 17 


2 

2 
2 

2 

2 

2 

236 


Ounces. 
18 
16 
12 
13 
8 
10 
15 


Per ct. 
14.9 
17.9 
17.6 
14.3 
19.2 
19. U 
17.7 


83.4 


871 





88.2 


14IJ2 


do 


do . 


85 2 


224 


. do 


do ... 




86 2 


875 


...do 


....do ... 






1407 


do 


...do ... 




85 4 


1915 


do 


....do ... 


Nov. 3 


86.7 














15 


17.7 

13.4 
15. 
13 


86 8 






Mav 22 
....do ... 


'Nov. "2' 


Sept. 29 
Oct. 12 
Nov. 17 


2 

2 

91 




220 


12 
12 
13 


84 8 


1470 


do ...' 


83 5 


1914 


do ■ 


do ... 


81 














13 


13. C 


81 1 

















ONTARIO COFNTT, N. T. 
[Experiment station. Geneva.] 



227 
1409 


"VTbite Improved Imperial 

Elite 

do 

do 


1897. 
May 19 
do ... 

do ... 


1897. 

Sept. 27 

Oct. 14 

/Oct. 29 

lOct. 30 


1897. 
Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 

} 


4 
4 

174 


14 
16 

18 


12.6 
14.8 

15.3 


80.6 
82.0 

(' '1 














18 


15.2 


81 3 




Vilmorin's 'La Plus 

Kiche' 

do 

do 

do 

.... do 


Mav 19 
....do . . 


Sept. 27 
. do . . 


Sept. 28 
. do 







228 
231 


4 
4 
4 
4 

207 


20 
17 
16 
16 

20 


15.1 
15.0 
16.8 
16.6 

18.3 


85.5 
87 2 


1403 
1410 


....do ... 
....do ... 

....do ... 


Oct. 14 
....do... 
/Oct. 29 
\Oct. 30 


Oct. 15 
....do... 

I 


84.2 
85.7 

r) 




/ 








20 


18. 1 






Vilmorin's Improved 

(Scbuyler, Nebr.) 

do .'. 


Mav 15 
....do . 


Sept. 27 
Oct. 14 

/Oct. 29 
lOct. 30 


Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 






229 
1406 


5 
4 

32 


20 
10 

18 


14.2 
15.2 

15.7 


84 2 




do '. 


. do 


i*\ 








/ 








18 


15.5 


85 6 




Vilmorin's Improved 

do 


May 19 
do 


Sept. 27 
Oct. 14 


Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 






234 
1404 


4 


15 
15 


13.6 
14.6 


82.2 
81 4 














15 


14.1 


81 8 




Demesmay 

do 

do 


May 19 
....do ... 

...do ... 


Sept. 27 

Oct. 14 

/Oct. 29 

\Oct. 80 


Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 






230 
1401 


4 

4 

107 


18 
10 

18 


13.3 
12.3 

15.9 
15.7 


82.8 

79.2 






18 


81 1 




Vilmorin's Improved Elite 

( Dippe Brothers) 

do 


Mav 19 
ho . .. 


Sept. 27 

Oct. 14 

/Oct. 29 

\Oct. 30 


Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 
I 






232 
1407 


4 
64 


19 
16 

19 


15.2 

16.7 

18.1 


86.0 
84 9 




do 

Averaces 1 


....do ... 


('''\ 




/ 








19 


17.9 


85 5 

















* Not included in averaging the purity coefficients. 

Hn figuring tlie averages, each analysis is valued in proportion to the vreiglit of the sample it 
represents. 



154 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



TabJv shoH-iiig analyses of heeis of hUjh f/rade from experiment sfaiions of Toincssee, 
Kentucky, Indiana, Iowa, U'isconsi)), and New York — Coutiuued. 

OXTAEIO COUNTY, N. Y.— Continued. 



Serial 
Xo. 


Variety. 


Time of 
planting. 


Time of 
harvest- 
ing. 


Date 
received. 


Xnm- 
berof 
beets. 


Average f^'f^l 
-"gl^*- Ifeet's' 


Purity 
coeffi- 
cient. 


2133 
1402 


Hiiih-srade Commercial 

Kk'inwanzlebener 

do 

do .' 


1897. 
May 19 

....do ... 


1897. 
Sept. 27 
Oct. 14 
/Oct. 29 
\Oct. 30 


1897. 
Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 
I 


4 
4 

224 


Ounces. 
20 
15 

Ifi 


Per ct. 
15.1 
15.2 

17. S 


86.4 
83.2 

(■•) 




/ 










18 


17.7 


85.0 




Original Kleinwanzlebe- 
ner (Holland) 


May 19 
do . .. 


Sept. 27 
Oct. 14 


Sept. 28 
Oct. 15 




16.2 




235 


4 
4 

7 


18 


86.7 


1405 


do 


13 16.4 


. 84.7 




do 


. ..do .. 


18 19.2 (*) 


















17 1 17. 7 85.8 


1408 


Kleinwanzlebt'iier Elite 
(Dippe Brothers) 

do 


May 19 
....do ... 


Oct. 14 
rOct. 29 
\Oct. 30 


Oct. 15 

} 


4 

211 


10 

2) 


17.3 

18.7 


84.6 






20 18. 7 1 








1 









*!Xot included in averaging the purity coefficients. 

tin figuring the averages, each analysis is valued in proportion to the weight of the sample it 
rei)r(-sents. 

Discttssioii of above data. — Xo further discussiou of the aiialyticiil 
(lata contained in the aboNe table is necessary, except in the case of 
the sami)les received from Wisconsin and New York. The.-e samples 
were exceptionally fine. By an unfortunate misunderstanding all the 
beets received frcni Wisconsin were reduced to pulp for the purpose of 
getting an a\erage sample for analysis. The selection for mother beets 
was, therefore, confined to the samples from New York. 



WISCONSIN. 

Almost uniformly gt>od results were obtained in. these experiments. 
The Original Kleiuwanzlebener (Holland) seed produced beets, however, 
too small for all practical purposes, although the sugar content and 
purity were high. The largest beets and thosi' of the highest purity 
were produced by the Vilmorin La Plus Eiche seed. The Demesmay 
seed which were used were only the commercial article, and were not 
grown from specially analyzed mothers. It is not surprising, therefore, 
to see that they produced a crop which was the poorest of all in sngar 
content. 

The particular analyses of the most importance are those which 
were made on the beets received November 17, and harvested on 
the 3d of November. These practically represent the beets at their 
full maturity, as it is not probable that they would improve in 
quality in the climate of Madison after the 1st of November. The 
analyses also represent the greatest number of beets, and therefore 
are the most reliable. The largest number of beets of proper size and 
shape were produced by the Vilmorin La Plus Riche seed, and the 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 155 

smallest by the Orij^iual Kleiiiwauzlebeiier. The beets growu from the 
Schuyler seed are of particular interest because they represent the link 
of union between the experiments which were discontinued by the 
Department in 1893 and reinaugurated in 1897. The average size of 
the beets produced by the Schuyler seed is somewhat small, but the 
content of sugar and the purity are satisfactory. Upon the whole, the 
etfect of high-grade seed and high culture are most distinctly marked. 
It is only necessary to compare the results obtained in the experiments 
with these high-grade seeds with those secured in the State at large 
to show the possibilities of beet production in Wisconsin. With such 
data before the investigator, it is evident that he must be convinced of 
the fact that it is possible, with proper conditions of seed and culture, 
to produce a grade of beets of the highest quality in Wisconsin. 

Nkav York. 

Most satisfactory results were obtained from the experimental work 
in the State of iiew York at Geneva. Two sets of samples were 
received from the station, representing intervals of about two weeks 
in harvesting, the first set of samples having been harvested on the 
27th of September and the second on the 11th of October. It will be 
noticed that a marked improvement was secured by postponing the 
harvest for two weeks, showing that as a rule it is not to be expected 
that the season for maunfiicturing in iTew York should begin before 
the middle of October. The above table includes also the final har- 
vest, which was made much later in the season, viz, October '29-30, 
and shows even a greater improvement. The beets from the final har- 
vest were all sent to Washington, and were carefully selected for seed 
production. The data obtained in this selection ai-e given as the third 
in the series of analyses. The sam[)les which were growu at the Xew 
York station were from seeds of two different qualities: First, commer- 
cial seeds, as represented by the Demesmay White Imperial and high- 
grade commercial Kleinwanzlebener; and, second, seeds grown directly 
from high-grade mothers, represented by the Yilmorin La Plus Iiiche, 
theYilmorin Improved (Schuyler), and the Original Kleinwanzlebener. 
The average size of the beets selected for analysis was not quite 20 
ounces; the sugar content in most cases was high, and the purity 
extremely satisfactory. After leaving the beets uuharvested until the 
end of October they were found to have increased their content of 
sugar very markedly, as will be shown in the table of analyses for the 
selection of mothers. The encouraging data obtained at the ISTew York 
station suggests that if the Department should reestablish its experi- 
ment stations for the production of high-grade seeds one of them 
should be jdaced in this locality. 

In the analysis of the beets to be selected as mothers for producing 
seeds no attempt was made to determine the coefficient of purity, as 
the amount of pulp removed was only sufficient to determine the 



150 BEET-!^UGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 

percentage of sugar directly therein. It is evident, however, that the 
purity coefficients of all the different varieties would not have been 
diminished by perfect maturity, so that they may be regarded as fully 
equal to the average in each case. In fact, it would be fair to assume 
that the averages of the final harvest of the most mature beets were 
slightly above those taken for the average of the three analytical 
periods of the season. In the discussion of the data obtained by the 
analysis it must be remembered that the averages in all cases are made 
upon the total weight of the material entering into the analysis. Not 
only is this true of each individual sample, but also of the average 
analyses of the samples. It is evident that this is the one exact 
method of obtaining average results, and it is only the averages 
obtained by such a method that have a convincing value. 

DATA OF EACH VARIETY. 

The White Improved Imperial Elite, grown from commercial seeds 
gave beets of fair commercial quality. An average weight of 18 ounces, 
with a content of 15.2 per cent of sugar in the beets and a coefficient 
of purity of 81..'), would insure a large yield in a well-built and avcU- 
operated factory. From the complete harvest, 171 beets were found of 
the required size, shape, and sugar content to warrant saving for the 
production of seed. It is evident, however, that this seed would be 
only of a medium grade commercial quality, and not suited to the 
improvement of the beet. 

Vihnorin La Plus Blclie. — This plot gave excellent results throughout. 
The average size of the beets was the largest of any of the i)lots grown. 
The purity coefficients were exceptionally high, and the sugar contents 
most satisfactory. Two hundred and seven beets grown on this plot, 
having an average weight of 20 ounces and a mean content of sugar of 
18.3 per cent, were selected for seed production. It is evident that the 
coefficient of jiurity of this selection must have been at least 80. These 
mothers will therefore produce seeds of the highest quality, which can 
subseipiently be planted, growing beets for the production of seeds of 
exceptional properties. 

Mlmorin Improved, Schuyler Seed. — This variet^^ is chiefly of Interest 
now because it represents the continuation of the work in seed produc- 
tion which was discontinued four years ago. The seeds evidently have 
lost in vitality by their long keeping, and the product, therefore, is not 
as satisfactory as could have been desired. The average sugar content 
is not exceptionally high, but the purity is excellent. The beets pro- 
duced from these seeds in another year will doubtless develop some 
exceptionally high-grade mothers, and thus the strain will be continued. 
This plot reiiresents the sole surviving result of the three years' experi- 
ments at Scliuyler, commenced in 1890. Thirtj'-two beets, with an 
average weight of 18 ounces and an average content of sugar of 15.7 
per cent were put aside for seed production. It is seen, from an 



BEET-SUUAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 157 

iuspectioii of the table, that the coefficieut of i^arity of this lot Mas 87 
or more. It therefore rejireseiits the highest grade of purity of auy of 
the lots. 

Vilmorin Improved. — This is a commercial seed, used for plantiug 
around the central plots, and has produced a crop of only fair commer- 
cial value. 

Demesmay. — This is also a commercial seed, obtained directly from 
the growers in the north of France, and, as will be seen from an inspec- 
tion of the table, produced a crop of excellent commercial value. 

VUiiiori)i Improved Elite, (jroivii by Dippe Brothers. — This seediepre- 
sents the improvement in the strain of the Vilmorin beet when cultivated 
according to the highest scientific principles in Germany. Sixty four 
beets grown on this plot, having an average weight of 19 ounces, were 
selected for mothers. The mean content of sugar in these beets was 
18.1. It is evident, also, that the purity was at least 86 per cent. This 
harvest, therefore, represents a very high grade quality of mothers for 
continuing the imj)rovement. 

High-grade Commercial Kleinicanzlehener. — This variety of seed rep- 
resents the highest grade of commercial seeds ofi'eied to the market. 
The lesults of culture show that the tendency of this seed to produce 
rich beets is extremely well marked. Two hundred and twenty-four 
beets grown on this plot, with an average weight of 18 ounces, were 
selected as mothers. The mean content of sagar in these beets was 
17.8 per cent, and the purity, as seen by the table, is evidently high. 
These high-grade commercial seeds, therefore, ijroduce a strain of beets 
almost as valuable for sugar production as the specially high grade 
seeds from analyzed mothers. 

Original Kleinwan.zlebentr {Holland.) — This variety of seed represents 
the Kleinwanzlebener type as cultivated to the highest degree in Hol- 
land. The tendency in that country seems to be to the production of 
a beet of small size and excei^tioiially high sugar content. Only a few 
of these high-grade seeds were planted, and this, together with their 
small size, accounts for the fact that only seven were selected. The 
mean weight of the seven was 18 ounces, the mean content of sugar 
therein 19.2, and the coefficient of purity evidently 80 or over. This 
variety produced the highest content of sugar of any cultivated, but on 
account of the small size is less to be recommended for general culti- 
vation in this country than some of the other varieties. 

Klein wanzlehener Elite. — This variety represents the specially-selected 
seeds grown by Dip[)e Brothers, at (Juedliuburg. The beets grow to a 
line size, are of good shape, and have excellent qualities to recommend 
them to the manufacturer. Two hundred and eleven of these beets, 
having an average weight of 20 ounces, were selected as mothers. The 
mean content of sugar in these beets was 18.7 i)er cent, and the coeffi- 
cient of purity, as will be seen by the table, good. 



158 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE BKETS OF EACH VARIETY. 

It will be interesting' to study the distribution of the beets of each 
variety according- to sugar content. This can be done by means of the 
following table: 



Varietv. 



Kumber of heets having contents of 
siiitar from — 



Maximum 

I jjolariza- 

I i IHiiPr ' tionsof 

15 to 16 16 to 17 17 to 18 „„nVa„,i I individual 
per cent, per cent, i per cent. „i,o\.jv 1 beets. 



White Improved Imperial filite . . . 

Vilmorin La Plus Kiche 

A'ilinoiin Improved, Schuyler Seed. 

Denicsiiiaj' - 

Yilinorin Improved Elite (Dippe 

Brothers) 

High Grade Commercial Klein- 

wanzlcbener 

Kleinwanzlebener ( Holland) 

Kleinwanzlebcner Elite 



65 


20 


7 


16 t 


4 


8 1 


11 


14 


1 


* 


19 


30 ^ 





] 


6 


15 




Minimum 
polariza- 
tions of 
individual 
beets. 



Per cent. 
11.6 
13.4 
12.4 

9.6 

10.6 

13.6 
18.4 
14.6 



PKESERVATIOX OF THE MOTHER BEKTS. 

The spaces in the beets caused by the removal of the diagonal core 
for analysis were iillcd with cotton saturated with forinaldehyd. The 
beets thus prepared were placed in silos, where they will remain until 
March. 

GROWTH OF SEED FRO.M THE .•MOTHERS ABOVE DESCRIBED. 

Since the pollen of the beet is easily transported, it is necessary that 
each variety of seed be grown in plots entirely removed from any danger 
of fertilization from other localities. In order to secure this, one of 
the varieties preserved will be planted, through the courtesy of Mr. 
William Saunders, superintendent of the garden and grounds, in the 
Department garden at Washington and arrangeuients have been made 
with the following experiment stations to grow one variety each of the 
remaining beets, viz: Maryland; Ithaca and Geneva, N. Y. ; Michigan, 
Wisconsin, and Iowa. As soon as practicable in the spring the silos 
will be opened and the beets forwarded to the stations above named 
for transplanting. 

The beets of each variety of different degrees of strength should be 
planted as far removed as possible from the other classes. For instance, 
the beets in the grade of 20 per cent of sugar should be planted far 
enough from other grades of the same variety to prevent intermixing of 
the pollen. In this way the strain of excellence can be best preserved. 
The beets which have been saved for mothers are to be divided into 
classes representing different degrees of saccharine strength, and each 
of these classes planted separately to i)roduce high grade seed for 
future use. 

NECESSITY OF SEED DEVELOPMENT. 

It is highly important for the rapid and safe progress of the beet- 
sugar industry in this country that attention should be i)aid to the pro- 
duction of high-grade seeds. We have in the United States such great 
differences in soils and climatic conditions as to render it evident that 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IX THE UNITED STATES. 159 

a siugle station for the production of seeds Avonld not be suftieieut. 
Beets of different qualities should be developed in different localities. 
Tbe character of beets best suited to the fields of New York and Wis- 
consin, for instance, would not be the ideal plant for the semiarid 
regions of Nebraska. On the other hand, it is evident that beets grown 
in an arid region, as, for instance, Chino and other valleys of California, 
without irrigation and with scarcely any rainfall, should have a longer 
tap root than those grown in localities where rainfall is abundant or 
irrigation is practiced. It seems plain, therefore, that three, if not 
four, stations should be established, and in order that this work may be 
conducted under uniform methods these stations should be established 
and maintained by the Department of Agriculture. 

One of these stations should be located in an area of average rain- 
fall and ordinary' meteorological conditions as presented, for instance, 
by the States of New York and Michigan. 

The second station should be established in a locality where a defi- 
cient rainfall is to be expected, and where the vicissitudes attending 
meteorological changes ai'e the greatest, as, for instance, in South 
Dakota or Nebraska. 

The third station should be established in a region where irrigation 
is practiced, as, for instance, in Colorado, New Mexico, or Utah. 

A fourth station should be devoted to the development of a beet best 
suited to arid regions where irrigation is not practiced, as, for instance, 
in the coast valleys of California. 

It is only by a careful, systematic, and scientific development of beets 
suited to these different localities that we can expect to promote in the 
most favorable manner the development of the beet sugar industry in 
the United States. It is evident that the continuation of the experi- 
ments which have been conducted by the Department of Agriculture 
for so many years in the analysis of beets and in the delimitation of 
areas suited to beet culture should now be supplemented by a more 
rigid scientific attempt to develop beets of characteristics best suited 
to the four typical localities which have been specified above. The 
maintenance of a small experiment station entirely competent to accom- 
l>lish this work in each of the localities mentioned would not require a 
very great outlay of money and would result in the greatest possible 
good to the industry. 

STATISTICS OF AMERICAN BEET-SUGAR PRODUCTION. 

The infornaatiou contained in the following table has been obtained 
through the courtesy of the beet-sugar factories: 

statistics of the production of beet sur/ar in the United Slates for the year 1S97. 

Nuiulier of factories in operation 9 

Number of acres of beets harvested 41, 272 

Approximate average price paid for beets $4. 10 

Approximate average per cent of sugar in the beets 14. 49 

Total pounds of granulated sugar made 90, 060, 470 

Total pounds of raw sugar made 431, 200 

Granulated sugar obtained per cent beets 11. 56 

I>aw sugar obtained per cent beets 06 

Total sugar obtained per ton (2.000 pounds) of beets pounds.. 2.32. 4 



160 



BEET-SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 



Statistics of iniUridnal factories for the year ISO? 



Name of factory aud location. 



Alameda Sugar Co., Alvarado, (,'al 

Chiuo Valley Beet Sugar Co., Chiiio. Cal 

First Kew Vork Beet Sugar Co.. Rome, N. Y. 
Oxuard Beet Sugar Co., Grand Island, Nebr . 
Los Alaaiitos Sugar Co., Los Alamito.s, Cal . 

Norfolk lieet Sng^ar Co., Korfolk, Nebr 

Pecos Valley Beet Sugar Co., Eddv,N. Mex . 

rtab Bed Sugar Co., Lehi, Utah . .^ 

Western Beet Sugar Co., Watsouville, CaL.. 





S 


3 


.5 


3 












? 


7) 


E^" 


i x.= 


9 X 




> 








t- 


■•< 


"« s 






a 












A 


















^ 


s 


as o 


t^So 


S^ 


3 


e 


u 




ct"^ 


_3 

Acre*. 


9 


g 


H 




Tons. 




Days. 


Per ct. 


4,808 


48, 773 


.$4. 00 


90 


14. 20 


9,678 


97, 197 


(rt) 


151 


15.10 


700 


4,325 


5.00 


45 


(b) 


4,282 


38, 607 


(rf) 


Ui) 


12.90 


2, 800 


29, 542 


4.16 


105 


15.73 


4, 029 


36, 113 


(d) 


Id) 


13.60 


1,600 


5,7U0 


4.00 


38 


14.00 


3,000 


18, .500 


4.25 


56 


13.20 


10, 375 


110,878 


4.00 


104 


15.00 



3 a 



Povtuh. 
10, 198, 648 
24, 303, 122 
c 765, 700 

6, 798, ;;oo 

6, 017, '..00 
7,941,400 
1,020,000 
3, 670, 601) 
20, 776, 000 



Total ! 41,272 ,389,635 



9J, 491, 670 



a$3.50 per ton for 12 per cent beets, and 25 cents per ton for each per cent above 12. The Chiuo fac- 
toi\v employed a saccharate process. 

6' Red beets, 5i to 12 per cent sugar; white beets, 13 to 17 per cent sugar. Average analysis not 
reported. 

C431.200 pounds raw sugar are included. 

d Not reported . 

REMARKS ON THE BEET-SUGAR STATISTICS FOR 1897. 

The past season was not very favorable to the protUiction of beets in 
several localities iu California and iu Xew Mexico and Utah. Insuffi- 
cient rain in California at the time of planting resulted iu a smaller 
acreage being planted to beets and in a small yield of roots per acre. 
The great shortage in the crop reduced the quantity of sugar produced 
in California below that of the previous year, notwithstanding the fact 
that the new factory nt Los Alamitos was operated and that at Chiuo 
increased its output. 

The tirst oS^ew York beet-sugar factory was somewhat unfortunate in 
the varieties of beets selected. The red beets contained very little 
sugar, and undoubtedly decreased the output below what it sbould have 
been under favorable conditions. The white beets were of satisfactory 
sugar content. As may be noted by an examination of this rei)ort of 
the e:speriments made in the State of Xew York during the past sea- 
son, that State is capable of producing beets of very great richness. 

The shortage iu the output of sugar is to some extent due to a 
decreased acreage at Lehi, Utah, and at Watsouville, Cal., these two 
factories having a larger crop in 189G than they CQukl work to advan- 
tage. In 189G the foctory at Watsouville produced nearly 20,000 short 
tons of sugar from approximately 150,000 tons of beets, and the past 
year 14,888 short tons from 110,878 tons of beets. The total produc- 
tion for the country shows an increase of approximately 5,000 tons in 
1897 over that of 1896. The increase in the output of sugar next sea- 
son, should more favorable conditions prevail in California, will be very 
large, since eight new factories, having a daily capacity of approxi- 
mately G,700 tons of beets, will be in operation. 

The output is reported in the tables in pounds of granulated sugar, 
since but one factory marketed raw sugar. The quantity of raw sugar 
Ijroduced does not materially modify the statistics of the production. 



i:n'dex. 



A. 

Agricultural surveys, importance 21 

plans proposed 21 

Analyses of sugar beets, cautions regarding study 41 

Arid regions, meteorological conditions 35 

Arizona, analyses of beets 43 

discussion of data 56 

experiment station report 56 

Arkansas, analyses of beets 43 

discussion of data 60 

B. 

Beet pulps. (uSee Sugar-beet pulps.) 

seed, source and quality 117 

sugar industry, conditions to be considered 23 

statistics 160 

zone 25 

Beets. (A^fe Sugar beets.) 

Bibliography of Department publications relative to beet sugar 12 

Bloomfield, L. M., report 102 

C. 

California, analyses of beets 45 

discussion of data 60 

Cattle food, use of sugar beets 128 

Climatology 21 

Colorado, analyses of beets 43 

discussion of data 61 

experiment station report 63 

Connecticut, meteorological conditions 29 

Cossettes, exhausted. (See Sugar-beet pulps.) 

Curtiss, C. F., report 72 

D. 

Data obtained in the Department of Agriculture 40 

Delaware, meteorological conditions 28 

E. 

Experimental work, comments, in early bulletins of Division of Chemistry 17 

Experiments in 1897, correspondence 16 

plan 17 

feeding beet pulps 131 

161 



162 INDEX. 

F. 

Page. 

Forbes, R. H. , report 56 

Fulmer. Elton , report 116 

G. 

Goetz, A. S., letter relative to beet pulps 130 

H. 

Headden, W. P., report , 63 

Huston, H. A., report 70 

I. 

Idaho, analyses of beets 44 

discussion of data 64 

experiment station report 65 

Illinois, analyses of beets 44 

data from the experiment station 68 

discussion of data 68 

meteorological conditions 32 

; summary of analyses 68 

Indiana, analyses of beets , 44 

beets for seed production 146 

discussion of data 69 

experiment station report 70 

meteorological conditions 32 

Iowa, analyses of beets 45 

beets for seed production 146 

discussion of data 72 

meteorological conditions 33 

Isothermal lines 24 

J. 

Jordan, W. H., re^iort 94 

K. 

Kansas, analyses of beets 45 

discussion of data 74 

summary of analyses by the experiment station 75 

Kentucky, analyses of beets 46 

beets for seed production 145 

discussion of data 76 

M. 

Map of the thermal belt, discussion 23, 24 

Maryland, analyses of beets 46 

discussion of data 77 

eastern shore, meteorological conditions 27 

Massachusetts, meteorological conditions 29 

Meteorological conditions 27 

Michigan, analyses of beets 46 

discussion of data 78 

meteorological conditions 32 

rc8um6 of the experiment station report 78 



INDEX. 163 

Page. 

Minnesota, analyses of beets 47 

disiiisaion of data 81 

ineteoiological conditions 33 

report of the experiment station 82 

summary of data from the experiment station 82 

Missouri, analyses of beets 47 

discussion of data 83 

summary of data from the experiment station 84 

Model for describing sugar beets 38 

Montana, analyses of beets 49 

discussion of data 85 

summary of data from the experiment station 85 

N. 

Nebraska, analyses of beets .' 49 

discussion of data 86 

meteorological conditions 35 

report of the experiment station 86 

Nevada, analyses of l>eets .50 

discussion of data 87 

report of the experiment station 88 

New Hampshire, meteorological conditions 29 

New Jersey, analyses of beets. 50 

discussion of data 88 

experiments in Monmouth County 89 

meteorological conditions 28 

New Mexico, discussion of data 90 

report of the experiment station 90 

New York, analyses of beets 50 

discussion of data 93 

meteorological conditions 30 

orograpliy 98 

regions suited to beet culture 98 

report of the Cornell University experiment station 96 

report of the State experiment station 94 

resume of analytical data 94 

North Carolina, analyses of beets 51 

discussion of data 99 

meteorological conditions 27 

North Dakota, analyses of beets 51 

discussion of data 99 

meteorological conditions 34 

O. 

Ohio, analyses of beets 51 

discussion of data 100 

meteorological conditions 31 

report of the experiment station 102 

suuunary of analyses 100 

by the experiment station 101 

Oklahoma, analyses of beets 52 

discussion of data - 103 

report of the experiment station 103 

Oregon, report of the experiment station 104 



164 INDEX. 

P. 

Page. 

Pennsylvania, analyses of beets 52 

discussion of data 108 

meteorological conditions 31 

summary of analyses 108 

Pulps. (5ee Sugar-beet pulps.) 

R. 

Rainfall, annual 25 

table of averages 25 

Rhode Island, analyses of beets 52 

discussion of data . 110 

Roberts, I. P., report 96 

S. 

Seed development 158 

growth from selected seed 158 

production, investigations 141 

plan of experiments 141 

stations, location 159 

Selby, A. D., report 102 

Shaw, G. W., report 104 

Shepard, J. H., abstracts from report Ill 

South Carolina, analyses of beets 52 

discussion of data 110 

South Dakota, analyses of beets 53 

discussion of data 110 

meteorological conditions 34 

summary of analyses Ill 

Statistics of beet-sugar production 160 

Sugar-beet belt, as mapped by Dr. Antisell 12 

pulps, analyses 134 

before and after siloing 133 

composition 129 

and feeding tests 130 

feeding experiments in New Mexico 130 

use for cattle food 129 

beets as cattle food 128 

compared with other root crops 129 

cautions in using the analytical data 41 

cost of cultivation in Wisconsin 123 

directions for taking samples 37 

topping 38 

from high-grade seed, analyses by the Department 150 

discussion of data 154, 156 

influence of temperature on the quality 125 

summary of analyses 135 

susceptibility to climatic conditions 21 

table of analyses by the Department 43 

yield in Wisconsin 123 

T. 

Tennessee, analyses of beets 53 

beets for seed production 144 

Texas, analysis of beets 53 



INDEX. 165 

Page. 

Texas, discussion of data 112 

report of the experiment station 113 

Thermal belt 23 

U. 

Utah, analyses of beets 53 

V. 

Vermont, analyses of beets 53 

discussion of data 124 

meteorological conditions 29 

report of the experiment station 125 

Virginia, analyses of beets 53 

discussion of data 114 

report of the experiment station 114 

Vredenburgh, James B., experiments 89 

W. 

Washington, analyses of beets 54 

discussion of data 115 

report of the experiment station 116 

West Virginia, analyses of beets 54 

meteorological conditions 27 

Wisconsin, analyses of beets 54 

beets for seed production 146 

cost of cultivation 123 

discussion of data 119 

experiments at substations 122 

with high-grade seed 148 

influence of the Menominee P"'all8 failure 128 

investigations by the experiment station 119 

meteorological conditions 32 

table of analytical data 120 

yield of beets 123 

Woll, F. W., report 120 

Wyoming, analyses of beets 55 

discussion of data 123 

o 



BULLETINS OF THE DIVLSIOX OF CHEMISTRY— Coutinue 



No. 20. Eecord of Experiment conducted by the Commissioner of Agriculture in the Manufacture 
of Sugar from Sorghum at Rio Grande, K J.; Kenner, La.; Con-svay Springs, Douglass, and Sterlino- 
Kans., 1888. Edited by H. W. Wiley. J889. Pp. 162. "' 

No. 21. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar by Diffusion at Magnolia Station, Law- 
rence, La., season of 1888-'89. Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1889. Pp. 67. 

No. 22. Record of Experiments at Des Lignes Sugar Experiment Station, Baldwin, La., during the 
season of 1888. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp.36. (Out of print.) 

No. 23. Record of Experiments at the Sugar Experiment Station on Calumet Plantation, Patterson- 
ville, La. Edited by Hubert Edson. 1889. Pp.42. (Out of print.) 

No. 24. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 
held at the U. S. Department of Agriculture September 10, 11, and 12, 1889. Edited by H W Wiley 
1890. Pp. 235. (Out of print.) ' ' 

No. 25. Special Report on the Extent and Character of Food Adulterations. Edited by A. J Wed- 
derburn. 189U. Pp. 61. 

No. 26. Record of Experiments in the Production of Sugar from Sorghum in 1889, at Cedar Fall." 
Iowa; Rio Grande, N. J. ; Morrisville, Va. : E:enner, La.; CoUege Station, Md.; and Conway Spriu<>-s' 
Attica, Medicine Lodge, Nes.s City, Liberal, Arkalon, Meade, Minneola, and Sterling, Kans Edired 
by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp. 112. 

No. 27. The Sugar-beet Industry: Cultureof the Sugar Beet and Manufacture of Beet Suo-ar. Edited 
by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp. 2C2. 

No. 28. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural 
Chemists, held at the U. S. National Museum August 28, 29, and 30, 1890. (Methods of Analysis of 
Commercial Fertilizers, Foods, and Feeding Stuffs, Dairy Products, Fermented Liquors, and Sugars ) 
Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.238. (Out of print.) 

No. 29. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 125. 

No. 30. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 93. (Oat of 
print.) 

No. 31, Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural 
Chemists, held at theU. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26, and 27 1891 Edited 
byH. W.Wiley. 1891. Pp. 253. (Out of print.) 

No. 32. Special Report on the Extent and Character of Food Adulterations, including State and other 
laws relating to Foods and Beverages. Edited by A. J. Wedderburn. 1892. Pp. 174. 

No. 33. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 158. 

No. 34. Experiments with Sorghum in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp. 132. 

No. 35. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural 
Chemists, held at the U. S. Naiional Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26 and 27 1892 Edited 
by H. W. Wiley. 18JB. Pp. 266. 



TT 



'^ 



BITLLETIN.S OF THE DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY— Contiuued. 

No. 20. Record of experiments condueted by the Comnii.saioner of AffricTilture in the Mamifactnre 
of Sugar from Sorghum at Rio Grande, N. J.; Kenner, La.; Conway Springs, Doiiglasfi, and Sterling 
Kaus., 1888. Edited by H. W. Wiloy. 1889. Pp. 162. 

No. 21. Report of Experiments in the Manufacture of Sugar by DifTu-sion at Magnolia Station, Law- 
rence, La., season of 1888-'89. Edited by Guilford L. Spencer. 1889. Pp. 67. 

Xo. 22. Record of Experiments at Des Ligues Sugar Experiment Station, Baldwin, La., during the 
s. a son of 1888. Edited by C. A. Crampton. 1889. Pp.36. (Out of print.) 

No. 23. Record of Exi)erimeut8 at the Sugar Experiment Station on Calumet Plantation, Patterson- 
ville, La. Edited by Hubert Edson. 1889. Pp.42. (Out of print.) 

No. 24. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Convention of Association ot Official Agricultural Chemists, 
held at the U. S. Department of Agriculture September 10, 11, and 12, 1889. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 
1890. Pp.235. (Out of print.) 
■' No. 25. Special Rejjort on tlie Extent and Character of Food Adulterations. Edited by A. J. Wed- 
, derburn. 1890. Pp.61. 

: No. 26. Record of Experiments in the Production of Sugar from Sorghum in 1889, at Cedar Falls, 
1 Iowa; Rio Grande, N. J. ; Moriisville, Va. ; Kenuer, La. ; C^oUege Station, Md., and Conway Springs, 
f Attica, Medicine Lodge, Ness City, Liberal, Arkalon, Meade, Minneola, and Sterling, Kaus. Edited 
f by n. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.112. 

No. 27. The Sugar-beet Indu.stry : Culture of the Sugar Beetand Manufacture of Beet Sugar. Edited 
b.v H.W.Wiley. 1890. Pp.202. 

No. 28. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural 
Clumists, held at the U. S. National Museum August 28, 29, and 30, 1890. (Methods of Analysis of 
Commercial Fertilizers. Foods, aud Feeding Stuffs, Dairy Products, Fermented Liquors, and Sugars.) 
Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1890. Pp.238. (Out of print.) 
No. 29. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp.125. 
No. 30. Bxperiments with Sugar Beets in 1890. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1891. Pp.93. (Out of 
priut.) 
No. 31. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conve;jtion of the Association of Official Agricultural 
f? Cliemists, held at the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., August 25, 26, and 27, 1891. Edited 
byH. W.Wiley. 1891. Pp.253. (Out of print.) 

No. 32, Special report on the Extent and Character of Food Adulterations, including State and other 
laws relating to Foods aud Beverages. Edited by A. J. Wedderburn. 1892. Pp. 174. 
No. 33. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 158. 
No. 34. Experiments with Sorghum in 1891. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 132. 
No. 35. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Convention of the Association of Official Agricultural 
Chemists, held at the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C, August 25, 26, and 27, 1892. Edited 
by H.W.Wiley. 1892. Pp.266, (Out of print.) 

. No. 36. Experiments with Sugar Beets in 1892. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1893. Pp. 74. (Oat of 
> print.) 

No. 37. Record of Experiments with Sorghum in 1892. Edited by H. W. Wiley. 1892. Pp. 100. 
: (Out of print.) 

No. 38. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Convention of the Association of OfficiftI Agricultural 
[ Cliemists, held at the Art Institute, Chicago, 111., August 24, 25, aud 26, 1893, Edited by fl. W. Wiley, 
iisys. Pp. 232. 



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